Abstract
Cyanobacteria, the oldest oxygenic phototrophs on the planet, once made the most significant impact on sediments and left an impressive fossil record of organo-sedimentary structures. Today, cyanobacteria dominate extreme environments where they participate in sediment production, construction and destruction, and leave characteristic, often species-specific, traces of their activities. Microbial ecosystems at the sediment-water interface are built and supported by cyanobacteria as the principal primary producers. Cyanobacterial photosynthesis promotes carbonate precipitation, delivering new sediment particles. Cyanobacterial growth, movement and behavioral responses often guide the depositional process and shape the resulting sedimentary structures. Conversely, cyanobacterial colonization and growth is also guided by changes in depositional environment. Cyanobacterial primary production at the sediment-water interface, coupled with rapid bacterial oxidation of this organic product, maintains steep redox gradients, creating additional metabolic niches. The consequent changes in mineral solubility promote biogeochemical cycling of elements and may lead to recrystallization and rearrangement of minerals. Destruction and alteration of sediments may be caused by cyanobacterial activities indirectly, or be carried out directly by euendolithic cyanobacteria which actively penetrate carbonate substrates. Evidence of both sediment-constructing and -destructing cyanobacterial behavior is found in carbonate deposits of the Mesoproterozoic age. As pioneer settlers on marine, freshwater and terrestrial sedimentary deposits, modern cyanobacteria prepare the ground for successive invasion and expansion of eukaryotic flora and fauna. In the historical context, and on a geological time scale, analogous sequences of events illustrate the evolutionary progression of life’s complexity, as cyanobacterially supported microbial ecosystems of marine and terrestrial environments gave way to eukaryote-dominated ones.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Thukair AA, Golubic S (1991a) New endolithic cyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf, I: Hyella immanis sp. nov. J Phycol 27: 766–780
Al-Thukair AA, Golubic S (1991b) Five new Hyella species from the Arabian Gulf. In: Hickel B, Anagnostidis K, Komarek J (eds) Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria–morphology, taxonomy, ecology. Algol Stud 64: 167–197
Al-Thukair AA, Golubic S (1996) Characterization of Hyella caespitosa var. arbuscula var. nov. (Cyanophyta, Cyanobacteria) from shoaling ooid sand grains, Arabian Gulf. Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft 112: 81–89
Al-Thukair AA, Golubic S, Rosen G (1994) New euendolithic cyanobacteria from the Bahama Bank and the Arabian Gulf: Hyella racemus sp. nov. J Phycol 30: 764–769
Alexandersson T (1972) Micritization of carbonate particles: Processes of precipitation and dissolution in modern shallow-marine sediments. Bull Geol Inst Univ Uppsala NS 3: 201–236
Awramik SM (1984) Ancient stromatolites and microbial mats. In: Cohen Y, Castenlolz RW, Halvorson HO (eds) Microbial mats: stromatolites. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 1–22
Awramik SM, Riding R (1988) Role of algal eucaryotes in subtidal columnar stromatolite formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1327–1329
Awramik SM, Vanyo JP (1986) Heliotropism in modern stromatolites. Science 231: 279–1281
Bathurst RGC (1966) Boring algae, micrite envelopes and lithification of molluskan biosparites. Liverpool Manchester Geol J 5: 15–32
Bengtson S (ed) (1994) Early life on Earth. Columbia University Press, New York (Nobel Symposium 84 )
Berner RA (1989) Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 75: 97–122
Bhattacharya D, Medlin L (1995) The phylogeny of plastids: a review based on comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions. J Phycol 31: 489–498
Buczynski C, Chafetz HS (1991) Habit of bacterially induced precipitates of calcium carbonate and the influence of medium viscosity on mineralogy. J Sediment Petrol 61: 226–233
Campbell SE (1979) Soil stabilization by a prokaryotic desert crust: implications for Precambrian land biota. Origins Life 9:335–349
Campbell SE (1982) Precambrian endoliths discovered. Nature (Lond) 299: 429–431
Castenholz RW (1984) Composition of hot-spring microbial mats: a summary. In: Cohen Y, Castenholz RW, Halvorso HO (eds) Microbial mats: Stromatolites. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 101–119
Castenholz RW (1994) Microbial mat research: the recent past and new perspectives. In: Stal LJ, Caumette P (eds) Microbial mats: structure, development and environmental significance. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 3–18
Cohen Y, Castenholz RW, Halvorson HO (1984) Microbial mats: Stromatolites. Alan R. Liss, New York
Cohen Y, Rosenberg E (eds) (1989) Microbial mats: physiological ecology of benthic microbial communities. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington
Couté A (1982) Ultrastructure d’une cyanophycée aerienne calcifiée cavernicole: Geitleria calcarea Friedmann (Hormogonophycidae, Stigonematales, Stigonemataceae). Hydrobiol 97:255–274
D’Amelio ED, Cohen Y, Des Marais DJ (1989) Comparative functional ultrastructure of two hypersaline submerged cyanobacterial mats: Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and Solar Lake, Sinai, Egypt. In: Cohen Y, Rosenberg E (eds) Microbial mats: physiological ecology of benthic microbial communities. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington, pp 97–113
Dragastan O, Golubic S, Richter DK (1996) Rivularia haematites: A case of the Recent versus fossil morphology. Taxonomic considerations. Rev Espanola Micropaleontol 28:43-73
Farmer JD, Des Marais DJ (1994) Biological versus inorganic processes in stromatolite morphogenesis: Observations from mineralizing sedimentary systems. In: Stal LJ, Caumette P (eds) Microbial mats: structure, development and environmental significance. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 61–68
Freytet P, Verrecchia E (1993) Complex calcitic crystallizations in Nostoc parmelioides Kütz. (freshwater cyanobacterium): Rhombs around trichomes inside Nostoc colonies and epiphytic bacterial microstromatolites. Geomicrobiol J 11: 77–84
Friedman GM, Krumbein WE (eds) (1985) Hypersaline ecosystems, the Gavish Sabkha. Ecological studies 53. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Garcia-Pichel F, Belnep J (1996) Microenvironments and micro-scale productivity of cyanobacterial desert crusts. J Phycol 32: 774–782
Garcia-Pichel F, Castenholz RW (1991) Characterization and biological implications of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment. J Phycol 27: 395–409
Garcia-Pichel F, Castenholz RW (1994) On the significance of solar ultraviolet radiation for the ecology of microbial mats. In: Stal LJ, Caumette P (eds) Microbial mats: structure, development and environmental significance. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 77-84
Geitler L (1960) Schizophyceen. In: Zimmermann W, Ozenda P (eds) Encyclopedia of plant anatomy 4. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, pp 1–131
Giovannoni SJ, Turner S, Olsen GJ, Barns S, Lane DJ, Pace NR (1988) Evolutionary relationships among cyanobacteria and green chloroplasts. J Bacteriol 170:3584–3592
Golubic S (1967a) Algenvegetation der Felsen, eine ökologische Algenstudie im dinarischen Karstgebiet Binnengewässer 23. Schweizerbar, Stuttgart, pp 1–183
Golubic S (1967b) Die Algenvegetation an Sandsteinfelsen Ost-Venezuelas (Cumana). Int Rev Ges Hydrobiol 52:693–699
Golubic S (1969) Cyclic and noncyclic mechanisms in the formation of travertine. Verh Int Verein Limno117: 956–961 [Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen]
Golubic S (1980) Early photosynthetic microorganisms and environmental evolution. In: Holmquist R (ed) Life sciences and space research 8, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 101–107
Golubic S (1991) Modern stromatolites–a review. In: Riding R (ed) Calcareous algae and stromatolites. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 541–561
Golubic S (1992a) Microbial mats of Abu Dhabi. In: Margulis L, Olendzenski L (eds) Environmental evolution, effects of the origin and evolution of life on planet earth. MIT Press, Cambridge, PP 131–147
Golubic S (1992b) Stromatolites of Shark Bay. In: Margulis L, Olendzenski L (eds) Environmental evolution, effects of the origin and evolution of life on planet earth. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 103–130
Golubic S (1994) The continuing importance of cyanobacteria. In: Bengtson S (ed) Early life on earth. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 334–340 (Nobel Symposium 84)
Golubic S, Barghoorn ES (1977) Interpretation of microbial fossils with special reference to the Precambrian. In: Flügel E (ed) Fossil algae. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 1–14
Golubic S, Browne KM (1996) Schizothrix gebeleinii sp. nov. builds subtidal stromatolites, Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Algol Stud 83: 273–290
Golubic S, Campbell SE (1981) Biogenically formed aragonite concretions in marine Rivularia. In: Monty CLV (ed) Phanerozoic stromatolites. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 209–229
Golubic S, Fischer AG (1975) Ecology of calcareous nodules forming in Little Connestoga Creek near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Verh Int Verein Limnol 19: 2315–2323. [Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen]
Golubic S, Friedmann I, Schneider J (1981) The lithobiontic ecological niche, with special reference to microorganisms. J Sediment Petrol 51: 475–478
Golubic S, Violante C, Ferreri V, D’Argenio B. (1993) Algal control and early diagenesis in Quaternary travertine formation (Rocchetta a Volturno, central Apennines). In: Baratolo F, De Castro P, Parente M (eds) Studies on fossil benthic algae. Boll Soc Paleontol Ital (Spec Vol 1 ): 231–247
Green JW, Knoll AH, Golubic S, Swett K (1987) Paleobiology of distinctive benthic microfossils from the Upper Proterozoic Lime-
stone-Dolomite “Series”, central East Greenland. Am J Bot 74:928–940
Grotzinger JP (1990) Geochemical model for Proterozoic stromatolite decline. Am J Sci 290 A:8o-1o3
Grotzinger JP, Knoll AH (1995) Anomalous carbonate precipitates: Is the Precambrian the key to the Permian. Palaios 10:578-596 Heiskanen A-S, 011i K (1996) Sedimentation and buoyancy of Aphanizomenon cf.flos-aquae (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) in a nutrient-replete and nutrient-depleted coastal area of the Baltic Sea. Phycologia 3594-101
Holland HD (1984) The chemical evolution of the atmosphere and oceans. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Hook JE, Golubic S, Milliman JD (1984) Micritic cement in micro-borings is not necessarily a shallow-water indicator. J Sediment Petrol 54425–431
Horodyski RJ (1977) Lyngbya mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California, Mexico: Comparison with Proterozoic stromatolites. J Sediment Petrol 47x305–132o
Horodyski RJ, Bloeser B, Vonder Haar S (1977) Laminated algal mats from a coastal lagoon, Laguna Mormona, Baja California, Mexico. J Sediment Petrol 47: 680–696
Jaag 0 (1945) Untersuchungen über die Vegetation and Biologie der Algen des nackten Gesteins in den Alpen, im Jura and im schweizerischen Mittelland. Beitr Kryptogamenflora Schweiz 9a-560 Jorgensen BB (1988) Ecology of the sulphur cycle: oxidative pathways in sediments. In: Cole JA, Ferguson SJ (eds) The nitrogen and sulphur cycle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 31–63
Jorgensen BB, Nelson DC (1988) Bacterial zonation, photosynthesis and spectral light distribution in hot spring microbial mats of Iceland. Microbial Ecol 16x33–147
Karsten U (1996) Growth and organic osmolytes of geographically different isolates of Microcoleus chthonoplastes (Cyanobacteria) from benthic microbial mats: Response to salinity change. J Phycol 32: 501–506
Kaufman AJ, Knoll AH (1995) Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotopic composition of seawater: stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications. Precambrian Res 73: 27–49
Kimberley MM, Holland HD (1992) Introduction to Precambrian weathering and paleosols. In: Schidlowski M, Golubic S, Kimberley MM, McKirdy DM, Trudinger PA (eds) Early organic evolution: Implications for mineral and energy resources. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 9–15
Kinsman DJJ, Park RK (1976) Algal belt and coastal sabkha evolution, Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf. In: Walter MR (ed) Stromatolites: developments in sedimentology 2o. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 421–433
Knoll AH, Golubic S, Green J, Swett K (1986) Organically preserved microbial endoliths from the Late Proterozoic of East Greenland. Nature (Lond) 321: 856–857
Knoll AH, Swett K, Mark J (1991) Paleobiology of a Neoproterozoic tidal flat/lagoonal complex: The Draken conglomerate formation, Spitsbergen. J Paleontol 65531–570
Kobluk DR, Risk MJ (1977) Micritization and carbonate-grain binding by endolithic algae. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 61: 1069–1082
Kühl M, Glud RN, Ploug H, Ramsing NB (1996) Microenvironmental control of photosynthesis and photosynthesis-coupled respiration in an epilithic cyanobacterial biofilm. J Phycol 32: 799–812
Laborel J, Le Campion-Alsumard T (1979) Infestation massive du squelette de coraux vivants par des rhodophycées de type Conchocelis. C R Acad Sci 288 (Serie D): 1575–1577
Le Campion-Alsumard T, Golubic S, Hutchings P (1995) Microbial endoliths in skeletons of live and dead corals: Porites lobata (Moorea, French Polynesia). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117x49-157
Livingstone D (1984) The preservation of algal remains in recent lake sediments. In: Haworeth EY, Lund JWG (eds) Lake sediments and environmental history. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp 191–202
Lukas KJ, Golubic S (1983) New endolithic cyanophytes from the North Atlantic Ocean: II. Hyella gigas, sp. nov. J Phyco119: 129–136
Madsen KN, Nilsson P, Sundback K (1993) The influence of benthic micro algae on the stability of a subtidal sediment. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 170x59–177
Margulis L (1993) Symbiosis in cell evolution: Microbial communities in the Archaean and Proterozoic Eons, 2nd edn. WH Freeman, New York
Mereschkowsky C (1905) Über Natur and Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Bot Zentralbl 25593–604
Merz MUE (1992) The biology of carbonate precipitation in cyanobacteria. Facies 26: 81–102
Merz MUE, Zankl H (1993) The influence of the sheath on carbonate precipitation by cyanobacteria. In: Barattolo F, De Castro P, Parente M (eds) Studies on fossil benthic algae. Boll Soc Paleontol Ital (Spec) 1:325-331
Merz MUE, Schlue WR, Zankl H (1995) PH-measurements in the sheath of calcifying filamentous cyanobacteria. Bull Inst Oceanogr (Monaco) (Spec Issue) 14: 281–289
Monty CLV (1973) Precambrian background and Phanerozoic history of stromatolite communities, an overview. Ann Soc Geol Belg Bull 96585–624
Nelissen B, van de Peer Y, Wilmotte A, De Wachteer R (1995) An early origin of plastids within the cyanobacterial divergence is suggested by evolutionary trees based on complete 16 S rRNA sequences. Mol Biol Evol 12: 1166–1173
Neumann AC, Gebelein CD, Scoffin TP (1970) The composition, structure and erodability of subtidal mats, Abaco, Bahamas. J Sediment Petrol 40: 274–297
Obenfüneschloss J (1991) Biologie and Ökologie von drei rezenten Süsswasser-Rivularien (Cyanobakterien)–Übertragbarkeit artspezifischer Verkalkungsstrukturen auf fossile Formen. Göttinger Arb Geol Paläontologie 5o: 1–86
Palenik B, Swift H (1996) Cyanobacterial evolution and prochlorophyte diversity as seen in DNA-dependent RNA polymerize sequences. J Phycol 32: 638–646
Paterson DM (1994) Microbiological mediation of sediment structure and behavior. In: Stal LJ, Caumette P (eds) Microbial mats: structure, development and environmental significance. Ecological studies 35. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 97–109
Pearl HW (1996) A comparison of cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Phycologia 3525–35
Pentecost A (1991) Calcification processes in algae and cyanobacte-ria. In: Riding R (ed) Calcareous algae and stromatolites. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 3–20
Pentecost A, Riding R (1986) Calcification in cyanobacteria. In: Leadbeater BSC, Riding R (eds) Biomineralization in lower plants and animals. Syst Assoc Spec 3o: 73–90
Pierson BK, Oesterle A, Murphy GL (1987) Pigments, light penetration, and photosynthetic activity on the multi-layered microbial mats of Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Massachusetts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45: 365–376
Radtke G, Le Campion-Alsumard T, Golubic S (1996a) Microbial assemblages of the bioerosional “notch” along tropical limestone coasts. Algol Stud 83:469–482
Radtke G, Le Campion-Alsumard T, Golubic S (1996b) Microbial assemblages involved in tropical coastal bioerosion: an Atlantic-Pacific comparison. Proc 8th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 1825–1830
Riding R (1993) Phanerozoic patterns of marine CaCO3 precipitation. Naturwissenschaften 80: 513–516
Robbins LL, Blackwelder PL (1992) Biochemical and ultrastructural evidence for the origin of whitings: A biologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation mechanism. Geology zo: 464–468
Schlegel HG (1976) Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, 4th edn. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart
Schneider J (1976) Biological and inorganic factors in the destruction of limestone coasts. Contrib Sedimentol 6: 1–112
Schneider J, Herrmann AG (1980) Saltworks–natural laboratories for microbiological and geochemical investigations during the evaporation of seawater. In: Coogan AH, Hauber L (eds) Fifth Symposium on Salt. Northern Ohio Geological Society, pp 371–381
Schneider J, Torunski H (1983) Biokarst on limestone coasts, morphogenesis and sediment production. P.S.Z.N.I. Mar Ecol 4: 45–63
Schopf JW (1968) Microflora of the Bitter Springs Formation, Late Precambrian, Central Australia. J Paleontol 42: 651–588
Schopf JW (1996) Cyanobacteria: Pioneers of the early Earth. Nove Hedwigia, Beiheft 112x3–32
Schröder JG (1982) Biogene benthische Entkalkung als Beitrag zur Genese limnischer Sedimente. Beispiel: Attersee (Salzkammergut; Oberösterreich). PhD Diss, University of Göttingen, 179 pp
Schröder HG, Schneider J (1983) Bilanzierung der biogenen Karbonatproduktion eines oligotrophen Sees (Attersee, Salzkammergut, - Österreich). Arch Hydrobiol 97356–372
Schultze-Lam S, Harauz G, Beveridge TJ (1992) Participation of a cyanobacterial S layer in fine-grain mineral formation. J Bacterial 1747971–7981
Seilacher A, Pflüger F (1994) From biomats to benthic agriculture: A biohistoric revolution. In: Krumbein WE, Paterson DM, Stal LJ (eds) Biostabilization of sediment. University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, pp 97–105
Seong-Joo L, Golubic S (1998) Multi-trichomous cyanobacterial microfossils from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, China: paleoecological and taxonomic implications. Lethaia 31: 169–184
Seong-Joo L, Golubic S (1999) Microfossil populations in the context of synsedimentary micrite deposition and acicular carbonate precipitation: Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, China. Precambrian Res 96: 183–208
Sergeev VN, Knoll AH, Grotzinger JP (1995) Paleobiology of the Mesoproterozoic Billyakh Group, Anabar Uplift, northern Siberia. Paleontol Soc Mem 39a-37
Sorkhoh N, Al-Hasan R, Radwan S, Höpner T (1992) Self-cleaning of the Gulf. Nature (Lond) 359: 109
Stal LJ, Caumette P (eds) (1994) Microbial mats: structure, development and environmental significance. (Ecol Sci 35), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Stolz JF (1990) Distribution of phototrophic microbes in the flat laminated microbial mats at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico. BioSystems 23345–357
Torunski H (1979) Biological erosion and its significance for the morphogenesis of limestone coasts and for nearshore sedimentation. Senckenbergiana Maritima 11x93–265
Tudhope AW, Risk MJ (1985) Rate of dissolution of carbonate sediments by microboring organisms, Davies Reef, Australia. J Sediment Petrol 55440–447
van den Ende FP, van Gemerden H (1994) Relationship between functional groups of organisms in microbial mats. In: Stal LJ, Caumette P (eds) Microbial mats: structure, development and environmental significance. Ecological studies 35. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 339–352
Walter MR (ed) (1976) Stromatolites: Developments in sedimentology 20. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Walter MR, Bauld J, Brock TD (1976) Microbiology and morpho-genesis of columnar stromatolites (Conophyton, Vacerrilla) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. In: Walter MR (ed) Stromatolites: developments in sedimentology 2o. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 273–310
Walter MR, Grotzinger JP, Schopf JW (1992) Proterozoic stromatolites. In: Schopf JW, Klein C (eds) The Proterozoic biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 253–260
Ward DM, Bauld J, Castenholz RW, Pierson BK (1992) Modern phototrophic microbial mats: anoxygenic, intermittently oxygenic/ anoxygenic, thermal, eukaryotic, and terrestrial. In: Schopf JW, Klein C (eds) The Proterozoic biosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 309–324
Winsborough BM, Seeler J-S, Golubic S, Folk RL, Maguire B Jr (1994) Recent fresh-water lacustrine stromatolites, stromatolitic mats and oncoids from northeastern Mexico. In: Bertrand-Sarfati J, Monty CLV (eds) Phanerozoic stromatolites II. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 71- too
Woese CR (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51:221–271 Yallop ML, De Winder B, Paterson DM, Stal LJ (1994) Comparative structure, primary production and biogenic stabilization of cohesive and non-cohesive marine sediments inhabited by microphytobenthos. Estuar Coastal Shelf Sci 39565–582
Yates KK, Robbins LL (1995) Experimental evidence for a CaCO3 precipitation mechanism for marine Synechocystis. Bull Inst Oceanogr (Monaco), Special Issue 14:51–59
Zhang Y, Golubic S (1987) Endolithic microfossils (Cyanophyta) from early Proterozoic stromatolites, Hebei, China. Acta Micropaleontol Sin 4: 1–12
Züllig H (1961) Die Bestimmung von Myxoxanthophyll in Bohrprofilen zum Nachweis vergangener Blaualgenenfaltungen. Verh Int Verein Limnol 14:263–27o [Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Verhandlungen]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Golubic, S., Seong-Joo, L., Browne, K.M. (2000). Cyanobacteria: Architects of Sedimentary Structures. In: Riding, R.E., Awramik, S.M. (eds) Microbial Sediments. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04036-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04036-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08275-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-04036-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive