Zusammenfassung
Das vorherrschende Familienverständnis in den USA des 21. Jahrhunderts ist zugleich von einem Beharren auf traditionellen Formen (Kernfamilie, Bi-Generationaliät) und einer Pluralisierung von Normen (Geschlechterrollen, gleichgeschlechtliche Lebensgemeinschaften) gekennzeichnet. Der Beitrag nähert sich diesem vermeintlichen Widerspruch in historischer Perspektive und untersucht, wie Familie während des gesamten 20. Jahrhunderts als „Basis der Gesellschaft“ konzipiert wurde. Zunächst wird gefragt, welche Definitionen von „Familie“ die amerikanischen Soziologinnen und Soziologen im 20. Jahrhundert entwickelten. Ein zweiter Abschnitt beschreibt die sozialhistorische Entwicklung der US-amerikanischen Familie im selben Zeitraum. Ein dritter Abschnitt diskutiert die Veränderung von Familienwerten und Gendernormen seit der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, indem es insbesondere nach der Bedeutung der Kategorien „Race“, „Class“, „Gender“, Sexualität und Religion für die amerikanische Familie fragt. In der Zusammenschau zeigt sich, dass sich in den USA des 20. Jahrhunderts Phasen der Dynamisierung und Pluralisierung von Familienwerten und Gendernormen mit der Forderung nach Rückkehr zur Kernfamilie und zu traditionellen Genderrollen abwechselten – abhängig vom jeweiligen politisch-moralischen Klima und der Geschwindigkeit sozialen Wandels. Dabei erscheint gerade die Kombination von Wellen des Normwandels mit Phasen der rückwärtsgewandten Selbstvergewisserung als typisch für die Anpassung einer Gesellschaft und ihrer Werte an die Herausforderungen der industriellen Moderne.
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Notes
- 1.
Die Studie basiert auf zwei Interview-Reihen (Constructing the Family Surveys), die 2003 und 2006 insgesamt mehr als 1500 Personen über ihre Einstellung zur Familie befragte. 2003 wurden 712 und 2006 815 repräsentativ ausgewählte Gesprächspartner befragt. Powell et al., 2010, S. 4, 222–242.
- 2.
Sofern nicht anders angegeben, beziehen sich alle statistischen Informationen auf die vom US Bureau of the Census veröffentlichen Daten www.census.gov und die Daten des National Center for Health Statistics www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
- 3.
Human Fertitily Database humanfertility.org.
- 4.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics. www.cdc.gov/nchs/.
- 5.
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968–2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement: Living Arrangements of Children under 18, 1968–2020.
- 6.
Money Income of Families – Median Income in Current and Constant 2001. Dollars by race and type of family: 1947 to 2001. S. 42–43 in: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2003 (Hg.): Mini historical statistics.
- 7.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Women in the Labor Force: A Data-Book, https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2020/home.htm.
- 8.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type, 2020–21 annual averages, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t04.htm.
- 9.
Guttmacher Institute 2022. Interactive Map: US Abortion Policies and Access After Roe https://states.guttmacher.org/policies/. Zugegriffen 27.08.2022.
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Heinemann, I. (2023). Familie in den Vereinigten Staaten. In: Arránz Becker, O., Hank, K., Steinbach, A. (eds) Handbuch Familiensoziologie. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35219-6_9
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