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Eukaryotische Chromosomen

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Genetik

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Zusammenfassung

Die wichtige Rolle der Chromosomen im Zellkern wurde durch die cytologischen Studien der Zellteilung deutlich. Hierbei spielten vor allem Untersuchungen an befruchteten Eiern eine Rolle, wie sie unter anderem von Walther Flemming (1843–1905) und Carl Rabl (1853–1917) durchgeführt wurden. Eine der wichtigsten Erkenntnisse war, dass die Anzahl der Chromosomen während der Zellteilung (Mitose) (Flemming 1882) unverändert bleibt. Etwa gleichzeitig beschrieben Edouard van Beneden (1846–1910), Theodor Boveri (1862–1915), Thomas Harrison Montgomery (1873–1912) und andere Cytologen, dass durch einen besonderen Zellteilungsmechanismus während der Entstehung männlicher und weiblicher Keimzellen eine Halbierung der Anzahl der Chromosomen stattfindet und dass durch die Vereinigung der Keimzellen die ursprüngliche Chromosomenanzahl, wie man sie in somatischen Zellen findet, wiederhergestellt wird. Für diesen besonderen Teilungsmechanismus wurde von J. B. Farmer und E. Moore (1905) der Begriff Meiose eingeführt (Abschn. 6.3.2). Bereits 1885 zieht August Weismann (1834–1914) in seiner berühmten Abhandlung Die Continuität des Keimplasmas als Grundlage einer Theorie der Vererbung einen entscheidenden Schluss aus all diesen Befunden, ohne ihn jedoch mit den Mendel’schen Beobachtungen in Verbindung zu bringen.

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  1. Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Deutschland

    Jochen Graw

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Graw, J. (2015). Eukaryotische Chromosomen. In: Genetik. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44817-5_6

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