Zusammenfassung
Die psychischen und neuronalen Mechanismen, die der depressiven Symptomatik zugrunde liegen, werden in einer neuropsychodynamischen Perspektive dargestellt. Die depressive Hemmung wird in einen Zusammenhang gestellt mit den Prinzipien der neuronalen Integration (reziproke Modulation, Modulation durch funktionelle Einheit, Top-down-Modulation und Modulation durch Umkehr). Es wird angenommen, dass es sich hierbei um die neurophysiologischen Korrelate der Abwehr- und Bewältigungsmechanismen (insbesondere der Somatisierung, der Introjektion und sensorimotorischen Regression) handelt. Auf der Grundlage dieser neuropsychodynamischen Theorie lassen sich Depressionen als Psychosomatosen der Emotionsregulation auffassen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Abraham K (1971) Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido auf Grund der Psychoanalyse seelischer Störungen. In: Psychoanalytische Studien, Band I. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, S 113–183 (Erstveröff. 1924a)
Abraham K (1982a) Ansätze zur psychoanalytischen Erforschung und Behandlung des manisch-depressiven Irreseins und verwandter Zustände. In: Psychoanalytische Studien, Bd I. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, S 146–162 (Erstveröff. 1912)
Abraham K (1982b) Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido auf Grund der Psychoanalyse seelischer Störungen. In: Psychoanalytische Studien und Gesammelte Werke in 2 Bänden, Bd II. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, S 32–145 (Erstveröff. 1924b)
Adroer S (1998) Some considerations in the structure of the self and its pathology. Int J Psychoanal 79:681–696
Alcaro A, Panksepp J, Witczak J et al (2010) Is subcortical-cortical midline activity in depression mediated by glutamate and GABA? A cross-species translational approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 34(4):592–605
Arieti S, Bemporad J (1983) Depression: Krankheitsbild, Entstehung, Dynamik und psychotherapeutische Behandlung. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart
Auer DP, Putz B, Kraft E et al (2000) Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 47:305–313
Bar KJ et al (2004) The influence of major depression and its treatment on heart rate variability and pupillary light reflex parameters. J Affect Disord 82(2):245–252
Berman SM, McCann JT (1995) Defense mechanisms and personality disorders: an empirical test of Millon’s theory. J Pers Assess 64(1):132–144
Berman SM, Cappiello A, Anand A et al (2000) Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 47:351–354
Blatt SJ (1998) Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. Am J Psychoanal 46:723–752
Bleakman D, Alt A, Witkin JM (2007) AMPA receptors in the therapeutic management of depression. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 6:117–126
Böhme-Bloem C (1999) Gleiches und Trennendes bei der Affektabstimmung als Vorbereitung auf die Symbolbildung in der menschlichen Entwicklung und im psychoanalytischen Prozess. In: Schlösser A, Höhfeld K (Hrsg) Trennungen. Bibliothek der Psychoanalyse. Psychosozial Verlag, Gießen
Böker H (1999) Selbstbild und Objektbeziehungen bei Depressionen: Untersuchungen mit der Repertory Grid-Technik und dem Gießen-Test an 139 PatientInnen mit depressiven Erkrankungen. Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie. Steinkopff-Springer, Darmstadt
Böker H (2000) Depression, Manie und schizoaffektive Psychosen. Psychodynamische Theorien, einzelfallorientierte Forschung und Psychotherapie. Psychosozial Verlag, Gießen
Böker H (Hrsg) (2001) Depression, Manie und schizoaffektive Psychosen: psychodynamische Theorien, einzelfallorientierte Forschung und Psychotherapie. Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen
Böker H (2002) Depressionen: Psychosomatische Erkrankungen des Gehirns? In: Böker H, Hell D (Hrsg) Therapie der affektiven Störungen. Psychosoziale und neurobiologische Perspektiven. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 183–205
Böker H (2003a) Sind Depressionen psychosomatische Erkrankungen? Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 148:1–16
Böker H (2003b) Symbolisierungsstörungen bei schweren Depressionen: Zur Bedeutung psychosomatischer Circuli vitiosi bei depressiv Erkrankten. In: Lahme-Gronostaj H (Hrsg) Symbolisierung und ihre Störungen. Deutsche Psychoanalytische Vereinigung, Frankfurt/M, S 149–164
Böker H (2004) Persons with depression, mania and schizoaffective Psychosis – investigations of cognitive complexity, self-esteem, social perception and object relations by means of the Repertory Grid-Technique. In: Klapp BF et al (Hrsg) Role repertory grid and body grid – Construct psychological approaches in psychosomatic research. Reihe Klinische Psycholinguistik. VAS, Frankfurt/M, S 3–20
Böker H (2005) Melancholie, Depression und affektive Störungen: Zur Entwicklung der psychoanalytischen Depressionsmodelle und deren Rezeption in der Klinischen Psychiatrie. In: Böker H (Hrsg) Psychoanalyse und Psychiatrie – Historische Entwicklung, Krankheitsmodelle und therapeutische Praxis. Springer, Berlin
Böker H (Hrsg) (2006) Psychoanalyse und Psychiatrie. Geschichte, Krankheitsmodelle und Therapiepraxis. Springer, Heidelberg
Böker H (2009a) Selbst und Körper in der Depression: Herausforderungen an die Therapie. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 160(5):188–199
Böker H (2009b) Psychotherapeutische Langzeitbehandlung bei Dysthymie, Double Depression und chronischer Depression. In: Hartwich P, Barocka A (Hrsg) Psychisch krank. Das Leiden unter Schwere und Dauer. Verlag Wissenschaft & Praxis, Sternenfels, S 17–44
Böker H (2011) Psychotherapie der Depression. Huber, Bern
Böker H, Northoff G (2005) Desymbolisierung in der schweren Depression und das Problem der Hemmung: Ein neuropsychoanalytisches Modell der Störung des emotionalen Selbstbezuges Depressiver. Psyche – Z Psychoanal 59:964–989
Böker H, Northoff G (2010) Die Entkopplung des Selbst in der Depression: Empirische Befunde und neuropsychodynamische Hypothesen. Psyche – Z Psychoanal 64:934–976
Böker H, Grimm S (2012) Emotion und Kognition bei depressiv Erkrankten. In: Böker H, Seifritz E (Hrsg) Psychotherapie und Neurowissenschaften. Integration – Kritik – Zukunftsaussichten. Huber, Bern, S 309–351
Böker H, Northoff G, Lenz C et al (2000a) Die Rekonstruktion der Sprachlosigkeit: Untersuchungen des subjektiven Erlebens ehemals katatoner PatientInnen mittels modifizierter Landfield-Kategorien. Psychiat Prax 27:389–396
Böker H, von Schmeling C, Lenz C et al (2000b) Subjective experience of catatonia: construct-analytical findings by means of modified Landfield categories. In: Scheer JW (Hrsg) The person in society: challenges to a constructivist theory. Psychosozial-Verlag, Gießen, S 303–316
Boeker H, Hell D, Budischewski K et al (2000c) Personality and object relations in patients with affective disorders: Idiographic research by means of the repertory grid-technique. J Affect Disord 60:53–60
Boeker H, Schulze J, Richter A et al (2012) Sustained cognitive impairments after clinical recovery of severe depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 200(9):773–776
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008) The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124:1–38
Canli T, Sivers H, Thomason ME et al (2004) Brain activation to emotional words in depressed vs healthy subjects. Neuroreport 15:2585–2588
Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ (2010) The default-mode, egofunction and free energy; a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas. Brain 133:1265–1283
Chodoff P (1972) The depressive personality. A critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatr 27:666–673
Chourbaji S, Vogt MA, Fumagalli F et al (2008) AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluR-A) knockout mice model the glutamate hypothesis of depression. FASEB J 22:3129–3134
Coyne JC (1976a) Depression and response of others. J Abnorm Psychol 85:186–193
Coyne JC (1976b) Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry 39:28–40
Coyne JC (1985) Studying depressed persons’ interactions with strangers and spouses. J Abnorm Psychol 94(2):231–232
Coyne JC et al (1987) Living with a depressed person. J Consult Clin Psychol 55(3):347–352
Damasio AR (1999) How the brain creates the mind. Sci Am 281(6):112–117
Davidson RJ (2002) Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 51(1):68–80
Davidson RJ, Irwin W, Anderle MJ, Kalin NH (2003) The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with Venlafaxine. Am J Psychiatry 160:64–75
Deci EL et al (1994) Facilitating internalization: the self-determination theory perspective. J Pers 62(1):119–142
Dennecker FW (1989) Das Selbst-System. Psyche 43:577–608
DGPPN, BÄK, KBV, AWMF, AkdÄ, BPtK, BApK, DAGSHG, DEGAM, DGPs, DGRW für die Leitliniengruppe Unipolare Depression (Hrsg) (2009) S3-Leitlinie/Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression-Langfassung, 1. Aufl. DGPPN, ÄZQ, AWMF, Berlin, Düsseldorf. http://www.dgppn.de, http://www.versorgungsleitlinien.de, http://www.awmf-leitlinien.de
Dichter GS, Felder JN, Petty C et al (2009) The effects of psychotherapy on neural responses to rewards in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 66:886–897
Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML (2008) Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct 213(1–2):93–118
Eicke-Spengler M (1977) Zur Entwicklung der psychoanalytischen Theorie der Depression. Ein Literaturbericht. Psyche 31:1079–1125
Elliott R, Sahakian, BJ, Michael A et al (1998) Abnormal neural response to feedback on planning and guessing tasks in patients with unipolar depression. Psychol Med 28:559–571
Elliott R, Rubinsztein JS, Sahakian BJ et al (2002) The neural basis of mood-congruent processing biases in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(7):597–604
Ernst J, Northoff G, Böker H et al (2013) Interoceptive awareness enhances neural activity during empathy. Human Brain Mapping 34:1615–1624
Ernst J, Boeker H, Hättenschwiler J et al. (2014) The association of interoceptive awarenessand alexithymia with neurotransmitter concentrations in insula and anterior cingulate. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9:857–863
Feder A, Nestler EJ, Charney DS (2009) Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Net Rev Neurosci 10(6):446–457
Feinberg TE (2011) Neuropathologies of the self: clinical and anatomical features, Conscios Cogn 20:75–81
Fitzgerald PB, Sritharan A, Daskalakis ZJ et al (2007) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of low frequency right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27:488–492
Freud S (1914) Zur Einführung des Narzissmus. GW 10. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, 1975, S 37–68
Freud S (1917) Trauer und Melancholie. GW X. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, 1975, S 193–212
Freud S (1921) Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse. GW XIII. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, 1974, S 61–134
Freud S (1923) Das Ich und das Es. GW XIII. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, 1975, S 273–330
Freud S (1924) Das ökonomische Problem des Masochismus.. Fischer, Frankfurt/M, 1975, S 341–354
Friston KJ (1998) Imaging neuroscience: principles or maps? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(3):796–802
Friston K (2003): Learning and inference in the brain. Neural Netw 16(9):1325–1352
Friston KJ, Price CJ (2001) Dynamic representations and generative models of brain function. Brain Res Bull 54(3):275–285
Friston KJ, Penny W (2003) Posterior probability maps and SPMs. Neuroimage 19(3):1240–1249
Friston KJ, Price CJ (2003) Degeneracy and redundancy in cognitive anatomy. Trends Cogn Sci 7(4):151–152
Friston KJ et al (1998a) Event-related fMRI: characterizing differential responses. Neuroimage 7(1):30–40
Friston KJ et al (1998b) Nonlinear event-related responses in fMRI. Magn Reson Med 39(1):41–52
Friston KJ et al (2003) Dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 19(4):1273–1302
Fu CHY, Williams SCR, Cleare AJ et al (2004) Attenuation of the neural response to sad faces in major depression by antidepressant treatment: a prospective, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:877–889
Gabbard G (2005) Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice. American Psychiatric Press Inc, Arlington VA
Goel V, Dolan RJ (2003a) Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition 87(1):11–22
Goel V, Dolan RJ (2003b) Reciprocal neural response within lateral and ventral medial prefrontal cortex during hot and cold reasoning. Neuroimage 20(4):2314–2321
Gotlib IH et al (2004) Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression. J Abnorm Psychol 113(1):121–135
Greicius MD et al (2003) Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(1):253–258
Greicius MD, Flores BH, Menon V et al (2007) Resting-state functional connectivity in major depression: abnormally increased contributions from subgenual cingulate cortex and thalamus. Biol Psychiatry 62:429–437
Grimm S, Schmidt CF, Bermpohl F et al (2006) Segregated neural representation of distinct emotion dimensions in the prefrontal cortex – an fMRI study. NeuroImage 30(1):325–340
Grimm S, Beck J, Schüpbach D et al (2008) Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment. An fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 63:369–376
Grimm S, Ernst J, Boesiger P et al (2009) Increased self-focus in major depressive disorder is related to neural abnormalities in subcortical midline structures. Human Brain Mapping 30(8):2617–2627
Gross O (1907) Das Freud’sche Ideogenitätsmoment und seine Bedeutung im manisch-depressiven Irresein Kraepelins. Vogel, Leipzig
Guinjoan SM et al (1995) Cardiovascular tests of autonomic function and sympathetic skin responses in patients with major depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59(3):299–302
Gusnard DA, Raichle ME (2001) Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2(10):685–694
Gusnard DA et al (2001) Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(7):4259–4264
Gut E (1989) Productive and unproductive Depression. Tavistock & Routledge, London GB
Hasler G, van der Veen JW, Tumonis T et al (2007) Reduced prefrontal glutamate/glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64:193–200
Heinzel A, Grimm S, Beck J et al (2009) Segregated neural representation of psychological and somatic-vegetative symptoms in severe major depression. Neurosci Lett 456(2):49–53
Heller AS, Johnstone T, Shackman AJ et al (2009): Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of fronto-striatal brain activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(52):22445–22450
Holsboer-Trachsler E, Vanoni C (2007) Depression in der Praxis. 3. erweiterte Aufl. Sozio-medico Verlag, Wessobrunn
Ingram RE (1990) Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychol Bull 107(2):156–176
Inoue Y et al (2004) Deficiency of theory of mind in patients with remitted mood disorder. J Affect Disord 82(3):403–409
Jacobson E (1971) Depression. Comparative studies of normal, neurotic and psychotic conditions. New Intern Universities Press, New York NY
Kant O (1928) Über die Psychologie der Depression. Z Ges Neurol Psychiat 113:255–285
Keedwell PA, Andrew C, Williams SCR et al (2005) The neural correlates of anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 58:843–853
Kerr N et al (2003) Theory of mind deficits in bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord 73(3):253–259
Kohut H (1977) The restoration of the self. International Universities Press, New York. Deutsch (1979) Die Heilung des Selbst. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M
Kolk van der BA McFarlane AC Weisaeth L (Hrsg) (2000) Traumatic Stress. Grundlagen und Behandlungsansätze. Junfermann Verlag, Paderborn
Kratzsch S (2001) Depressionen: Erleben und Selbst in der depressiven Erkrankung. In: Milch W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Selbstpsychologie. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, S 191–213
Kumar P, Waiter G, Ahearn T et al (2008) Abnormal temporal difference reward-learning signals in major depression. Brain 131:2084–2093
Kumari V, Mitterschiffthaler MT, Teasdale JD et al (2003) Neural abnormalities during cognitive generation of affect in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 54:777–791
Lamme VA (2001) Blindsight: the role of feedforward and feedback corticocortical connections. Acta Psychol (Amst) 107(1–3):209–228
Lamme VA (2004) Separate neural definitions of visual consciousness and visual attention; a case for phenomenal awareness. Neural Netw 17(5–6):861–872
Lawrence NS, Williams AM, Surguladze S et al (2004) Subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical neural responses to facial expressions distinguish patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 55:578–587
Lichtenberg JD (1983) Psychoanalysis and infant research. The Analytic Press, Hillsdale, New York. Deutsch (1991) Psychoanalyse und Säuglingsforschung. Springer, Berlin
Lichtenberg JD (1987) Die Bedeutung der Säuglingsbeobachtung für die klinische Arbeit mit Erwachsenen. Z Psychoanal Theor Prax 2:123–145
Liotti M, Mayberg HS, McGinnis S et al (2002) Unmasking disease-specific cerebral blood flow abnormalities: mood challenge in patients with remitted unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 159(11):1830–1840
Loch W (1967) Psychoanalytische Aspekte zur Pathogenese und Struktur depressiv-psychotischer Zustandsbilder. Psyche 21:758–779
Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr (2007) The role of glutamate in mood disorders: results from the ketamine in major depression study and the presumed cellular mechanism underlying its antidepressant effects. Curr Psychiatry Rep 9:467–474
Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J et al (2008) Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry 63:349–352
Malancharuvil JM (2004) Projection, introjection, and projective identification: a reformulation. Am J Psychoanal 64(4):375–382
Masterman, DL, Cummings JL (1997) Frontal-subcortical circuits: the anatomic basis of executive, social and motivated behaviors. J Psychopharmacol 11(2):107–114
Mayberg H (2002) Depression, II: localization of pathophysiology. Am J Psychiatry 159:1979
Mayberg HS (2003a) Modulating dysfunctional limbic-cortical circuits in depression: towards development of brain-based algorithms for diagnosis and optimised treatment. Br Med Bull 65:193–207
Mayberg HS (2003b) Positron emission tomography imaging in depression: a neural systems perspective. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 13:805–815
Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK et al (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging pet findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 156:675–682
Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Tekell JL et al (2010) Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression; serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry 48(8):830–843
Mazoyer B et al (2001) Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Res Bull 54(3):287–298
Mentzos S (1995) Depression und Manie; Psychodynamik und Psychotherapie affektiver Störungen. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Zürich
Miller A (1987) Zeitkurven. Ein Leben. Fischer, Frankfurt/M. Engl.: Timebends (1987). Grove Press, New York NY
Murphy FC et al (1999) Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression. Psychol Med 29:1307–1321
Murphy FC et al (2003) Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 3(3):207–233
Nagay Y et al (2004) Activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex covaries with sympathetic skin conductance level: a physiological account of a "default mode" of brain function. Neuroimage 22(1):243–251
Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME et al (2003) Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. PNAS 100:14293–14296
Northoff G (2000) Das Gehirn: Eine neurophilosophische Bestandsaufnahme. Mentes-Verlag, Paderborn
Northoff G (2002a) Catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: psychopathology and pathophysiology. J Neural Transm 109(12):1453–1467
Northoff G (2002b) What catatonia can tell us about „top-down modulation: a neuropsychiatric hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 25(5):555–577; discussion 578–604
Northoff G (2004) Philosophy of the brain. The brain problem. John Benjamin Publishing, Amsterdam NLD
Northoff G (2013) Unlocking the brain. Vol 2: Consciousness. Oxford University Press, Oxford GB
Northoff G, Bermpohl F (2004) Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends Cogn Sci 8(3):102–107
Northoff G, Böker H (2006) Principles of neuronal integration and defense mechanisms: neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis. Neuropsychoanalysis 8(1):69–84
Northoff G, Eckert J, Fritze J (1997) Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62:404–406
Northoff G, Bogerts B, Baumgart F et al (2002) Orbitofrontal cortical dysfunction and „sensori-motor regression“: A combined study of fMRI and personal constructs in catatonia. Neuropsychoanalysis 4:149–175
Northoff G et al (2003) Emotional-behavioral disturbances in catatonia: A combined study of psychological self-evaluation and fMRI. Neuropsychoanalysis 3:151–167
Northoff G, Heinzel A, Bermpohl F et al (2004) Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in the prefrontal cortex: An fMRI study on emotional-cognitive interaction. Human Brain Mapping 21(3):202–212
Northoff G, Richter A, Bermpohl F et al (2005) NMDA hypofunction in the posterior cingulate as a model for schizophrenia: an exploratory ketamine administration study in fMRI. Schizophr Res 72(2–3):235–248
Northoff G, Walter M, Schulte RF et al (2007) Gaba concentrations in the human anterior cingulate cortex predict negative BOLD responses in fMRI. Nature Neuroscience 10(12):1515–1517
Panksepp J (1998a) Affective Neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press, New York NY
Panksepp J (1998b) The periconscious substrates of consciousness: affective states and the evolutionary origins of the self. J Consciousness Stud 5(5–6):566–582
Paradiso S et al (1997) Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of chronic unipolar depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 185(12):748–754
Pessoa L, Ungerleider LG (2004) Neuroimaging studies of attention and the processing of emotion-laden stimuli. Prog Brain Res 144:171–182
Pessoa L et al (2002) Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(17):1158–1163
Phan KL et al (2002) Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage 16(2):331–348
Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R (2003) Neurobiology of emotion perception II: Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 54:515–528
Pizzagalli DA, Holmes AJ, Dillon DG et al (2009) Reduced caudate and nucleus accumbens response to rewards in unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 166(6):702–710
Post RM (1992) Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neural biology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149:99–110
Price CJ, Friston KJ (2002) Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy. Trends Cogn Sci 6(10):416–421
Price JL, Drevets WC (2010) Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 35(1):192–216
Qin P, Northoff G (2011) How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network? NeuroImage 57:1221–1233
Raichle ME (2001) Cognitive neuroscience. Bold insights. Nature 412(6843):128–130
Raichle ME (2003) Functional brain imaging and human brain function. J Neurosci 23(10):3959–3962
Raichle, ME et al (2001) A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(2):676–682
Rimes KA, Watkins E (2005) The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgments in depression. Behav Res Ther 43:1673–1681
Sajonz B, Kahnt T, Margulies DS et al (2010) Delineating self-referential processing from episodic memory retrieval: common and dissociable networks. Neuroimage 50(4):1606–1617
Salvadore G, Cornwell BR, Colon-Rosario V et al (2009) Increased anterior cingulate cortical activity in response to fearful faces: a neurophysiological biomarker that predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Biol Psychiatry 65:289–295
Sanacora G (2010) Cortical inhibition, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and major depression: there is plenty of smoke but is there fire? Biol Psychiatry 67(5):397–398
Schilder P (1973) Entwurf zu einer Psychiatrie auf psychoanalytischer Grundlage. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M (Erstveröff. 1925)
Schmidt-Degenhard M (1983) Melancholie und Depression: Zur Problemgeschichte der depressiven Erkrankungen seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, Klinische Psychologie. Grundlagen – Methoden – Ergebnisse. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Segal H (1956) Bemerkungen zur Symbolbildung. In: Both-Spillius E (Hrsg) Melanie Klein heute (Bd 1). Verlag Internat Psychoanalyse, München
Sheline YI, Barch DM, Price JL et al (2009) The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(6):1942–1947
Sheppard LC (2004) How does dysfunctional thinking decrease during recovery from major depression? J Abnorm Psychol 113(1):64–71
Shin LM et al (2005) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(3):273–281
Smoski MJ, Felder J, Bizzell J et al (2009) fMRI of alterations in reward selection, anticipation, and feedback in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 118(1–3):69–78
Stern H (1983) The early development of scheme of self, other, and „self with other“. In: Lichtenberg JD, Kaplan S (Hrsg) Reflections on self psychology. Analytic Press, Hillsdale NJ, S 49–84
Stern DN (1985) The interpersonal world of the infant. Basic Books, New York. Deutsch (1992) Die Lebenserfahrung des Säuglings. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart
Stolorov RD (1986) On experiencing an object: a multi-dimensional perspective. In: Goldberg A (Hrsg) Progress in self-psychology, Vol II. The Analytic Press, Hillsdale NJS 273–279
Surguladze SA, Young AW, Senior C et al (2005) Recognition accuracy and response bias to happy and sad facial expressions in patients with major depression. Neuropsychology 18:212–218
Tellenbach H (1961) Melancholie. Zur Problemgeschichte, Typologie, Pathogenese und Klinik. Springer, Berlin
Tononi G, Edelman GM (2000) Schizophrenia and the mechanisms of conscious integration. Brain Res Rev 31(2–3):391–400
Treynor W, Gonzalez R, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2003) Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Ther Res 27:247–259
Walter M, Henning A, Grimm S et al (2009) The relationship between aberrant neuronal activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate, altered glutamatergic metabolism and anhedonia in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 (5):478–486
Wicker B et al (2003a) Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40(3):655–664
Wicker B et al (2003b) Being the target of another's emotion: a PET study. Neuropsychologia 41(2):139–146
Wicker B et al (2003c) A relation between rest and the self in the brain? Brain Res Rev 43(2):224–230
Wiebking C, Bauer A, de Greck M et al (2010) Abnormal body perception and neural activity in the insula in depression: an fMRI study of the depressed „material me“;. World J Biol Psychiatry 11(3):538–549
Wiesel TN (1994) Genetics and behaviour. Science 264:16–47
Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ et al (2006) A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:856–864
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Böker, H., Northoff, G. (2016). Depressive Syndrome. In: Böker, H., Hartwich, P., Northoff, G. (eds) Neuropsychodynamische Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47765-6_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47765-6_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47764-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-47765-6
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)