Abstract
Structural hair anomalies may be divided into two groups. In the first group, the malformations are associated with increased fragility of the hair, and hair breakage is a major symptom. In the second group, the structural anomalies are not associated with increased hair fragility, and hair breakage is not a problem. Hairshaft alterations may simply indicate excessive, harsh grooming, or may signal serious metabolic disorders in which the hair is an important diagnostic clue.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allan JD, Cusworth DC, Dent CE, Wilson VK (1958) A disease, probably hereditary, characterized by severe mental deficiency and a constant gross abnormality of aminoacid metabolism. Lancet 1:182–187
Altman J, Stroud J (1969) Netherton’s syndrome and ichthyosis linearis circumflexa. Arch Dermatol 100:550–558
Appel B, Messina SJ (1942) Pili torti hereditaria. N Engl J Med 226:912–915
Arbisser AI, Scott CI, Howell RR, Ong PS, Cox HL (1976) A syndrome manifested by brittle hair with morphologic and biochemical abnormalities, developmental delay and normal stature. Birth Defects 12:219–228
Ashley LM, Jacques RS (1950) Four generations of ringed hair. J Hered 41:82–84
Auber L (1952) The anatomy of follicles producing wool-fibres, with special reference to kerati-nization. Trans R Soc Edinburgh 62:191–254
Baden HP, Goldsmith LA, Fleming B (1973) A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of human keratinized tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 322:269–278
Baden HP, Jackson CE, Weiss L, Jimbow K, Lee L, Kubilus J, Gold RJM (1976) The physico-chemical properties of hair in the BIDS syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 28:514–521
Batshaw ML, Thomas GH, Brusilow SW (1981) New approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of inborn errors of urea synthesis. Pediatrics 68:290–297
Batshaw ML, Brusilow S, Waber L, Blom W, Brubakk AM, Burton BK, Cann HM, Kerr D, Mamunes P, Matalon R, Myerberg D, Schafer IA (1982) Treatment of inborn errors of urea synthesis: activation of alternative pathways of waste nitrogen synthesis and excretion. N Engl J Med 306:1387–1392
Beare JM (1952) Congenital pilar defect showing features of pili torti. J Dermatol 65:366–372
Bedford JM, Bent MJ, Calvin H (1973) Variations in the structural character and stability of the nuclear chromatin in morphologically normal human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 33:19–29
Bjornstad R (1965) Pili torti and sensory-neural loss of hearing. Proceedings, 17th meeting, Northern Dermatological Society, Copenhagen
Bradbury JH (1973) The structure and chemistry of keratin fibers. Adv Protein Chem 27:111–211
Brown AC (1971) Congenital hair defects. Birth Defects 7:52–68
Brown AC, Swift JA (1975) Hair breakage: the scanning electron microscope as a diagnostic tool. J Soc Cosmet Chem 26:289–297
Brown AC, Belser RB, Crounse RG, Wehr RF (1970) A congenital hair defect: trichoschisis with alternating birefringence and low sulfur content. J Invest Dermatol 54:496–509
Brown AC, Gerdes RJ, Johnson J (1971) Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe analysis of congenital hair defects. Proceedings 4th scanning electron microscope symposium. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, pp 369–376
Cady LD, Trotter M (1922) A study of ringed hair. Arch Dermatol Syphilol (Chicago) 6:301–317
Calvin HI, Bedford JM (1971) Formation of disulphide bonds in the nucleus and accessory structures of mammalian spermatozoa during maturation in the epididymis. J Reprod Fertil (Suppl 13):65–75
Caputo R, Vanotti P, Bertani E (1984) Netherton’s syndrome in two adult brothers. Arch Dermatol 120:220–222
Chernosky ME, Owens DW (1966) Trichorrhexis nodosa: clinical and investigative studies. Arch Dermatol 94:577–585
Clarke WH, Maddocks IG (1965) Wool fibers: sectioning and staining, differentiation of ortho and paracortex. Stain Technol 40:339–342
Collie WR, Moore CM, Goka TJ, Howell RR (1978) Pili torti as marker for carriers of Menkes disease. Lancet 1:607–608
Comaish JS (1966) Aminogenic alopecia. Lancet 1:97
Comaish S (1971) Metabolic disorders and hair growth. Br J Dermatol 84:83–86
Cornel M (1949) Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa. Dermatologica 98:133–136
Coupe RL (1986) Acquired progressive kinking of the hair. Arch Dermatol 122:133
Coupe RL, Johnston MM (1969) Acquired progressive kinking of the hair. Arch Dermatol 100:191–195
Cremers CWRJ, Geerts SJ (1979) Sensorineural hearing loss and pili torti. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88:100–104
Crounse RG (1962) Trichorrhexis nodosa and amino acid metabolism. Arch Dermatol 86:391
Crovato F, Rebora A (1985) PIBI(D)S syndrome: a new entity with defect of the deoxyribonucleic acid excision repair system. J Am Acad Dermatol 13:683–685
Crovato F, Borrone C, Rebora A (1983) Trichothiodystrophy — BIDS, IBIDS and PIBIDS? Br J Dermatol 108:247–251
Crovato F, Borrone C, Rebora A (1984) The Tay syndrome (congenital ichthyosis with trichothiodystrophy). Eur J Pediatr 142:233–234
Danforth CH (1925) Studies on hair: with special reference to hypertrichosis IV Regional characteristics of human hair. Arch Dermatol Syphilol (Chicago) 12:76–94
Danks DM, Campbell PE, Stevens BJ, Mayne V, Cartwright E (1972) Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome An inherited defect in copper absorption with widespread effects. Pediatrics 50:188–201
Danks DM, Cartwright E, Stevens BJ (1973) Menkes’ steely-hair (kinky-hair) disease. Lancet 1:891
Danks DM, Stevens BJ, Campbell PE, Cartwright EC, Gillespie JM, Townley RRW, Walker-Smith JA, Blomfleld J, Turner BB, Mayne V (1974) Menkes kinky hair syndrome An inherited defect in the intestinal absorption of copper with widespread effects. Birth Defects 10:132–137
Dawber R (1972) Investigations of a family with pili annulati associated with blue nevi. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 58:51–58
Dawber RPR (1974) Knotting of scalp hair. Br J Dermatol 91:169–173
Dawber R, Comaish S (1970) Scanning electron microscopy of normal and abnormal hair shafts. Arch Dermatol 101:316–322
Dupre A, Bonafe J-L, Litoux F, Victor M (1978) Le syndrome des cheveux incoiffables: pilitrianguli et canaliculi. Ann Dermatol Venereol 105:627–630
Efron ML, Hoefnagel D (1966) Argininosuccinic acid in monilethrix. Lancet 1:321–322
English DT, Jones HE (1973) Trichonodosis. Arch Dermatol 107:77–79
Flemming W (1883) Ein Drillingshaar mit gemeinsamer innerer Wurzelscheide. Monatsh Prakt Dermatol 2:163–167
Fräser RDB, MacRae TP, Rogers GE (1972) Keratins: their composition, structure and biosynthesis. Thomas, Springfield
French JH, Sherard ES, Lubell H, Brotz M, Moore CL (1972) Trichopoliodystrophy. Arch Neurol 26:229–244
Frenk E, Mevorah B (1972) Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Cornel with trichorrhexis invaginata (Netherton’s syndrome): an ultrastructural study of the skin changes. Arch Dermatol Forsch 245:42–49
Frichot BC, Zelickson AS (1972) Steroids, lysosomes and dermatitis: an ultrastructural study. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 52:311–319
Friederich HC, Seitz R (1955) Über eine Form der ektodermalen Dysplasie unter dem Bilde der Pili torti mit Augenbeteiligung und Störung der Schweißsekretion. Dermatol Wochenschr 131:227–283
Galewsky E (1932) Erkrankungen der Haare und des Haarbodens. In: Jadassohn J (ed) Haare und Haarboden, Schweißdrüsen, Talgdrüsen. Springer, Berlin, p 205 (Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten, vol 13)
Gillespie JM, Marshall RC (1983) A comparison of the proteins of normal and trichothiodys-trophic human hair. J Invest Dermatol 80:195–202
Gillespie JM, Marshall RC (1989) Effect of mutations on the proteins of wool and hair. In: Rogers GE et al. (eds) The biology of wool and hair. Chapman & Hall, London pp 257–273
Giovannini S (1893) Über ein Zwillingshaar mit einer einfachen inneren Wurzelscheide. Arch Dermatol Syphilol (Berl) 25:187–194
Giovannini S (1907) Sopra tre peli bigemini fusi ciascumo in un fusto unico. Anat Anz 30:144–153
Giustina TA, Woo TY, Campbell JP, Ellis CN (1985) Association of pili torti and leukonychia. Cutis 35:533–534
Goldsmith LA, Baden HP (1970) The mechanical properties of hair. I. The dynamic sonic modulus. J Invest Dermatol 55:256–259
Goldsmith LA, Baden HP (1971) The analysis of genetically determined hair defects. Birth Defects 7:86–90
Gossage AM (1908) The inheritance of certain human abnormalities. Q J Med 1:331–347
Grant PW (1960) A case of woolly hair naevus. Arch Dis Child 35:512–514
Greig D, Wishart J (1982) Growth abnormality in Netherton’s syndrome. Aust J Dermatol 23:27–30
Grosfeld JC, Mighorst JA, Moolhuysen TM (1964) Argininosuccinic aciduria in monilethrix. Lancet 11:789–791
Gummer CL, Dawber RPR (1985) Trichothiodystrophy: an ultrastructural study of the hair follicle. Br J Dermatol 113:273–280
Gummer CL, Dawber RPR, Price VH (1984) Trichothiodystrophy: an electron-histochemical study of the hair shaft. Br J Dermatol 110:439–449
Happle R, Traupe H, Grobe H, Bonsmann G (1984) The Tay syndrome (congenital ichthyosis with trichothiodystrophy). Eur J Pediatr 141:147–152
Hellier FF, Astbury W, Bell F (1940) A case of pili torti with a discussion of the molecular structure of the condition and its relationship to monilethrix; clinical description; X-ray and optical examination. Br J Dermatol 52:173–182
Hersle K (1972) Netherton’s disease and ichthyosis linearis circumflexa. Report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 52:298–302
Horio M, Kondo T (1953) Crimping of wool fibers. Textile Res J 23:373–386
Howell RR, Collie WR, Cavasos Ol, Arbisser AI, Fraustadt U, Mareks SN, Parsons D (1980) The Sabinas brittle hair syndrome. In: Brown AC, Crounse RG (eds) Hair, trace elements, and human illness. Praeger, New York, pp 210–219
Hutchinson PE, Cairns RJ, Wells RS (1974) Woolly hair. Clinical and general aspects. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 60:160–177
Hrdy D (1979) Quantitative hair form variation in seven populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 39:7–18
Hrdy D, Baden HP (1973) Biochemical variation of hair keratins in man and non-human primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 39:19–24
Ito M, Ito K, Hashimoto K (1984) Pathogenesis in trichorrhexis invaginata (bamboo hair). J Invest Dermatol 83:1–6
Jackson CE, Weiss L, Watson JHL (1974) Brittle hair with short stature intellectual impairment and decreased fertility: an autosomal recessive syndrome in an Amish kindred. Pediatrics 54:201–207
Jacobsen KU, Lowes M (1975) Woolly hair naevus with ocular involvement. Dermatologica 151:249–252
Jorizzo JL, Crounse RG, Wheeler CE (1980) Lamellar ichthyosis, dwarfism, mental retardation, and hair shaft abnormalities: a link between the ichthyosis-associated and BIDS syndromes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2:309–317
Jorizzo JL, Atherton DJ, Crounse RG, Wells RS (1982) Ichthyosis, brittle hair, impaired intelligence, decreased fertility and short stature IBIDS syndrome. Br J Dermatol 106:705–710
Juon VM (1942) Eine Beobachtung familiären Auftretens von Pili annulati. Dermatologica 86:117–122
Khayatt RM, Chamberlain NH (1948) The bending modulus of animal fibres. J Textile Inst 39:185–197
Knierer W (1955) Allotrichia circumscripta symmetrica capillitii (Pubeshaarnaevus). Dermatol Wochenschr 132:794
Kurwa AR, Abdel-Aziz A-HM (1973) Pili torti — congenital and acquired. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 53:385–392
Landois L (1966) Das plötzliche Ergrauen der Haupthaare. Virchows Arch [A] 35:575–599
Lehmann AR (1987) Cockayne’s syndrome and trichothiodystrophy: defective repair without cancer. Cancer Rev 7:82–103
Lehmann AR, Arlett CF, Broughton BC, Harcourt SA, Steingrimsdottir H, Stefanini M, Taylor AMR, Natarajan AT, Green S, King MD, MacKie RM, Stephenson JBP, Tolmie JL (1988) Trichothiodystrophy, a human DNA repair disorder with hetereogeneity in the cellular response to ultraviolet light. Cancer Res 48:6090–6096
Leon NH (1972) Structural aspects of keratin fibers. J Soc Cosmet Chem 23:427–445
Leone A, Pavlakis GN, Hamer DH (1985) Menkes’ disease: abnormal metallothionein gene regulation in response to copper. Cell 40:301–309
Levin B, Mackay HMM, Oberholzer VG (1961) Argininosuccinic aciduria, an inborn error of amino acid metabolism. Arch Dis Child 36:622–632
Lyne AG (1965) The hair cycle in the chinchilla. In: Lyne AG, Short BF (eds) Biology of the skin and hair growth. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, Australia, pp 467–489
Lyon JB (1975) Pili torti. Br J Dermatol 93 (Suppl 2):64
Mahrle G, Orfanos C (1971) Haar und Haaroberfläche. Hautarzt 22:113–120
Menkart J, Coe AB (1958) Microscopic studies on the structure and composition of keratin fibers. Textile Res J 28:218–227
Menkart J, Wolfram LJ, Mao I (1966) Caucasian hair, negro hair, and wool: similarities and differences. J Soc Cosmet Chem 17:769–787
Menkes JH (1972) Kinky hair disease. Pediatrics 50:181–183
Menkes JH, Alter M, Steigleder GK, Weakly DR, Sung JH (1962) A sex-linked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, peculiar hair, and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration. Pediatrics 29:764–779
Menne T, Weisman K (1985) Canestick lesion of vellus hair in Netherton’s syndrome. Arch Dermatol 121:451
Mercer EH (1953) The heterogeneity of the keratin fibres. Textile Res J 23:388–397
Mercer EH (1954) The relation between external shape and internal structure of wool fibres. Textile Res J 24:39–43
Mevorah B, Frenk E (1974) Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comèl with trichorrhexis invaginata Netherton’s syndrome A light microscopical study of the skin changes. Dermatologica 149:193–200
Mevorah B, Frenk E, Brooke EM (1974) Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comèl A clinico-statis-tical approach to its relationship with Netherton’s syndrome. Dermatologica 149:201–209
Mohr OL (1932) Woolly hair, a dominant mutant character in man. J Hered 23:345–352
Montagna W, Parakkal PF (1974) The pilary apparatus. In: Montagna W, Parakkal PF (eds) The structure and function of skin, 3rd edn. Academic, New York, pp 172–258
Mori A (1925) Contributo alio studio della eredita. Arch Ital Anat Embriol 22:123–135
Mortimer PS, Gummer C, English J, Dawber RPR (1985) Acquired progressive kinking of hair. Arch Dermatol 121:1031–1033
Munro DD (1971) Disorders affecting the skin appendages. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Arndt KA, Clark WH, Eisen AZ, van Scott EJ, Vaughan JH (eds) Dermatology in general medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 297–331
Musso LA (1970) Pili annulati. Aust J Dermatol 11:67–75
Netherton EW (1958) A unique case of trichorrhexis nodosa — “bamboo hairs.” Arch Dermatol 78:483–487
Norwood O’T (1979) Whisker hair. Arch Dermatol 115:930–931
Orfanos CE, Mahrle G, Salamon T (1971) Netherton-Syndrom. Ichthyosiforme Hautveränderungen und Trichorrhexis invaginata. Nachweis eines krankhaft veränderten Cortexkeratins im Haar. Hautarzt 22:397–409
Owens DW, Chernosky ME (1966) Trichorrhexis nodosa. In vitro reproduction. Arch Dermatol 94:586–588
Papa CM, Mills OH, Hanshaw W (1972) Seasonal trichorrhexis nodosa, role of cumulative damage in frayed hair. Arch Dermatol 106:888–892
Pierard G (1972a) Organisation cuticulaire de pili annulati etudiée au microscope électronique a Balayage. Arch Belg Dermatol 28:143–148
Pierard G (1972b) Structure du poil en baionnette. Arch Belg Dermatol 28:359–362
Pierard GE (1975) Structure et interprétation pathogénique: dystrophies acquise du cheveu. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr 102:137–143
Pinkus F (1910) Über eine noch nicht beschriebene Art menschlicher Kopfhaare, Bajonetthaare. Dermatol Z 17:253–258
Pinkus F (1928) Bajonetthaare. In: Die Einwirkung von Krankheiten auf das Kopfhaar des Menschen (2. Auflage). Karger, Berlin, pp 75–88
Pinkus H (1951) Multiple hairs (Flemming-Giovannini): report of two cases of pili multigemini and discussion of some other anomalies of the pilary complex. J Invest Dermatol 17:291–301
Pinkus H (1964) Discussion in: Wilkinson RD, Curtis GH, Hawk WA Netherton’s disease. Arch Dermatol 89:46–54
Pinkus H (1967) Pathobiology of the pilary complex. (Dohi memorial international exchange lecture.) Jpn J Dermatol [B] 77:304–330
Pollitt RJ, Stonier PD (1971) Proteins of normal hair and of cystine-deficient hair from mentally retarded siblings. Biochem J 122:433–444
Pollitt RJ, Jenner FA, Davies M (1968) Sibs with mental and physical retardation and trichorrhexis nodosa with abnormal amino acid composition of the hair. Arch Dis Child 43:211–216
Porter PS, Lobitz WC (1970) Human hair: a genetic marker. Br J Dermatol 83:225–244
Potter JL, Timmons GD, West R, Silvidi A (1974) Argininosuccinicaciduria. The hair abnormality. Am J Dis Child 127:724–727
Potter JL, Timmons GD, Silvidi AA (1980) Argininosuccinicaciduria: the hair abnormality revisited. Am J Dis Child 134:1095–1096
Price VH (1975) Office diagnosis of structural hair anomalies. Cutis 15:231–240
Price VH (1979) Strukturanomalien des Haarschaftes. In: Orfanos CE (ed) Haar und Haar-krankheiten. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 387–446
Price VH, Thomas RS, Jones FT (1968a) Microscopic studies of pili annulati. In: Proceedings, XIII Congressus Internationalis Dermatologiae, Miinchen, 1967. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 786–788
Price VH, Thomas RS, Jones FT (1968b) Pili annulati. Optical and electron microscopic studies. Arch Dermatol 98:640–647
Price VH, Thomas RS, Jones FT (1970) Pseudopili annulati. An unusual variant of normal hair. Arch Dermatol 102:354–358
Price VH, Odom RB, Ward WH, Jones FT (1980) Trichothiodystrophy. Sulfur-deficient brittle hair as a marker for a neuroectodermal symptom complex. Arch Dermatol 116:1375–1384
Rauschkolb EW, Chernosky ME, Knox JM, Owens DW (1967) Trichorrhexis nodosa — an error of amino acid metabolism? J Invest Dermatol 48:260–263
Reed WB, Stone VM, Boder E, Ziprkowski L (1967) Hereditary syndromes with auditory and dermatological manifestations. Arch Dermatol 95:456–461
Robinson GC, Johnston MM (1967) Pili torti and sensory neural hearing loss. J Pediatr 70:621–623
Robinson VNE (1976) A study of damaged hair. J Soc Cosmet Chem 27:155–161
Rogers GE, Harding HWJ (1975) Molecular mechanisms in the formation of hair. Proceedings 1st international symposium on biology and disease of the hair, Tokyo, 1975. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 411–135
Ronchese F (1932) Twisted hairs (pili torti). Arch Dermatol Syphilol (Chicago) 26:98–109
Rook A (1975) Racial and other genetic variations in hair form. Br J Dermatol 92:599–600
Rousset MJ (1952) Génodermatose difficilement classable (trichorrhexis nodosa) prédominant chez les mâles dans quatre générations. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 59:298–300
Schutz J (1900) Pili moniliformis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol (Berl) 53:69 Scott OLS (1950) Localized pili torti. Br J Dermatol 62:272
Shelley WB, Rawnsley HM (1965) Aminogenic alopecia. Loss of hair associated with argini-nosuccinic aciduria. Lancet 11:1327–1328
Shelley WB, Shelley ED (1965) Uncombable hair syndrome: observations on response to biotin and occurrence in siblings with ectodermal dysplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol 13:97–102
Shih VE (1972) Early dietary management in an infant with argininosuccinase deficiency: preliminary report. J Pediat 80:645–648
Sims RT (1967) Beau’s lines in hair. Reduction of hair shaft diameter associated with illness. Br J Dermatol 79:43–49
Singh S, Bresnan MJ (1973) Menkes kinky-hair syndrome (trichopoliodystrophy). Am J Dis Child 125:572–578
Stevanovic DV (1969) Multiple defects of the hair shaft in Netherton’s disease: association with ichthyosis linearis circumflexa. Br J Dermatol 81:851–857
Stroud JD (1969) Hair shaft defects. Cutis 5:1375–1382 Stroud JD (1975) Ichthyosis with hair defects. Mod Probl Pâdiatr 17:71–76
Stroud JD, Mehregan AH (1974) “Spun glass hair”: a clinicopathologic study of an unusual hair defect. In: Proceedings, 1st human hair symposium, Atlanta, 1973. Medcom, New York, pp 103–107
Tay CH (1971) Ichthyosiform erythroderma, hair shaft abnormalities, and mental and growth retardation. A new recessive disorder. Arch Dermatol 104:4–13
Thorne EG, Zelickson AS, Mottaz JH, Katz HI, Deaton BH (1975) Netherton’s syndrome. An electron-microscopic study. Arch Dermatol Forsch 253:177–183
Tomlinson S, Westall RG (1964) Argininosuccinic aciduria. Argininosuccinase and arginase in human blood cells. Clin Sci 26:261–269
Ullmo A (1944) Un nouveau type d’agénésie et de dystrophic pilaire familiale et héréditaire. Dermatologica 90:75–79
Van Neste D, Boré P (1983) Trichothiodystrophie: une étude morphologique et biochimique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 110:409–417
Van Neste D, Caulier B, Thomas P, Vasseur F (1985) PIBIDS: Tay’s syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 12:372–373
Van Neste D, Miller X, Bohnert E (1989a) Clinical symptoms associated with trichothiodystrophy: a review of the literature with special emphasis on light sensitivity and the association with xeroderma pigmentosum (complementation group D). In: Van Neste D, Lachapelle JM, Antoine JL (eds) Trends in human hair growth and alopecia research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 183–193
Van Neste D, Degreef H, Van Haute N, Van Hee J, Vandermaesen J, Taieb A, Maleville A, Fontan D, Bakry N, Gillespie JM, Marshall RC (1989b) High-sulfur protein deficient human hair: clinical aspects and biochemical study of two unreported cases of a variant type of trichothiodystrophy. In: Van Neste D, Lachapelle JM, Antoine JL (eds) Trends in human hair growth and alopecia research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 195–206
Venning VA, Dawber RPR, Ferguson DJP, Kanan MW (1986) Weathering of hair in trichothio-dystrophy. Br J Dermatol 114:591–595
Weary PE, Hendricks AA, Wawner F, Ajgaonkar G (1973) Pili bifurcate. A new anomaly of hair growth. Arch Dermatol 108:403–107
Weintraub R (1976) Menkes’ syndrome and cutis laxa. Proceedings, Central States Dermatological Society annual meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, 1976. Central States Dermatological Society, Michigan, pp 40–42
Werner S (1928) Erblicher Star und feingelocktes Haar bei mehreren Mitgliedern derselben Familie. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 6:382–389
Wheeler EM, Roberts PF (1976) Menkes’ steely hair syndrome. Arch Dis Child 51:269–274
Wilkinson RD, Curtis GH, Hawk WA (1964) Netherton’s disease. Arch Dermatol 89:106–113
Winther A, Bundgaard L (1968) Argininosuccinic aciduria in hereditary hair diseases. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 48:467–570
Wise F (1927) Woolly hair nevus. A peculiar form of birthmark of hair of the scalp, hitherto un-described, with report of two cases. Med J Ree 125:545–547
Wise F, Sulzberger MB (1932) Acquired progressive kinking of the scalp hair accompanied by changes in its pigmentation. Arch Dermatol Syphilol (Chicago) 25:99–110
Wolff HH, Vigl E, Braun-Falco O (1975) Trichorrhexis congenita. Hautarzt 26:576–580
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Price, V.H. (1990). Structural Anomalies of the Hair Shaft. In: Orfanos, C.E., Happle, R. (eds) Hair and Hair Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74612-3_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74614-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74612-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive