Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Special Techniques

  • Chapter
Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry

Abstract

Most biocatalysts can be used in a straightforward manner by regarding them as chiral catalysts and by applying standard methodology but, in addition, some special techniques have been developed in order to broaden their range of applications. In particular, using biocatalysts in non-aqueous media rather than in water can lead to the gain of some significant advantages as long as some specific guidelines are followed. Furthermore, ‘fixation’ of the enzyme by immobilization may be necessary, and the use of membrane technology may be advantageous as well. For both of the latter topics only the most simple techniques which can be adopted in an average organic chemistry laboratory are discussed (Section 3.2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Borgström B, Brockman HL (eds.) (1984) Lipases. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dordick JS (1989) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 11: 194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tramper J, Vermue MH, Beeftink HH, von Stockar U (1992) (eds) Biocatalysis in Non-Conventional Media. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brink LES, Tramper J, Luyben KCAM, Vant′t Riet K (1988) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 10: 736

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Klibanov AM (1990) Acc. Chem. Res. 23: 114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Klibanov AM (1986) ChemTech 354

    Google Scholar 

  7. Klibanov AM (1989) Trends Biochem. Sci. 14: 141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Laane C, Tramper J, Lilly MD (eds) (1987) Biocatalysis in Organic Media, Studies in Organic Chemistry, vol 29, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gutman AL, Shapira M (1995) Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 52: 87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Koskinen A, Klibanov AM (1995) Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media. Blackie Academic Professional, New York

    Google Scholar 

  11. Khmelnitsky YL, Levashov AV, Klyachko NL, Martinek K (1988) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 10: 710

    Google Scholar 

  12. Schultz GE, Schirmer RH (1979) Principles of Protein Structure. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bell G, Hailing PJ, Moore BD, Partidge J, Rees DG (1995) Trends Biotechnol. 13: 468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zaks A, Klibanov AM (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 2767

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zaks A, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 3194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kazandjian RZ, Klibanov AM (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107: 5448

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cooke R, Kuntz ID (1974) Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 3: 95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rupley JA, Gratton E, Careri G (1983) Trends Biochem. Sci. 8: 18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cotterill IC, Sutherland AG, Roberts SM, Grobbauer R, Spreitz J, Faber K (1991) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1365

    Google Scholar 

  20. Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto K, Nishioka T, Oda J (1989) Agric. Biol. Chem. 52: 3087

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kazandjian RZ, Klibanov AM (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107: 5448

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang Y-F, Chen S-T, Liu K K-C, Wong C-H (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 1917

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Laumen K, Seemayer R, Schneider MP (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 49

    Google Scholar 

  24. Aldercreutz P, Mattiasson B (1987) Biocatalysis 1: 99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zaks A, Klibanov AM (1984) Science 224: 1249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Rupley JA, Gratton E, Carieri G (1983) Trends Biochem. Sci. 8: 18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Broos J, Visser AJWG, Engbersen JFJ, van Hoek A, Reinhoudt DN (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117: 12657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Zaks A, Klibanov AM (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 2767

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Russell AJ, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 11624

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gaertner H, Puigserver A (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 181: 207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ferjancic A, Puigserver A, Gaertner A (1990) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32: 651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tawaki S, Klibanov AM (1993) Biocatalysis 8: 3

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S (1991) Biocatalysis 5: 131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sakurai T, Margolin AL, Russell AJ, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 7236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kitaguchi H, Fitzpatrick PA, Huber JE, Klibanov AM (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 3094

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fitzpatrick PA, Klibanov AM (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 3166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kise H, Hayakawa A, Noritomi H (1990) J. Biotechnol. 14: 239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Langrand G, Baratti J, Buono G, Triantaphylides C (1986) Tetrahedron Lett. 27: 29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Koshiro S, Sonomoto K, Tanaka A, Fukui S (1985) J. Biotechnol. 2: 47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Inagaki T, Ueda H (1987) Agric. Biol. Chem. 51: 1345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Morrow CJ, Wallace JS (1990) Synthesis of Polyesters by Lipase-Catalysed Polycondensation in Organic Media. Abramowicz DA (ed) Biocatalysis, p 25, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

    Google Scholar 

  42. Margolin AL, Fitzpatrick PA, Klibanov AM (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 4693

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gutman AL, Bravdo T (1989) J. Org. Chem. 54: 4263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Makita A, Nihira T, Yamada Y (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 805

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kitaguchi H, Fitzpatrick PA, Huber JE, Klibanov AM (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 3094

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gotor V, Brieva R, Rebolledo F (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29: 6973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kullmann W (1987) Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis; CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Therisod M, Klibanov AM (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 5638

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Riva S, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 3291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Riva S, Chopineau J, Kieboom APG, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 584

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Douzou P (1977) Cryobiochemistry; Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  52. Fink AL, Cartwright SJ (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 11: 145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Carrea G (1984) Trends Biotechnol. 2: 102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Hailing PJ (1989) Trends Biotechnol. 7: 50

    Google Scholar 

  55. Anderson E, Hahn-Hägerdal B (1990) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12: 242

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lilly MD (1982) J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 32: 162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Antonini E, Carrea G, Cremonesi P (1981) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 3: 291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kim KH, Kwon DY, Rhee JS (1984) Lipids 19: 975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Brink LES, Tramper J (1985) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27: 1258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Furuhashi K (1992) Biological Routes to Optically Active Epoxides. In: Chirality in Industry, Collins AN, Sheldrake GN, Crosby J (eds), p 167, Wiley: Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  61. Zaks A, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 8017

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kastle JH, Loevenhart AS (1900) Am. Chem. J. 24: 491; see: (1901) J. Chem. Soc., Abstr. Sect. 80: 178

    Google Scholar 

  63. Faber K (1991) J. Mol. Catalysis 65: L49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Johnson LN (1984) Inclusion Compds. 3: 509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Valivety RH, Brown L, Hailing PJ, Johnston GA, Suckling CJ (1990) Enzyme Reactions in Predominantly Organic Meida: Measurement and Changes of pH. In: Copping LG, Martin RE, Pickett JA, Bucke C, Bunch AW (eds) Opportunities in Biotransformations, p 81, Elsevier, London

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zaks A, Klibanov AM (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 3192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hsu S-H, Wu S-S, Wang Y-F, Wong C-H (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 6403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Clark DS (1994) Trends Biotechnol. 12: 439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Laane C, Boeren S, Hilhorst R, Veeger C (1987) Optimization of Biocatalysts in Organic Media. Laane C, Tramper J, Lilly MD (eds) Biocatalysis in Organic Media, p 65, Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  70. Laane C, Boeren S, Vos K, Veeger C (1987) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 30: 81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rekker RF, de Kort HM (1979) Eur. J. Med., Chim. Ther. 14: 479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Halling PJ (1994) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16: 178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kuhl P, Posselt S, Jakubke H-D (1981) Pharmazie 36: 436

    Google Scholar 

  74. Robb DA, Yang Z, Hailing PJ (1994) Biocatalysis 9: 277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wehtje E, Svensson I, Adlercreutz P, Mattiasson B (1993) Biotechnol. Tech. 7: 873

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tcrit 31 °C and pcrit 73 bar

    Google Scholar 

  77. Nakamura K (1990) Trends Biotechnol. 8: 288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Russell AJ, Beckman EJ (1991) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 31: 197

    Google Scholar 

  79. Aaltonen O, Rantakylä M (1991) Chemtech 240

    Google Scholar 

  80. Marty A, Chulalaksananukul W, Condoret JS, Willemot RM, Durand G (1990) Biotechnol. Lett. 12: 11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Chi YM, Nakamura K, Yano T (1988) Agric. Biol. Chem. 52: 1541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pasta P, Mazzola G, Carrea G, Riva S (1989) Biotechnol. Lett. 11: 643

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. van Eijs AMM, de Jong PJP (1989) Procestechniek 8: 50

    Google Scholar 

  84. Randolph TW, Blanch HW, Prausnitz JM, Wilke CR (1985) Biotechnol. Lett. 7: 325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hammond DA, Karel M, Klibanov AM, Krukonis V (1985) J. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 11: 393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Randolph TW, Clark DS, Blanch HW, Prausnitz JM (1988) Science 238: 387

    Google Scholar 

  87. Beckman EJ, Russell AJ (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115: 8845

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kasche V, Schlothauer R, Brunner G (1988) Biotechnol. Lett. 10: 569

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Chulalaksananukul W, Condoret J-S, Combes D (1993) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15: 691

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Loriner GH, Miziorko HM (1980) Biochemistry 19: 5321

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ballesteros A, Bornscheuer U, Capewell A, Combes D, Condoret J-S, Koenig K, Kolisis FN, Marty A, Menge U, Scheper T, Stamatis H, Xenakis A (1995) Biocatalysis Biotrans. 13: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Tomazic SJ (1991) Protein Stabilization. In: Biocatalysts for Industry, Dordick JS (ed), p 241, Plenum Press: New York

    Google Scholar 

  93. Yamane T, Ichiryu T, Nagata M, Ueno A, Shimizu S (1990) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 36: 1063

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Freeman A (1984) Trends Biotechnol. 2: 147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Langrand G, Baratti J, Buono G, Triantaphylides C (1986) Tetrahedron Lett. 27: 29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Koshiro S, Sonomoto K, Tanaka A, Fukui S (1985) J. Biotechnol. 2: 47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Inagaki T, Ueda H (1987) Agric. Biol. Chem. 51: 1345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bornscheuer UT (1995) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17: 578

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Björkling F, Godtfredsen SE, Kirk O (1989) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 934

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bloomer S, Adlercreutz P, Mattiasson B (1992) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14: 546

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Bell G, Blain JA, Paterson JDE, Shaw CEL, Todd RJ (1978) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 3: 223

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Paterson JDE, Blain JA, Shaw CEL, Todd RJ (1979) Biotechnol. Lett. 1: 211

    Google Scholar 

  103. Kvittingen L, Sjursnes B, Anthonsen T, Hailing P (1992) Tetrahedron 48: 2793

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Sarney DB, Vulfson EN (1995) Trends Biotechnol. 13: 164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Björkling F, Godtfredsen SE, Kirk O (1989) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 934

    Google Scholar 

  106. Riva S, Faber K (1992) Synthesis, 895

    Google Scholar 

  107. Santaniello E, Ferraboschi P, Grisenti P (1993) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15: 367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kirchner G, Scollar MP, Klibanov AM (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107: 7072

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Mischitz M, Pöschl U, Faber K (1991) Biotechnol. Lett. 13: 653

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ghogare A, Kumar GS (1989) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1533

    Google Scholar 

  111. Orrenius C, Öhrner N, Rotticci D, Mattson A, Hult K, Norin T (1995) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 6: 1217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Öhrner N, Martinelle M, Mattson A, Norin T, Hult K (1994) Biocatalysis 9: 105

    Google Scholar 

  113. Degueil-Castaing M, De Jeso B, Drouillard S, Maillard B (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 953

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wang Y-F, Wong C-H (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53: 3127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wang Y-F, Lalonde JJ, Momongan M, Bergbreiter DE, Wong C-H (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 7200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Ledl F, Schleicher E (1990) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 29: 565

    Google Scholar 

  117. Donohue TM, Tuma DJ, Sorrell MF (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 220: 239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Weber HK, Stecher H, Faber K (1995) Biotechnol. Lett. 17: 803

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Berger B, Faber K (1991) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1198

    Google Scholar 

  120. Sugai T, Ohta H (1989) Agric Biol. Chem. 53: 2009

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Holla EW (1989) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 28: 220

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kaga H, Siegmund B, Neufellner E, Faber K, Paltauf F (1994) Biotechnol. Tech. 8: 369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Suginaka K, Hayashi Y, Yamamoto Y (1996) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 7: 1153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bianchi D, Cesti P, Battistel E (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53: 5531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Berger B, Rabiller CG, Königsberger K, Faber K, Griengl H (1990) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1: 541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Guibe-Jampel E, Chalecki Z, Bassir M, Gelo-Pujic M (1996) Tetrahedron 52: 4397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Keumi T, Hiraoka Y, Ban T, Takahashi I, Kitajima H (1991) Chem. Lett. 1989

    Google Scholar 

  128. Yamamoto K, Nishioka T, Oda J (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 1717

    Google Scholar 

  129. Nicotra F, Riva S, Secundo F, Zucchelli L (1990) Synth. Commun. 20: 679

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Bevinakatti HS, Newadkar RV (1993) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 4: 773

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Fourneron J-D, Chiche M, Pieroni G, (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 4875

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Caer E, Kindler A (1962) Biochemistry 1: 518

    Google Scholar 

  133. Suemune H, Mizuhara Y, Akita H, Sakai K (1986) Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34: 3440

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Morishima H, Koike Y, Nakano M, Atsuumi S, Tanaka S, Funabashi H, Hashimoto J, Sawasaki Y, Mino N, Nakano K, Matsushima K, Nakamichi K, Yano M (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 159: 999

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Santaniello E, Ferraboschi P, Grisenti P (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 5657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Banfi L, Guanti G (1993) Synthesis 1029

    Google Scholar 

  137. Atsuumi S, Nakano M, Koike Y, Tanaka S, Ohkubo M (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 1601

    Google Scholar 

  138. Baba N, Yoneda K, Tahara S, Iwase J, Kaneko T, Matsuo M (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1281

    Google Scholar 

  139. Terao Y, Murata M, Achiwa K (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29: 5173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ader U, Breitgoff D, Laumen KE, Schneider MP (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 1793

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Ferraboschi P, Grisenti P, Manzocchi A, Santaniello E (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55: 6214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Laumen K, Breitgoff D, Schneider MP (1988) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1459

    Google Scholar 

  143. Finn MG, Sharpless KB (1985) Asymmetric Synthesis, Morrison JC (ed), vol. 5, p 247, Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  144. Carlier PR, Mungall WS, Schroder G, Sharpless KB (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 2978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Burgess K, Jennings LD (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112: 7434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Burgess K, Jennings LD (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 6129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Hayward RC, Overton CH, Witham GH (1976) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 2413

    Google Scholar 

  148. Cunningham AF, Kündig EP (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53: 1823

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Seemayer R, Schneider MP (1991) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 49

    Google Scholar 

  150. Hemmerle H, Gais HJ (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 3471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Xie ZF, Nakamura I, Suemune H, Sakai K (1988) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 966

    Google Scholar 

  152. Laumen K, Seemayer R, Schneider MP (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 49

    Google Scholar 

  153. Chen C-S, Liu Y-C, Marsella M (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans I, 2559

    Google Scholar 

  154. Chen C-S, Liu Y-C (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 7165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hiratake J, Inagaki M, Nishioka T, Oda J (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53: 6130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Solladié-Cavallo A (1989) In: Advances in Metal-Organic Chemistry; Liebeskind LS (ed), vol. 1, JAI Press, p 99-131

    Google Scholar 

  157. Nakamura K, Ishihara K, Ohno A, Uemura M, Nishimura H, Hayashi Y (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 3603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Yamazaki Y, Hosono K (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 3895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Gokel GW, Marquarding D, Ugi IK (1972) J. Org. Chem. 37: 3052

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Boaz NW (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 2061

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Mitsuda S, Nabeshima S, Hirohara H (1989) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31: 334

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Tinapp P (1971) Chem. Ber. 104: 2266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Kruse CG (1992) Chiral Cyanohydrins. In: Chirality in Industry, Collins AN, Sheldrake GN, Crosby J (eds), p 279, Wiley: New York

    Google Scholar 

  164. Satoh T, Suzuki S, Suzuki Y, Miyaji Y, Imai Z (1969) Tetrahedron Lett. 10: 4555

    Google Scholar 

  165. Mitsuda S, Yamamoto H, Umemura T, Hirohara H, Nabeshima S (1990) Agric Biol. Chem. 54: 2907

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Effenberger F, Gutterer B, Ziegler T, Eckhardt E, Aichholz R (1991) Liebigs Ann. Chem. 47

    Google Scholar 

  167. Wang Y-F, Chen S-T, Liu K K-C, Wong C-H (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 1917

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Effenberger F, Ziegler T, Förster S (1987) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 26: 458

    Google Scholar 

  169. Inagaki M, Hiratake J, Nishioka T, Oda J (1992) J. Org. Chem. 57: 5643

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Brand S, Jones MF, Rayner CM (1995) Tetrahedron Lett. 36: 8493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Feichter C, Faber K, Griengl H (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Feichter C, Faber K, Griengl H (1990) Biocatalysis 3: 145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Burgess K, Henderson I (1990) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1: 57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Burgess K, Cassidy J, Henderson I (1991) J. Org. Chem. 56: 2050

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Burgess K, Jennings LD (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55: 1138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Pfenninger A (1986) Synthesis 89

    Google Scholar 

  177. Babiak KA, Ng JS, Dygos JH, Weyker CL, Wang Y-F, Wong C-H (1990) J. Org. Chem. 55: 3377

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Baba N, Mimura M, Hiratake J, Uchida K, Oda J (1988) Agric. Biol. Chem. 52: 2685

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Baba N, Tateno K, Iwasa J, Oda J (1990) Agric. Biol. Chem. 54: 3349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Greene TW (1981) Protective groups in Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  181. Bashir NB, Phythian SJ, Reason AJ, Roberts SM (1995) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2203

    Google Scholar 

  182. Hennen WJ, Sweers HM, Wang Y-F, Wong C-H (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53: 4939

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Therisod M, Klibanov AM (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 5638

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Riva S, Chopineau J, Kieboom APG, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 584

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Riva S, Klibanov AM (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 3291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Riva S, Bovara R, Ottolina G, Secundo F, Carrea G (1989) J. Org. Chem. 54: 3161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Colombo D, Ronchetti F, Toma L (1991) Tetrahedron 47: 103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Therisod M, Klibanov AM (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 3977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Nicotra F, Riva S, Secundo F, Zucchelli L (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 1703

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Gruters RA, Neefjes JJ, Tersmette M, De Goede REJ, Tulp A, Huisman HG, Miedema F, Ploegh HL (1987) Nature 330: 74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Margolin AL, Delinck DL, Whalon MR (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112: 2849

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Gatfield IL (1984) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 434: 569

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Gutman AL, Oren D, Boltanski A, Bravdo T (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 5367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Guo Z, Ngooi TK, Scilimati A, Fülling G, Sih CJ (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29: 5583

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Gutman AL, Zuobi K, Boltansky A (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 3861

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Gutman AL, Bravdo T (1989) J. Org. Chem. 54: 4263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Makita A, Nihira T, Yamada Y (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 805

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Guo Z, Sih CJ (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 1999

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Ngooi TK, Scilimati A, Guo Z-W, Sih CJ (1989) J. Org. Chem. 54: 911

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Lobell M, Schneider MP (1993) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 4: 1027

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Gotor V (1992) Enzymatic Aminolysis, Hydrazinolysis and Oximolysis Reactions. In: Servi S (ed) Microbial Reagents in Organic Synthesis, p 199, Kluwer: Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  202. Garcia MJ, Rebolledo F, Gotor V (1993) Tetrahedron Lett. 34: 6141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Chen S-T, Jang M-K, Wang K-T (1993) Synthesis 858

    Google Scholar 

  204. Gotor V, Brieva R, Gonzalez C, Rebolledo F (1991) Tetrahedron 47: 9207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Rebolledo F, Brieva R, Gotor V (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 5345

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Fastrez J, Fersht AR (1973) Biochemistry 12: 2025

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Yagisawa S (1981) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 89: 491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Astorga C, Rebolledo F, Gotor V (1991) Synthesis 350

    Google Scholar 

  209. Gotor V, Brieva R, Gonzalez C, Rebolledo F (1991) Tetrahedon 47: 9207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Gotor V, Brieva R, Rebolledo F (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29: 6973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. de Zoete MC, Kock-van Dalen AC, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1831

    Google Scholar 

  212. Gotor V, Brieva R, Rebolledo F (1988) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 957

    Google Scholar 

  213. Brieva R, Rebolledo F, Gotor V (1990) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1386

    Google Scholar 

  214. Kitaguchi H, Fitzpatrick PA, Huber JE, Klibanov AM (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 3094

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Fruton JS (1982) Adv. Enzymol. 53: 239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Jakubke H-D, Kuhl P, Könnecke A (1985) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 24: 85

    Google Scholar 

  217. Jakubke H-D (1987) The Peptides 9: 103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Kullmann (1987) Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  219. Morihara K (1987) Trends Biotechnol. 5: 164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Glass JD (1981) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 3: 2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Gill I, Lopez-Fandino R, Jorba X, Vulfson EN (1996) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18: 162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Chaiken IM, Komoriya A, Ojno M, Widmer F (1982) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 7: 385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Jakubke H-D (1995) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34: 175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Jackson DY, Burnier JP, Wells JA (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117: 819

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Bergmann M, Fraenkel-Conrat H (1938) J. Biol. Chem. 124: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Kuhl P, Wilsdorf A, Jakubke H-D (1983) Monatsh. Chem. 114: 571

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Homandberg GA, Komoriya A, Chaiken IM (1982) Biochemistry 21: 3385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Inouye K, Watanabe K, Tochino Y, Kobayashi M, Shigeta Y (1981) Biopolymers 20: 1845

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Gill I, Vulfson EN (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115: 3348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Schellenberger V, Jakubke H-D (1991) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 30: 1437

    Google Scholar 

  231. Margolin AL, Klibanov AM (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 3802

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. West JB, Wong C-H (1987) Tetrahedron Lett. 28: 1629

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Matos JR, West JB, Wong C-H (1987) Biotechnol. Lett. 9: 233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Crout DHG, MacManus DA, Ricca J-M, Singh S, Critchley P, Gibson WT (1992) Pure Appl. Chem. 64: 1079

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Gerisch S, Jakubke H-D, Kreuzfeld H-J (1995) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 6: 3039

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Isowa Y, Ohmori M, Ichikawa T, Mori K, Nonaka Y, Kihara K, Oyama K (1979) Tetrahedron Lett. 20: 2611

    Google Scholar 

  237. Stoineva IB, Petkov DD (1985) FEBS Lett. 183: 103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Di Maio J, Nguyen TM-D, Lemieux C, Schiller PW (1982) J. Med. Chem. 25: 1432

    Google Scholar 

  239. Inouye K, Watanabe K, Morihara K, Tochino K, Kanaya T, Emura J, Sakakibara S (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101: 751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Rose K, Gladstone J, Offord RE (1984) Biochem. J. 220: 189

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Obermeier R, Seipke G (1984) In: Voelter W, Bayer E, Ovchinnikov YA, Wünsch E (eds) Chemistry of Peptides and proteins, vol 2, p 3, de Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  242. Masaki T, Nakamura K, Isono M, Soejima M (1978) Agric. Biol. Chem. 42: 1443

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Morihara K, Oka T, Tsuzuki H, Tochino Y, Kanaya T (1980) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 92: 396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Hwang BK, Gu Q-M, Sih CJ (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115: 7912

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Björkling F, Frykman H, Godtfredsen SE, Kirk O (1992) Tetrahedron 48: 4587

    Google Scholar 

  246. de Zoete MC, van Rantwijk F, Maat L, Sheldon RA (1993) Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 112: 462

    Google Scholar 

  247. Grunwald J, Wirz B, Scollar MP, Klibanov AM (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 6732

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Gorrebeeck C, Spanoghe M, Lanens D, Lemiere GL, Domisse RA, Lepoivre JA, Alderweireldt FC (1991) Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 110: 231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Snijder-Lambers AM, Vulfson EN, Doddema H (Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 110: 226

    Google Scholar 

  250. Adlercreutz P (1991) Eur. J. Biochem. 199: 609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Itoh S, Terasaka T, Matsumiya M, Komatsu M, Ohshiro Y (1992) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 3253

    Google Scholar 

  252. Duine JA, van der Meer RA, Groen BW (1990) Ann. Rev. Nutr. 10: 297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Malmstrom BG, Ryden L (1968) In: Biological Oxidations; Singer TP (ed) p 419, Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  254. Wood BJB, Ingraham LL (1965) Nature 205: 291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Kazandjian RZ, Klibanov AM (1985) 107: 5448

    Google Scholar 

  256. Siegel SM, Roberts K (1968) Space Life Sci. 1: 131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Carrea G, Ottolina G, Riva S (1995) Trends Biotechnol. 13: 63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Margolin AL, Tai DF, Klibanov AM (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 7885

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Faber K, Ottolina G, Riva S (1993) Biocatalysis 8: 91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Tawaki S, Klibanov AM (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114: 1882

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Wu S-H, Chu F-Y, Wang K-T (1991) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1: 339

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Kitaguchi H, Itoh I, Ono M (1990) Chem. Lett. 1203

    Google Scholar 

  263. Secundo F, Riva S, Carrea G (1992) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 3: 267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Suckling CJ, Suckling KE (1974) Chem. Soc. Rev. 3: 387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Sharma BP, Bailey LF, Messing RA (1982) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 21, 837

    Google Scholar 

  266. Rosevaer A (1984) J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 34: 127

    Google Scholar 

  267. Zaborsky OR (1973) Immobilized Enzymes, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  268. Trevan MD (1980) Immobilized Enzymes: Introduction and Applications in Biotechnology, Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  269. Hartmeier W (1986) Immobilisierte Biokatalysatoren. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  270. Suckling CJ (1977) Chem. Soc. Rev. 6: 215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Christen M, Crout DHG (1987) Enzymatic Reduction of β-Ketoesters using Immobilized Yeast. In: Bioreactors and Biotransformations, p 213, Moody GW, Baker PB (eds) Elsevier, London

    Google Scholar 

  272. Martinek K, Klibanov AM, Goldmacher VS, Tchernysheva AV, Mozhaev VV, Berezin IV, Glotov BO (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 485: 13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Klibanov AM (1983) Science 219: 722

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Miyawaki O, Wingard jr LB (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 1364

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Krakowiak W, Jach M, Korona J, Sugier H (1984) Starch 36: 396

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Bianchi D, Cesti P, Battistel E (1988) J. Org. Chem. 53: 5531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Wiegel J, Dykstra M (1984) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20: 59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Kato T, Horikoshi K (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 595

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Sugiura M, Isobe M (1976) Chem. Pharm. Bull. 24: 72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Hsu S-H, Wu S-S, Wang Y-F, Wong C-H (1990) Tetrahedron Lett. 31: 6403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Akita H (1996) Biocatalysis 13: 141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Balcao VM, Paiva AL, Malcanta FX (1996) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 18: 392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Lavayre J, Baratti J (1982) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 24: 1007

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Boudrant J, Ceheftel C (1975) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17: 827

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Tosa T, Mori T, Fuse N, Chibata I (1967) Enzymologia 31: 214

    Google Scholar 

  286. Tosa T, Mori T, Chibata I (1969) Agric. Biol. Chem. 33: 1053

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Weetall HH, Mason RD (1973) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15: 455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Cannon JJ, Chen L-F, Flickinger MC, Tsao GT (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Ibrahim M, Hubert P, Dellacherie E, Magdalou J, Müller J, Siest G (1985) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 7: 66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Monsan P, Combes D (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Chipley JR (1974) Microbios 10: 115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Marek M, Valentova O, Kas J (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 1223

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Vilanova E, Manjon A, Iborra JL (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 1306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Miyama H, Kobayashi T, Nosaka Y (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 1390

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Burg K, Mauz S, Noetzel S, Sauber K (1988) Angew. Makromol. Chem. 157: 105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Wong SS, Wong L-JC (1992) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14: 866

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Khan SS, Siddiqui AM (1985) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27: 415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Kaul R, D’Souza SF, Nadkarni GB (1984) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26: 901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Quiocho FA, Richards FM (1964) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 52: 833

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Persichetti RA, St. Clair NL, Griffith JP, Navia MA, Margolin AL (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117: 2732

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Sobolov SB, Bartoszko-Malik A, Oeschger TR, Montelbano MM (1994) Tetrahedron Lett. 35: 7751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. St. Clair NL, Navia MA (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114: 7314

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Karube I, Kawarai M, Matsuoka H, Suzuki S (1985) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21: 270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Qureshi N, Tamhane DV (1985) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21: 280

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Umemura I, Takamatsu S, Sato T, Tosa T, Chibata I (1984) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20: 291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Fukui S, Tanaka A (1984) Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 29: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Mori T, Sato T, Tosa T, Chibata I (1972) Enzymologia 43: 213

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Martinek K, Klibanov AM, Goldmacher VS, Berezin IV (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 485: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulphosuccinate

    Google Scholar 

  310. Hoar TP, Schulman JH (1943) Nature 152: 102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Bonner FJ, Wolf R, Luisi PL (1980) Solid Phase Biochem. 5: 255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Poon PH, Wells MA (1974) Biochemistry 13: 4928

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Wells MA (1974) Biochemistry 13: 4937

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Martinek K, Levashov AV, Klyachko NL, Khmelnitsky YL, Berezin IV (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 155: 453

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Luisi PL (1985) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 24: 439

    Google Scholar 

  316. Luisi PL, Laane C (1986) Trends Biotechnol. 4: 153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Meier P, Luisi PL (1980) Solid Phase Biochem. 5: 269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Okahata Y, Niikura K, Ijiro K (1995) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 919

    Google Scholar 

  319. Barbaric S, Luisi PL (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103: 4239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Grandi C, Smith RE, Luisi PL (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256: 837

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Martinek K, Semenov AN, Berezin IV (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 658: 76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Martinek K, Levashov AV, Khmelnitsky YL, Klyachko NL, Berezin IV (1982) Science 218: 889

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Hilhorst R, Spruijt R, Laane C, Veeger C (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 144: 459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Flaschel E, Wandrey C, Kula M-R (1983) Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 26: 73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Kragl U, Vasic-Racki D, Wandrey C (1993) Indian J. Chem. 32B: 103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Biselli M, Kragl U, Wandrey C (1995) Reaction Engineering for Enzyme-Catalyzed Biotransformations. Drauz K, Waldmann H (eds) In: Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, p. 89, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  327. Bednarski MD, Chenault HK, Simon ES, Whitesides GM (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 1283

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Grimes MT, Drueckhammer DG (1993) J. Org. Chem. 58: 6148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Thiem J, Stangier P (1990) Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1101

    Google Scholar 

  330. van Eikeren P, Brose DJ, Muchmore DC, West JB (1990) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 613: 796

    Google Scholar 

  331. Bückmann AF, Carrea G (1989) Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 39: 97

    Google Scholar 

  332. Bückmann AF, Kula M-R, Wichmann R, Wandrey C (1981) J. Appl. Biochem. 3: 301

    Google Scholar 

  333. Vasic-Racki DJ, Jonas M, Wandrey C, Hummel W, Kula M-R (1989) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31: 215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Wykes JR, Dunnill P, Lilly MD (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 286: 260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Malinauskas AA, Kulis JJ (1978) Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 14: 706

    Google Scholar 

  336. Lundblad RL (1991) Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 2nd edn. CRC Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  337. Glazer AN (1976) The Proteins, Neurath H, Hill RL (eds) vol II, p 1, Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  338. Inada Y, Yoshimoto T, Matsushima A, Saito Y (1986) Trends Biotechnol. 4: 68

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Inada Y, Matsushima A, Hiroto M, Nishimura H, Kodera Y (1995) Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 52: 129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Inada Y, Furukawa M, Sasaki H, Kodera Y, Hiroto M, Nishimura H, Matsushima A (1995) Trends Biotechnol. 13: 86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Kodera Y, Takahashi K, Nishimura H, Matsushima A, Saito Y, Inada Y (1986) Biotechnol. Lett. 8: 881

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Takahashi K, Ajima A, Yoshimoto T, Okada M, Matsushima A, Tamaura Y, Inada Y (1985) J. Org. Chem. 50: 3414

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Takahashi K, Ajima A, Yoshimoto T, Inada Y (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 125: 761

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Uemura T, Fujimori M, Lee H-H, Ikeda S, Aso K (1990) Agric. Biol. Chem. 54: 2277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Ferjancic A, Puigserver A, Gaertner H (1988) Biotechnol. Lett. 10: 101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Pasta P, Riva S, Carrea G (1988) FEBS Lett. 236: 329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Yoshimoto T, Ritani A, Ohwada K, Takahashi K, Kodera Y, Matsushima A, Saito Y, Inada Y (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 148: 876

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Bückmann AF, Morr M, Johansson G (1981) Makromol. Chem. 182: 1379

    Google Scholar 

  349. Takahashi K, Nishimura H, Yoshimoto T, Saito Y, Inada Y (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 121: 261

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Beecher JE, Andrews AT, Vulfson EN (1990) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12. 955

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Yoshimoto T, Takahashi K, Nishimura H, Ajima A, Tamaura Y, Inada Y (1984) Biotechnol. Lett. 6: 337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Yoshimoto T, Mihama T, Takahashi K, Saito Y, Tamaura Y, Inada Y (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 145: 908

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Nishio T, Takahashi K, Yoshimoto T, Kodera Y, Saito Y, Inada Y (1987) Biotechnol. Lett. 9: 187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Matsushima A, Kodera Y, Takahashi K, Saito Y, Inada Y (1986) Biotechnol. Lett. 8: 73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Ajima A, Yoshimoto T, Takahashi K, Tamaura Y, Saito Y, Inada Y (1985) Biotechnol. Lett. 7: 303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Lee H, Takahashi K, Kodera Y, Ohwada K, Tsuzuki T, Matsushima A, Inada Y (1988) Biotechnol. Lett. 10: 403

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Babonneau M-T, Jaquier R, Lazaro R, Viallefont P (1989) Tetrahedron Lett. 30: 2787

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Matsushima A, Okada M, Inada Y (1984) FEBS Lett. 178: 275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Heiss L, Gais H-J (1995) Tetrahedron Lett. 36: 3833

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Cambou B, Klibanov AM (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106: 2687

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Kirchner G, Scollar MP, Klibanov AM (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107: 7072

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Braco L, Dabulis K, Klibanov AM (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Stahl M, Jeppsson-Wistrand U, Mansson M-O, Mosbach K (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 9366

    Google Scholar 

  364. Wulff G (1995) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 34: 1812

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Kaiser ET (1988) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 27: 902

    Google Scholar 

  366. Nakatsuka T, Sasaki T, Kaiser ET (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 3808

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Polgár L, Bender MC (1966) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88: 3153

    Google Scholar 

  368. Neet KE, Koshland DE (1966) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 56: 1606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Hilvert D (1989) Design of Enzymatic Catalysts, In Biocatalysis in Agricultural Biotechnology, Whitaker JR, Sonnet PE (eds) ACS Symposium Series 389, p 14, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington

    Google Scholar 

  370. Kaiser ET, Lawrence DS (1984) Science 226: 505

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Levine HL, Kaiser ET (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102: 343

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Slama JT, Radziejewski C, Oruganti SR, Kaiser ET (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106: 6778

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Radziejewski C, Ballou DP, Kaiser ET (1985) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107: 3352

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Aitken DJ, Alijah R, Onyiriuka SO, Suckling CJ, Wood HCS, Zhu L (1993) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1,597

    Google Scholar 

  375. Hilvert D, Hatanaka Y, Kaiser ET (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 682

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. Mutter M (1985) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 24: 639

    Google Scholar 

  377. Murakami Y, Kikuchi J, Hisaeda Y, Hayashida O (1996) Chem. Rev. 96: 721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Kirby AJ (1996) Angew. Chem. 108: 770

    Google Scholar 

  379. Lasterra Sanchez ME, Roberts SM (1995) J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1467

    Google Scholar 

  380. Chadwick DJ, Marsh J (1991) Catalytic Antibodies, Ciba Foundation Symposium, vol 159, Wiley: New York

    Google Scholar 

  381. Schultz PG (1989) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 28: 1283

    Google Scholar 

  382. Kirby AJ (1996) Acta Chem. Scand. 50: 203

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Lerner RA (1990) Chemtracts — Org. Chem. 3: 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. French DL, Laskov R, Scharff MD (1989) Science 244: 1152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Pollack SJ, Schultz PG (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 1929

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. Janjic N, Tramontano A (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 9109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Janda KD, Ashley JA, Jones TM, McLeod DA, Schloeder DM, Weinhouse MI (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112: 8886

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. Janda KD, Schloeder D, Benkovic SJ, Lerner RA (1988) Science 241: 1188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Tramontano A, Janda KD, Lerner RA (1986) Science 234: 1566

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Pollack SJ, Jacobs JW, Schultz PG (1986) Science 234: 1570

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Janda KD et al. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Napper AD, Benkovic SJ, Tramontano A, Lerner RA (1987) Science 237: 1041

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Janda KD, Benkovic SJ, Lerner RA (1989) Science 244: 437

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Shokat KM, Leumann CJ, Sugasawara R, Schultz PG (1989) Nature 338: 269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Uno T, Schultz PG (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114: 6573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  396. Nakayama GR, Schultz PG (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114: 780

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Hilvert D (1992) Pure Appl. Chem. 64: 1103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. Cochran AG, Sugasawara R, Schultz PG (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 7888

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  399. Iverson BL, Cameron KE, Jahangiri GK, Pasternak DS (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112: 5320

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Jackson DY, Schultz PG (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 2319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Hilvert D, Nared KD (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 5593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Jackson DY, Jackson DY, Jacobs JW, Sugasawara R, Reich SH, Bartlett PA, Schultz PG (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 4841

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. Braisted AC, Schultz PG (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112: 7430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. Tramontano A, Ammann AA, Lerner RA (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 2282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Kitazume T, Lin JT, Takeda M, Yamazaki T (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 2123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Sinha SC, Keinan E, Reymond J-L (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115: 4893

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Sinha SC, Keinan E (1995) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117: 3653

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  408. Janda KD, Shevlin CG, Lerner RA (1993) Science 259: 490

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Graz, Stremayrgasse 16, A-8010, Graz, Austria

    Kurt Faber

Authors
  1. Kurt Faber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Faber, K. (1997). Special Techniques. In: Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00431-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00431-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-61688-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-00431-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation