Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behavioral Genetics: Research Strategies and Examples

  • Chapter
Human Genetics

  • 338 Accesses

Abstract

Scope and Conceptual Difficulties of Human Behavior Genetics. A survey of the genetic aspects of evolution shows great similarity between human beings and higher nonhuman primates in terms of chromosomes, DNA, proteins, and many genetically determined characteristics. The human species differs substantially in only one characteristic: language and abstract thinking. No other species can look into the past nor into the future! Analysis of the essential differences between humans and other species must therefore be directed to the brain — the organ of thought and language. These characteristics have enabled our species to supplement biological evolution with “cultural evolution,” with all its consequences for building human civilizations and altering lifestyles (Table 14.1). The uniqueness of the human brain that allowed these developments is part of our genetic heritage. Experiments have attempted to subject nonhuman primates to childrearing practices similar to those for human children and even in a context in which they are raised together with human children. In every such experiment the animals — chimpanzees, our closest relatives — fail to develop spoken language. Although the cognitive functions of chimpanzees have been found to be more advanced than previously assumed, even these animals never reach the level of conceptualizing that older children do.

My father gave my stature tall And rule of life decorous;

Mother my nature genial And joy in making stories;

Full well my grandsire loved the fair, A tendency that lingers;

My grandam gold and gems so rare, An itch still in the fingers.

If no part from this complex all Can now be separated

What can you name original That is in me created?

J. W. v. Goethe, Zahme Xenien (Translation: H. and 0. Bosanquet, Zoar, Oxford, 1920)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alexander D, Walker AT, Money J (1964) Studies in direction sense: I. Turner’s syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatr 10: 337–339

    Google Scholar 

  2. Agarwal DP, Goedde HW (1984) Alkoholmetabolisierende Enzyme: Alkoholunverträglichkeit und Alkoholkrankheit. In: Zang KD (ed) Klinische Genetik des Alkoholismus. Kohlhammer, Suttgart, pp 65–89

    Google Scholar 

  3. Andersen P, Andersson SA (1968) Physiological basis of the alpha rhythm. Appleton-Century Crofts, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anokhin A, Steinlein O, Fischer C et al (1992) A genetic study of the human low-voltage electroencephalogram. Hum Genet 90: 99–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Austin GE, Sparkes RS (1980) Abnormal cerebral cortical convolutions in an XYY fetus. Hum Genet 56: 173–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bailey JM, Pillard RC (1991) A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Arch Gen Psychiatr 48: 1089–1096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bailey JM, Pillard RC, Neale MC, Agyei Y (1993) Heritable factors influencing sexual orientation in woman. Arch Gen Psychiatr 50: 217–223

    Google Scholar 

  8. Baringa M (1994) From fruit flies, rats, mice: evidence of genetic influence. Science 264: 1690–1693

    Google Scholar 

  9. Barth PG (1987) Diseases of neuronal migration. Can J Neurol Sci 14: 1–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beauchamp GK, Yamazaki K, Boyse EA (1985) The chemosensory recognition of genetic individuality. Sci Am 253: 86–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Benzer S (1973) Genetic dissection of behavior. Sci Am 222: 24–37

    Google Scholar 

  12. Birbaumer N (1975) Physiologische Psychologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  13. Blandfort M, Tsuboi T, Vogel F (1987) Genetic counseling in the epilepsies. I. Genetic risks. Hum Genet 76: 303–331

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bouchard TJ (1994) Genes, environment, and personality. Science 264: 1700–1701

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bouchard TJ, McGue M (1981) Familial studies of intelligence: a review. Science 212: 1055–1059

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bouchard TJ, Propping P (eds) (1993) Twins as a tool in behavioral genetics. Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bouchard TJ, Lykken DT, McGue M et al (1990) Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science 250: 223–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Boughman JA, Coneally PM, Nance WE (1980) Population genetic studies of retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet 32: 223–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bray GA (1992) Obesity. In: King RA, Rotter JI, Motulsky AG (eds) The genetic basis of common diseases. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 507–528

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bruck I, Phillipart M, Givaldi D, Antoniuk S (1991) Difference in early development of presumed monozygotic twins with Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet 39: 415–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brun A, Gustayson K-H (1982) Letter to the editor. Hum Genet 60: 298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brunner HG, Nelen MR, van Zandvoort P et al (1993) X-linked borderline mental retardation with prominent behaviorial disturbances: phenotype, genetic localization, and evidence for disturbed monoamine metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 52: 1032–1039

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brunner HG, Nelen MR, Breakefield XO et al (1993) Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262: 578–580

    Google Scholar 

  24. Buchsbaum MS (1974) Average evoked response and stimulus intensity in identical and fraternal twins. Physiol

    Google Scholar 

  25. Psychol 2 (3A):365-370

    Google Scholar 

  26. Buchsbaum MS (1975) Average evoked response augmenting/reducing in schizophrenia and affective disorders. In: Freedman DX (ed) The biology of the major psychoses: a comparative analysis. Raven, New York, pp 129–142

    Google Scholar 

  27. Buck L, Axel R (1991) A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65: 175–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bühler EM, Malik NJ, Alkan M (1990) Another model for the inheritance of Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet 36: 126–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bunge M, Ardila R (1987) Philosopy of psychology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Buselmaier W, Vierling T, Balzereit W, Schwegler H (1981) Genetic analysis of avoidance learning by means of different psychological test systems with inbred mice as model organisms. Psychol Res 43: 317–333

    Google Scholar 

  31. Byne W (1994) The biological evidence challenged. Sci Am 5: 50-55

    Google Scholar 

  32. Carr J (1970) Mental and motor development in young mongol children. J Ment Def Res 14: 205–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cases O, Seif I, Grimsby J, Gaspar P, Chen K, Pournin S, Muller U, Aguet M, Babinet C, Shih JC, DeMaeyer E (1995) Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science 268: 1763–1766

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cattell RB (1955) The inheritance of personality. Am J Hum Genet 7: 122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Cattell RB (1964) Personality and social psychology. Knapp, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  36. Catell RB (1965) Methodological and conceptional advances in evaluating heredity and environmental influences and their interaction. In: Vandenberg SG (ed) Methods and goals in human behavior genetics. Academic, New York, p 95

    Google Scholar 

  37. Charlesworth WR (1976) Human intelligence as adaptation: an ethological approach. In: Resnick LB (ed) The nature of intelligence. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 147–168

    Google Scholar 

  38. Christiansen K, Knussmann R (1987) Androgen levels and components of aggressive behavior in man. Horm Behav 21: 170–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ciaranello RD, Hoffman HF, Shire JGCh, Axelrod J (1974) Genetic regulation of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes. J Biol Chem 249: 4528–4536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ciaranello RD, Lipsky A, Axelrod J (1974) Association between fighting behavior and catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme activity in two inbred mouse sublines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71: 3006–3008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cloninger CR (1987) Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 236: 410–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Comings DE (1986) The genetics of Rett syndrome: the consequences of a disorder where every case is a new mutation. Am J Med Genet 24: 383–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. a. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M et al. (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425–43283–388

    Google Scholar 

  44. Comings DE, Comings BG, Devor EJ, Cloninger CR (1984) Detection of a major gene for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 36: 586–600

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cooper RM, Zubek JP (1958) Effects of enriched and restricted early environments on the learning ability of light and dull rats. Can J Psychol 12: 159–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cotton NS (1979) The familial incidence of alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol 40: 89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Crowe RR (1974) An adoption study of antisocial personality. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 785–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Crusio WE, Schwegler H, Brust I (1993) Covariations between hippocampal mossy fibres and working and reference memory in spatial and non-spatial radial maze tasks in mice. Eur J Neurosci 5: 1413–1420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Deeb SS, Lindsey DT, Hibiya Y, Sanocki E, Winderickx J, Teller DY, Motulsky AG (1992) Genotype-phenotype relationships in human red/green color vision defects: Molecular and psychophysical studies. Am J Hum Genet 51: 687–700

    Google Scholar 

  50. DeVries JC, Vandenberg SG, McClearn GE (1976) Genetics of specific cognitive abilities. Annu Rev Genet 10: 179–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Diebold K, Häfner H, Vogel F, Schatt E (1968) Die myoklonischen Varianten der familiären amaurotischen Idiotie. Hum Genet 5: 119–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Dörner G (1976) Hormones and brain differentiation. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  53. Drummond-Borg M, Deeb S, Motulsky AG (1989) Molecular patterns of X chromosome-linked color vision genes among 134 men of European ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 983–987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Dryja TP, McGee TL, Reichel E et al (1990) A point mutation of the rhodopsin gene in one form of retinitis pigmentosa. Nature 343: 364–366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Dryja TP, Hahn LB, Cowley GS et al (1991) Mutation spectrum of the rhodopsin gene among patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9370–9374

    Google Scholar 

  56. Eckert ED, Bouchard TJ, Bohlen J, Heston LL (1986) Homosexuality in monozygotic twins reared apart. Br J Psychiatry 148: 421–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Pauls DL et al (1987) Bipolar affective disorders linked to DNA markers on chromosome 11. Nature 325: 783–787

    Google Scholar 

  58. Epstein CI (1986) The consequences of chromosome imbalance: principles, mechanisms and models. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  59. Eysenck HJ (1952) The scientific study of personality. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London

    Google Scholar 

  60. Eysenck HJ (1980) Intelligenz-Struktur und Messung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  61. Eysenck HJ (ed) (1982) A model for intelligence. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  62. Farber SL (1981) Identical twins reared apart. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  63. Feldman MW, Lewontin RC (1975) The heritability hang-up. Science 190: 1163–1168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fischer M (1972) Umweltfaktoren bei der Schizophrenie. Intrapaarvergleiche bei eineiigen Zwillingen. Nervenarzt 43: 230–238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Fischer M, Harvald B, Hauge M (1969) A Danish twin study of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 115: 981990

    Google Scholar 

  66. Friedl W (1977) Untersuchungen des Ruhe-EEG normaler weiblicher und männlicher junger Erwachsener mit Hilfe der elektronischen EEG-Analyse. MD dissertation, University of Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  67. Frischeisen-Köhler I (1930) Untersuchungen an Schul- zeugnissen von Zwillingen. Z Angew Psychol 37: 385

    Google Scholar 

  68. Fuller JL, Collins RL (1972) Ethanol consumption and preference in mice: a genetic analysis. In: Nature and nurture in alcoholism. Ann NY Acad Sci 197: 42–48

    Google Scholar 

  69. Fuller JL, Thompson WRT (1960) Behavior genetics. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  70. Fuller JL, Thompson WR (1978) Foundations of behavior genetics. Mosby, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  71. Galton F (1865) Hereditary talent and character. Macmillan Mag 12: 157

    Google Scholar 

  72. German J (1974) Chromosomes and cancer. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  73. Gilles de la Tourette G (1885) Étude sur une affection nerveuse characterisée par l’incoordination motrice accompagnée de l’echolalie et de coprolalie. Arch Neurol 9: 158–200

    Google Scholar 

  74. Goodnow JJ (1976) The nature of intelligent behavior: question raised by cross-cultural studies. In: Resnick LB (ed) The nature of intelligence. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 169–188

    Google Scholar 

  75. Goodwin D (1976) Is alcoholism hereditary? Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  76. Goodwin DW, Schulsinger F, Hermansen L, Gruze SB, Winokur G (1973) Alcohol problems in adoptees raised apart from alcoholic biological parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 238–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Goodwin DW, Schulsinger F, Knop J, Mednick S, Gruze SB (1977) Psychopathology in adopted and nonadopted daughters of alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatr 34: 1005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Gottschaldt K (1939) Erbpsychologie der Elementarfunktionen der Begabung. In: Just G (ed) Handbuch der Erbbiologie des Menschen, vol V/1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 445-537

    Google Scholar 

  79. Gottschaldt K (1968) Zwillingsuntersuchungen vom zweiten bis zum sechsten Lebensjahrzehnt. In: Herz und Atmungorgane im Alter. Psychologie und Soziologie in der Gerontologie. Steinkopf, Darmstadt (Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gerontologie, vol 1 )

    Google Scholar 

  80. Grigsby JP, Kemper MB, Hagerman RJ, Myers CS (1990) Neuropsychological dysfunction among affected heterozygous fragile -X females. Am J Med Genet 35: 28–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gulotta F, Rehder H, Gropp A (1981) Descriptive neuropathology of chromosomal disorders in man. Hum Genet 57: 337–344

    Google Scholar 

  82. a. Gynther LM, Carey G, Gottesman I, Vogler GP (1995) A twin study of non-alcohol substance abuse. Psychiatr Res 56: 213–220

    Google Scholar 

  83. Hagberg B, Aicardi J, Dias K et al (1993) A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett’s syndrome. Report of 35 cases. Ann Neurol 14: 471-479

    Google Scholar 

  84. Hallgren B (1960) Nocturnal enuresis in twins. Acta Psychiatr Scand 35: 73–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hamer DH, Hu S, Magnuson VL et al (1993) A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science 261: 321–327

    Google Scholar 

  86. Harris H, Hopkinson DA (1972) Average heterozygosity per locus in man: an estimate based on the incidence of enzyme polymorphisms. ann Hum Genet 36: 9–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hawkins JD (1970) Single gene substitutions and behavior. In: contributions to behavior genetic analysis. The mouse as a prototype. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp 139–159

    Google Scholar 

  88. a. Hebebrand J, Klug B (1995) Specification of the phenotype required for men with monoamine oxidase type A deficiency. Hum Genet 96: 372–373

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H (1995) Anorexia nervosa viewed as the extreme left end of the normal distribution of the body mass index: genetic implications. Hum Genet 1: 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  90. Hebebrand J, Friedl W, Propping P (1988) The concept of isoreceptors: application to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the gamma-aminobutyric acid A/benzodiazepine receptor complex. J Neural Transm 71: 1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hebebrand J, Reichelt R, Körner J (1990) Receptor heterogeneity at the molecular level: implications for neuropsychiatric research. Psychiatr Genet 1: 19–34

    Google Scholar 

  92. Heisenberg M, Wolf R (1984) Vision in drosophila: genetics of microbehavior. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  93. Hendrickson AE (1982) The psychophysiology of intelligence. Part I, II. In: Eysenck HJ (ed) A model for intelligence. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 151–230

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  94. Herbst DS, Baird PA (1982) Sib risk for nonspecific mental retardation in British Columbia. Am J Med Genet 13: 197–208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hiroshi T, Akio A, Shingi T, Eiji i (1968) Sex chromosomes of Japanese epileptics. Lancet I: 478

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hoffmann H-J, Schneider R, Crusio WE (1993) Genetic analysis of isolotion-induced aggression. II. Postnatal environmental influences in AB mice. Behavior Genet 23: 391–394

    Google Scholar 

  97. Holland AJ, Hall A, Murray R et al (1984) Anorexia nervosa: a study of 34 twin pairs and one set of triplets. Br J Psychiatry 145: 414–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Holland AJ, Sicotte N, Treasure J (1988) Anorexia nervosa: evidence for a genetic basis. J Psychosomat Res 32: 561–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hook EB (1979) Extra sex chromosomes and human behavior: the nature of the evidence regarding XYY, XXY, XXYY and XXX genotypes. In: Vallet HL, Porter IH (eds) Genetic mechanisms of sexual development. Academic, New York, pp 437–461

    Google Scholar 

  100. a. Hu S, Pattatucci AML, Patterson C, Li L, Fulker DW, Cherny SS, Kruglyak L, Hamer DH (1995) Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females. Nature [Genet] 11: 268–256

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hunt N (1966) The world of Nigel Hunt - diary of a mongoloid youth. Darwen Finlay-Son, London

    Google Scholar 

  102. Husén T (1953) Twillingstudier. Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  103. Husén T (1959) Psychological twin research. Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  104. Husén T (1960) Abilities of twins. Scand J Psychol 1: 125–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Hutchings B, Mednick S (1975) Registered criminality in the adoptive and biological parents of registered male criminal adoptees. In: Fieve RR, Rosenthal D, Brill H (eds) Genetic research in psychiatry. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 105–116

    Google Scholar 

  106. Ihda S (1961) A study of neurosis by twin method. Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 63: 681–892

    Google Scholar 

  107. Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Gautier T, Sturla E (1979) Androgens and evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5-reductase deficiency. N Engl J Med 300: 1233–1237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Inoue E (1965) Similar and dissimilar manifestations of obsessive-compulsive neurosis in monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 121: 1171–1175

    Google Scholar 

  109. Jacobs PA, Brunton M, Melville MM, Brittain RP, McClermont WF (1965) Agressive behavior, mental subnormality and the XYY male. Nature 208: 1351–1352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Jensen AR (1969) How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educ Rev 39: 1–123

    Google Scholar 

  111. Jensen AR (1973) Educability and group differences. Methuen, London

    Google Scholar 

  112. Jinks JL, Fulker DW (1970) Comparison of the biometrical genetical MAYA, and classical approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Psychol Bull 73: 311–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jorgensen AL, Philip J, Raskind WH, Matsushita M, Christensen B, Dreyer V, Motulsky AG (1992) Different patterns of X-inactivation in monozygotic twins discordant for red-green color vision deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 51: 291–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Juda A (1940) Neue psychiatrisch-genealogische Untersuchungen an Hilfsschulzwillingen und ihren Familien. II. Die Kollateralen. Z Ges Neurol Psychiatr 168: 448–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Juda A (1940) Neue psychiatrisch-genealogische Untersuchungen an Hilfsschulzwillingen und ihren Familien. III. Aszendenz und Deszendenz. Z Ges Neurol Psychiat 168: 804–826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Juda A (1953) Höchstbegabung, ihre Erbverhältnisse sowie ihre Beziehungen zu psychischen Anomalien. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  117. Juel-Nielsen N (1965) Individual and environment. A psychiatric-psychological investigation of monozygotic twins reared apart. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl] 183

    Google Scholar 

  118. Just G (1970) Erbpsychologie der Schulbegabung. In: Just G (ed) Handbuch der Erbbiologie des Menschen, vol V/1. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 538591

    Google Scholar 

  119. Kalimann FJ (1953) Heredity in health and mental disorder. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  120. Kalmus H, Fry DB (1980) On tune deafness (dysmelodia): frequency, development, genetics and musical background. Ann Hum Genet 43: 369–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Kamin LJ (1974) The science and politics of I. Q. Erlbaum, Potomac

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (1981) Principles of neural science. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kendler KS, McLean C, Neale M et al (1991) The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 148: 1627–1637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Knight SJL, Flannery AV, Hirst M et al (1993) Trinucleotide repeat amplification and hypermethylation of a CpG island in FRAXE mental retardation. Cell 74: 127–134

    Google Scholar 

  125. Krech D, Rosenzweig MR, Bennet EL, Kräckel BA (1954) Enzyme concentrations in the brain and adjustive behavioral patterns. Science 120: 994–996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  127. Kumar-Singh R, Farrar GJ, Mansberg F et al (1993) Exclusion of the involvement of all known retinitis pigmentosa loci in the disease present in a family of Irish origin provides evidence for a sixth autosomal dominant locus (RP8). Hum Mol Genet 2: 875–878

    Google Scholar 

  128. Lange J (1929) Verbrechen als Schicksal. Thieme, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  129. Lauer J, Lindauer M (1971) Genetisch fixierte Lerndispositionen bei der Honigbiene. Inf Org 1, Akademie der Wissenschaft und Literatur. Mainz

    Google Scholar 

  130. Lauer J, Lindauer M (1973) Die Beteiligung von Lernprozessen bei der Orientierung. Fortschr Zool 21: 349–370

    Google Scholar 

  131. a. Lee G-H, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM (1996) Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic (db) mice. Nature 379: 632–635

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Lehrl S, Fischer B (1990) A basic information psychological parameter ( BIP) for the reconstruction of concepts of intelligence. Eur J Personal 4: 259–286

    Google Scholar 

  133. Lenz W (1983) Medizinische Genetik, 6th edn. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  134. Le Vay S, Hamer DH (1994) Evidence for a biological influence in male homosexuality. Sci Amer May:44-49

    Google Scholar 

  135. Lewis EO (1933) Types of mental deficiency and their social significance. J Ment Sci 79: 298

    Google Scholar 

  136. Lison M, Blondheim SH, Melmed RN (1980) A polymorphism of the ability to smell urinary metabolites of asparagus. BMJ 281: 1676–1678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Little AJ (1974) Psychological characteristics and patterns of crime among males with an XYY sex chromosome complement in a maximum security hospital. BA Sp Hon Thesis ( Quoted from Borgaonkar and Shah ), Sheffield University

    Google Scholar 

  138. Loesch DZ, Hay DA (1988) Clinical features and repro- 146. ductive patterns in fragile X female heterozygotes. J Med Genet 25: 407–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Loehlin JC (1980) Recent adoption studies of IQ. Hum 147. Genet 55: 297–302

    Google Scholar 

  140. Louis-Krutina C (1988) Untersuchungen zur Persönlich- 148. keitsstruktur des Patientien mit Down-Syndrom. Eine vergleichende Literaturübersicht. Med Diss Homburg/ Saar

    Google Scholar 

  141. Ludlow CL, Cooper JA (eds) (1983) Genetic aspects of 149. speech and language disorders. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  142. Luxenburger H (1932) Endogener Schwachsinn und ge- schlechts-gebundener Erbgang. Z Neurol Psychiatry 150. 140: 320–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Manosevitz M, Lindzey G (1969) Thiessen DD. Behavior- 151. al genetics: methods and research. Appleton-CenturyCrofts, New York

    Google Scholar 

  144. McClearn GE (1972) Genetics as a tool in alcohol re- 152. search. In: Nature and nurture in alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 197: 26–31

    Google Scholar 

  145. McClearn GE, Rodgers DA (1972) Differences in alcohol 153. preference among inbred strains of mice. Q J Stud Alco-

    Google Scholar 

  146. hol 20: 691–695

    Google Scholar 

  147. McLaughin SK, McKinnon PJ, Margolskee RF (1992) 154. Gustducin is a taste-cell-specific G protein closely related to the transducins. Nature 357: 563-569

    Google Scholar 

  148. McWilliam P, Jarrar GJ, Kenna p et al (1989) Autosomal 155. dominant retinitis pigmentosa: localization of an ADRP gene to the long arm of chromosome 3. Genomics 5: 619–622 156.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Merbs SL, Nathans J (1992): Absorption spectra of human cone pigments. Nature 356 433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Michard-Varnhée C (1988) Aggressive behavior induced 157. in female mice by an early single injection of testosterone is genotype dependent. Behavior Genet 18: 1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Mohr H (1977) The structure and significance of science. 158. Springer, Berlin New York Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  152. Money J (1968) Cognitive deficits in Turner’s syndrome. In: Vandenberg S (ed) Progress in human behavior ge- 159. netics. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp 27–30

    Google Scholar 

  153. Money J, Alexander D (1966) Turner’s syndrome: Fur- ther demonstration of the presence of specific congni- 160. tional deficiencies. J Med Genet 3: 47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Money J, Ehrhardt AA (1972) Man and woman, boy and 161. girl. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  155. Morton NE (1982) Outline of genetic epidemiology. Kar- 162. ger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  156. Morton NE, Chung CS (eds) (1978) Genetic epidemiology. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  157. Motulsky AG, Deeb SS (1994) Color vision and its genet- ic defects. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds) The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease, 7th edn. McGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  158. Motulsky AG, Vogel F, Buselmaier W, Reichert W, Kel- lermann G, Berg P (eds) (1978) Human genetic variation in response to medical and evirnomental agents: pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics. Human Genet 165. [Suppl i]

    Google Scholar 

  159. Muhs A, Schepank H (1991) Aspekte des Verlaufs und der geschlechts-spezifischen Prävalenz psychogener Erkrankungen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen unter dem Einfluss von Erb-and Umweltfaktoren. Z Psychosomat Med 37: 194–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Muhs A, Schepank H, Manz R (1990) 20 Jahres-Follow-upStudie eines Samples von 5o neurotisch-psychosomatisch kranken Zwillingspaaren. Z Psychosomat Med 36: 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  161. Muller HJ (1925) Mental traits and heredity. J Hered 16: 433–448

    Google Scholar 

  162. Müller-Küppers M, Vogel F (1965) Über die Persönlich- keitsstruktur von Trägern einer seltenen erblichen EEG- Variante. Jahrb Psycholog Psychother Med Anthropol 12: 75–101

    Google Scholar 

  163. Mulley JC, Kerr B, Stevenson R, Lubs H (1992) Nomenclature guidelines for X-linked mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 43: 383–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Murken JD (1973) The XYY-syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome. Topics human genetics. Thieme, Stuttgart Myrianthopoulos NC

    Google Scholar 

  165. Nichols PL, Broman SH (1976) Intellectual development of twins–comparison with singletons. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 25: 376–380

    Google Scholar 

  166. Nathans J, Hogness D (1984) Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding human rhodopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 4851–4855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Nathans J, Merbs SL, Sung C-H et al (1992) Molecular genetics of human vision pigments. Annu Rev Genet 26: 403–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Nathans J, Maumenee IH, Zrenner E et al (1993) Genetic heterogeneity among blue-cone monochromats. Am J Hum Genet 53: 987–1000

    Google Scholar 

  169. Neisser U (1976) Academic and artificial intelligence. In: Resnick LB (ed) The nature of intelligence. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 135–144

    Google Scholar 

  170. Netley CT (1986) Summary overview of behavioral development in individuals with neonatally identified X and Y aneuploidy. Birth Defects 22: 293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Neufeld EF (1974) The biochemical basis for mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses. Prog Med Genet to: 81–101

    Google Scholar 

  172. Newcombe HB, McGregor F (1964) Learning ability and physical wellbeing in offspring from rat populations irradiated over many generations. Genetics 50: 1065–1081 158. 159. Newman HH, Freeman FN, Holzinger KJ (1937) Twins: a study of heredity and environment, 4th edn. ( 1968 ) University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  173. Nielsen J (1970) Criminality among patients with Klinefelter’s syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 117: 365–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Nielsen J, Stradiot M (1987) Transcultural study of Turner’s syndrome. Clin Genet 32: 260–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Nielsen J, Sillesen I, Sorensen AM, Sorensen AM, Sorensen K (1979) Follow-up until age 4 to 8 of 25 unselected children with sex chromosome abnormalities, compared with sibs and controls. Birth defects: original article series, vol XY, pp 15–73

    Google Scholar 

  176. Nielsen J, Sorensen AM, Sorensen K (1981) Mental development of unselected children with sex chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 59: 324–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Nielsen J, Pelsen B, Sorensen K (1988) Follow-up of 30 Klinefelter males treated with testosterone. Clin Genet 33: 262–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Noel B, Duport JP, Revil D, Dussuyer I, Quack B (1974) The XYY syndrome: reality of myth? Clin Genet 5: 387–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Oden MH (1968) The fulfillment of promise: 4o-year follow-up of the Terman gifted group. Psychol Monogr 77: 3–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Omenn GS, Weber BA (1978) Dyslexia: search for phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet 1: 333–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Opitz JM, Sutherland GR (eds) (1984) Conference report: international workshop on the fragile X and X-linked mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 17: 5–385

    Google Scholar 

  182. Parker N (1964) Twins: A psychiatric study of a neurotic group. Med J Aust 51: 735–742

    Google Scholar 

  183. Passarge E (1995) Color atlas of genetics. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  184. Paul J, Froster-Iskenius U, Moje W, Schwinger E (1984) Heterozygous female carriers of the marker-X-chromosome: IQ estimation and replication status of fra (X) (q). Hum Genet 66: 344–346

    Google Scholar 

  185. Pauls DL (1993) Behavioural disorders: Lessons in linkage. Nature Genet 3: 4-5

    Google Scholar 

  186. Pauls DL, Raymond CL, Stevenson JM, Lackman JF (1991) A family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 48: 154–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Penrose LS (1938) (Colchester survey) A clinical and genetic study of 1280 cases of mental defect. Spec Rep Ser Med Res Counc (London) 229 His Maj Stat Off London

    Google Scholar 

  188. Penrose LS (1962) The biology of mental defect, 3rd edn. Grune and Stratton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  189. Pillard RC, Weinrich JD (1986) Evidence of familial nature of male sexual orientation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 808–812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Plomin R, McClearn GE, Smith DL et al (1994) DNA markers associated with high versus low IQ: the IQ quantitative trait loci (QTL) project. Behav Genet 24: 107–118

    Google Scholar 

  191. Plomin R, Pedersen NL, Lichtenstein P, McClearn GE (1994) Variability and stability in cognitive abilities are largely genetic later in life. Behav Genet 24: 207–215

    Google Scholar 

  192. Pollock VE, Volavka J, Goodwin DW, Mednik SA, Gabrielli WF, Knop J, Schulsinger F (1983) The EEG after alcohol administration in men at risk for alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 857–861

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Popenoe P (1922) Twins reared apart. J Hered 5: 142–144

    Google Scholar 

  194. Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ et al (1985) A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 815–820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Propping P (1977) Genetic control of ethanol action on the central nervous system. Hum Genet 35: 309–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Propping P (1978) Alcohol and alcoholism. In: Motulsky AG et al (eds) Human genetic variation in response to medical and environmental agents: Pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics. Hum Genet [Suppl] 1: 91–99

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  197. Propping P (1980) Genetic aspects of alcohol action on the electroencephalogram (EEG). In: Biological research in alcoholism. Begleiter H, Kissin (eds) Plenum, New York, pp 589–602

    Google Scholar 

  198. Propping P (1983) Genetic disorders presenting as “schizophrenia.” Karl Bonhoeffer’s early view of the psychoses in the light of medical genetics. Hum Genet 65: 1 - l0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Propping P (1989) Psychiatrische Genetik. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  200. Propping P (1992) Alcoholism. In: King RA, Rotter JI, Motulsky AG (eds) The genetic basis of common disease. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 837–865

    Google Scholar 

  201. Propping P, Krüger J, Mark N (1981) Genetic disposition to alcoholism. An EEG study in alcoholics and their relatives. Hum Genet 59: 51–59

    Google Scholar 

  202. Puck MH (1981) Some considerations bearing on the doctrine of self-fulfilling prophecy in sex chromosome aneuploidy. Am J Med Genet 9: 129–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Puck MH, Bender BG, Borelli JB, Salbenblatt JA, Robinson A (1983) Parents’ adaptation to early diagnosis of sex chromosome anomalies. Am J Med Genet 16: 71–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Quazi RH, Reed TE (1975) A possible major contribution to mental retardation in the general population by the gene for microcephaly. Clin Genet 7: 85–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Ratcliffe SG, Paul N (eds) (1986) Prospective studies on children with sex chromosome aneuploidy. Liss, New York (Birth defects original article series 22 [3])

    Google Scholar 

  206. Ratcliffe SG, Murray L, Teague P (1986) Edinburgh study of growth and development of children with sex chromosome abnormalities III. Birth Defects 22: 73–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Reinisch JM (1981) Prenatal exposure to synthetic progestins increases potential for aggression in humans. Science 211: 1171–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Reiss AL, Freund L (1990) Fragile X syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 27: 223–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Reske-Nielsen E, Christensen A-L, Nielsen J (1982) A neuropathological and neuropsychological study on Turner’s syndrome. Cortex 18: 181–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Resnick LB (ed) (1976) The nature of intelligence. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  211. Rett A (1966) Über ein eigenartiges hirnatrophisches Syndrom bei Hyperammonämien im Kindesalter. Wien Med Wochenschr 116: 723–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Robinson A, Bender BG, Borelli JB et al (1986) Sex chromosomal aneuploidy: prospective and longitudinal studies. Birth Defects 22: 23–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Rodgers DA (1970) Mechanism-specific behavior: An experimental alternative. In: Contributions to behavior-genetic analysis. The mouse as a prototype. Appleton-Century-Croft, New York, pp 207–218

    Google Scholar 

  214. Rogers DA, McClearn GE, Bennett EL, Herbst M (1963) Alcohol preference as a function of its caloric utility in mice. J Comp Phys Psychol 56: 666–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. oia. Ruchalla E, Schalt E, Vogel F (1985) Relations between mental performance and reaction time: new aspects of an old problem. Intelligence 9: 189–205

    Google Scholar 

  216. Scarr S, Weinberg RA (1976) IQ test performance of black children adopted by white families. Am Psychol 31: 726–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Schepank H (1974) Erb-and Umwelsfaktoren bei Neurosen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  218. Schepank H (1983) Anorexia nervosa in twins: is the etiology psychotic or psychogenic? In: Krakowski AJ, Kimball CP (eds) Psychosomatic medicine. Plenum, New York, pp 161–169

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  219. Schulsinger F (1972) Psychopathy, heredity, and environment. Int J Ment Health 1: 190–206

    Google Scholar 

  220. Schwegler H, Lipp H-P (1983) Hereditary covariations of neuronal circuity and behavior: Correlations between the proportions of hippocampal synaptic fields in the regio inferior and two-way avoidance in mice and rats. Behav Brain Res 7: 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  221. Schwegler H, Lipp H-P, Van der Loos H, Buselmaier W (1981) Individual hippocampal mossy fiber distribution in mice correlates with two-way avoidance performance. Science 214: 817–819

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Schwegler H, Crusio WE, Brust I (1990) Hippocampal mossy fibers and radial-maze learning in the mouse: a correlation with spatial working memory but not with non-spatial reference memory. Neuroscience 34: 293–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Severson JA, Randall PK, Finch CE (1981) Genotypic influences on striatal dopaminergic regulation in mice. Brain Res 210: 201–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Shaffer JW (1962) A specific cognitive deficit observed in gonadal aplasia (Turner’s syndrome). J Clin Psychol 18: 403–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Sheppard JR, Albersheim B, McClearn GE (1970) Aldehyde dehydrogenase and ethanol preference in mice. J Biol Chem 245: 2876–2882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sherman SL, Morton NE, Jacobs PA, Turner G (1984) The marker (X) syndrome: A cytogenetic and genetic analysis. Ann Hum Genet 48: 21–37

    Google Scholar 

  227. Shields J (1962) Monozygotic twins brought up apart and brought up together. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  228. Sidman RL, Greene MC (1970) Nervous new mutant mouse with cerebellar disease. In: Les mutants pathologiques chez l’animal. CNRS, Paris, pp 69–79

    Google Scholar 

  229. Siemens HW (1924) Die Zwillingspathologie. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  230. Siemens HW (1924) Die Leistungsfähigkeit der zwillingspathologischen Arbeitsmethode. Z Induktive Abstammungs Vererbungslehre 33: 348

    Google Scholar 

  231. Simpson GG (1951) Zeitmaße und Ablaufformen der Evolution. Musterschmidt, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

  232. Slater E (1964) Genetic factors in neurosis. Br J Psychol 55: 265–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Sofaer JA, Emery AE (1981) Genes for super-intelligence? J Med Genet 18: 410–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Sokoloff P, Lannfelt L, Martres MP et al (1992) The D3 dopamine receptor gene as a candidate gene for genetic linkage studies. In: Mendlewicz J, Hippius H (eds) Genetic research in psychiatry. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 135–149

    Google Scholar 

  235. Stamatoyannopoulos G (1991) Human hemoglobin switching. Science 252: 383

    Google Scholar 

  236. Stassen HH, Lykken DT, Propping P, Bomben G (1988) Genetic determination of the human EEG. Survey of recent results on twins reared together and apart. Hum Genet 8o: 165–176

    Google Scholar 

  237. Steinlein O, Anokhin A, Mao Y-P et al (1992) Localization of a gene for the human low-voltage EEG on 20 q and genetic heterogeneity. Genomics 12: 69–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Steinlein O, Smigrodzki R, Lindstrom J, Anand R, Köhler M, Tocharoentanophol C, Vogel F (1994) Refinement of the localization of the gene for neutonal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor a4 subunit (CHRNA4) to human chromosome 20 q13.2-q13.3. Genomics 22: 493–495

    Google Scholar 

  239. Stocks P (1930) A biometric investigation of twins and their brothers and sisters. Ann Eugen 4: 49–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  240. Storfer MD (1990) Intelligence and giftedness: the contribution of heredity and early environment. JosseyBass, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  241. Street DRK, Watson RA (1969) Patients with chromosome abnormalities in Rampton Hospital. In: West DJ (ed) Criminological implications of chromosome abnormalities. Cropwood Round Table Conference, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, pp 6167

    Google Scholar 

  242. Strober M, Lampert C, Morrell W et al (1990) A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa: evidence of familial aggregation and lack of shared transmission with affective disorders. Int J Eating Dis 9: 239–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. Stunkard AJ, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE (1990) The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. N Engl J Med 322: 1483–1487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Sturtevant AH (1915) Experiments of sex recognition and the problem of sexual selection in Drosophila. J Anim Behav 5: 351–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  245. Sung C-H, Schneider B, Agarwal N et al (1991) Functional heterogeneity of mutant rhodopsins responsible for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8840–8844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Sutherland GR (1983) The fragile X chromosome. Int Rev Cytol 81: 107–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Sutherland GR, Hecht F (1985) Fragile sites on human chromosomes. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  248. Suwaki H, Ohara H (1985) Alcohol-induced facial flushing and drinking behavior in Japanese men. J Stud Alcohol 46: 196–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Swaab DF, Fliers E (1985) A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science 228: 1112–1115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Tariverdian G (1990) Follow-up of monozygotic twins concordant for the Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 12: 125–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Tariverdian G, Weck B (1982) Nonspecific X-linked mental retardation. A review. Hum Genet 62: 95–109

    Google Scholar 

  252. Tariverdian G, Kantner G, Vogel F (1987) A monozygotic twin pair with Rett syndrome. Hum Genet 75: 88–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Taylor HF (1980) The IQ game. A methodological inquiry into the heredity-environment controversy. Harvester, Brighton

    Google Scholar 

  254. Terman LM, Merrill MA (1937) Measuring of intelligence. Houghton Mifflin, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  255. Terman LM, Oden MH (1959) Genetic studies of genius, vol V, The gifted group at midlife. Stanford University Press, Stanford

    Google Scholar 

  256. Thomasson HR, Edenberg HJ, Crabb DW et al (1991) Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and alcoholism in Chinese men. Am J Hum Genet 48: 677681

    Google Scholar 

  257. Thorne AG, Wolpoff MH (1992) The multiregional evolution of humans. Sci Am 266: 28–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  258. Tsuboi T (1970) Crimino-biologic study of patients with the XYY syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome. Hum Genet 10: 68–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Tsuboi T, Nielsen J, Nagayama I (1988) Turner’s syndrome: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of EEG background activity. Hum Genet 78: 206–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Turner G, Jacobs PA (1984) Mental retardation and the fragile X. Adv Hum Genet 13

    Google Scholar 

  261. Tyler LE (1976) The intelligence we test. An evolving concept. In: Resnick LB (ed) The nature of intelligence. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 13–26

    Google Scholar 

  262. Valenstein ES, Riss W, Young WC (1954) Sex drive in genetically heterogeneous and highly inbred stains of male guinea pigs. J Comp Physiol Psychol 47: 162–165

    Google Scholar 

  263. Valenstein ES, Riss W, Young WC (1955) Experimental and genetic factors in the organization of sexual behavior in male guinea pigs. J Comp Physiol Psychol 48 397-403

    Google Scholar 

  264. Vandenberg SG (1968) Progress in human behavior genetics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  265. Vernon PA (ed) (1993) Biological approaches to the study of human intelligence. Norwood, Ablex

    Google Scholar 

  266. Vogel F (1958) Über die Erblichkeit des normalen Elektroencephalogramms. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  267. Vogel F (1970) The genetic basis of the normal human electroencephalogram (EEG). Hum Genet 10: 91–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Vogel F (1981) Humangenetische Aspekte der Sucht. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 106: 711–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  269. Vogel F (1984) Relevant deviations in heterozygotes of autosomal-recessive diseases. Clin Genet 25: 381–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Vogel F (1986) Grundlagen und Bedeutung genetisch bedingter Variabilität des normalen menschlichen EEG. Z EEG EMG 17: 173–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Vogel F (1988) Genetic determination and experience. In: Scheibe E (ed) The role of experience in science. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 82–104

    Google Scholar 

  272. Vogel F, Schalt E (1979) The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: Psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. III. Interpretation of the results. Hum Genet 47: 81–1n

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Vogel F, Sperling K (eds) (1987) Human genetics. Human Neurobiology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  274. Vogel F, Schalt E, Krüger J (1979) The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: Psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. II. Results. Hum Genet 47: 47–80

    Google Scholar 

  275. Vogel F, Schalt E, Krüger J, Propping P (1979) The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. I. Rationale of the study; material; methods; heritability of test parameters. Hum Genet 47: 1–45

    Google Scholar 

  276. Vogel F, Schalt E, Krüger J, Klarich G (1982) Relationship between behavioral maturation measured by the “Baum” test and EEG frequency. A pilot study on mono-zygotic and dizygotic twins. Hum Genet 62: 60–65

    Google Scholar 

  277. Vogel F, Krüger J, Höpp HP, Schalt E, Schnobel R (1986) Visually and auditory evoked EEG potentials in carriers of four hereditary EEG variants. Hum Neurobiol 5: 49–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Vogel F, Krüger J, Schalt E et al (1987) No consistent relationship between oscillations and latencies of visual and auditory EEG potentials and measures of mental performance. Hum Neurobiol 6: 173–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Vogel F, Crusio WE, Kovac C et al (1990) Selective advantage of fra ( X) heterozygotes. Hum Genet 86: 25–32

    Google Scholar 

  280. Volavka Jan, Mednick SA, Rasmussen L, Sergeant J (1977) EEG spectra in XYY and XXY men. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 43: 798–801

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. von Bracken H (1969) Humangenetische Psychologie. In: Becker PE (ed) Humangenetik, ein kurzes Handbuch, vol I/2. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 409–562

    Google Scholar 

  282. von Verschuer O (1954) Wirksame Faktoren im Leben des Menschen. Steiner, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  283. Wager GHM (1967) Heredity of two types of colour normal vision. Nature 251: 406

    Google Scholar 

  284. Wang JCC, Erbe RW (1984) Folate metabolism in cells from fragile X syndrome patients and carriers. Am J Med Genet 17: 303–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Wang Y, Macke JP, Merbs SL et al (1992) A locus control region adjacent to the human red and green visual pigments genes. Neuron 9: 429–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Watson JD, Gilman M, Witkowski J, Zoller M (1992) Recombinant DNA, 2nd edn. Freeman, New York

    Google Scholar 

  287. Williams RJ, Berry LJ, Beerstecher E (1949) Biochemical individuality. III. Genetotrophic factors in the etiology of alcoholism. Arch Biochem 23: 275–290

    Google Scholar 

  288. Wilson RS (1972) Twins: early mental development. Science 175: 914–917

    Google Scholar 

  289. Winderickx J, Battisti L, Motulsky AG, Deeb SS (1992) Selective expression of human X chromosome-linked green opsin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9710–9714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Winderickx J, Sanocki E, Lindsey D, Teller DY, Motulsky AG, Deeb SS (1992) Defective colour vision associated with missense mutation in the human green visual pigment gene. Nature Genet 1: 251–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Winderickx J, Lindsey DT, Sanocki E, Teller DY, Motulsky AG, Deeb SS (1992) A Ser/Ala polymorphism in the red photopigment underlies variation in colour matching among colour-normal individuals. Nature 356: 431–433

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Witkin HA, Mednick SA, Schulsinger F, Bakkestrem E, Christiansen KO, Goodenough DR, Hirschhorn K, Lindsteen C, Owen DR, Philip J, Rubin DB, Stocking M (1976) Criminality in XYY and XXY men. Science 193: 547–555

    Google Scholar 

  293. Zajonc RB (1976) Family configuration and intelligence. Science 192: 227–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Zang KD (ed) (1984) Klinische Genetik des Alkoholismus. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  295. Zerbin-Rüdin E (1967) Idiopathischer Schwachsinn. In: Becker PE (ed) Humangenetik, ein kurzes Handbuch, vol V/2. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 158–205

    Google Scholar 

  296. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M et al. (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425–432

    Google Scholar 

  297. Züblin W (1969) Chromosomale Aberrationen und Psyche. Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Emeritus Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Friedrich Vogel

  2. Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA

    Arno G. Motulsky M.D. (Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Genetics)

Authors
  1. Emeritus Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Friedrich Vogel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arno G. Motulsky M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vogel, F., Motulsky, A.G. (1997). Behavioral Genetics: Research Strategies and Examples. In: Human Genetics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03356-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03356-2_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-03358-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-03356-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation