Abstract
Basic sensory functions depend on physical stimulus characteristics, physiological perceptual mechanisms, the state of the nervous system at the time of stimulus arrival, and also on the exact location of the stimulus on the receptor plane. In the somatosensory system, for example, the spatial resolution for mechanical stimuli differs according to whether they are applied to the fingertips or to the arm area, and the visual system shows pronounced functional differences between the center and the periphery of the retina, related to the different local packing densities of the photoreceptors and their different connections to the retinal ganglion cells.
We are all aware of the fact that science has become more and more impatient and competitive. New experiments and new techniques may open new ways of understanding the nervous system. However, their success is based entirely on the intelligent and responsible use of them, which implies a thorough knowledge of what has been learned from the serious work of the past. The questions remain the same, and the techniques themselves should not be overvalued. Rather, the knowledge and results presented ... should be judged by the intelligence of the question, the seriousness of the approach, and the rigor of the conclusion, no matter whether the technique was traditional or modern.
O. D. Creutzfeldt (Words of Welcome, Seventh European Neuroscience Congress, Hamburg, 1983)
To Annemarie and Gernot
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachi-Usami E, Lehmann D (1983) Monocular and binocular evoked average potential field topography: upper and lower hemiretSnal stimuli. Exp Brain Res 50:341–346
Aebersold H, Creutzfeldt OD, Kuhnt U and Sanides D (1981) Representation of the visual field in the optic tract and optic chiasm of the cat. Exp Brain Res 42:127–145
Afanador AJ, Andrews CE (1978) Rod and cone contribution to the EOG ratio. Am J Optom 55:101–107
Ali MA, Klyne MA (1985) Vision in vertebrates. Plenum New York
Alpern M (1972) Eye movements. In: Jameson D, Hurwich LM (eds) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 304–330
Annis RC, Frost B (1973) Human visual ecology and orientation anisotropics in acuity. Science 182:729–731
Arden GB, Kelsey JH (1962a) Changes produced by light in the standing potential of the human eye. J Physiol 161, 189–204
Arden GB, Kelsey JH (1962b) Some observations on the relationship between the standing potential of the human eye and the bleaching and regeneration of visual purple. J Physiol 161, 205–226
Arden GB, Carter RM, Hogg C, Siegel IM, Margolis S (1979) A gold foil electrode: extending the horizons for clinical electroretinography. Invest Ophthalmol 18, 421–426
Armington JC (1968) The electroretinogram, the visual evoked potential, and the arealuminance relation. Vision Res 1968, 8, 263–276
Armington JC (1974) The electroretinogram. Academic, New York
Aschoff U (1981) Skotopische und photopische Anteile der Hell- und Dunkelschwingung im Elektrookulogramm. Dev Ophthalmol 4, 149–166
Aubert H, Förster R (1857) Beiträge zur Kenntnis des indirecten Sehens. I. Untersuchungen über den Raumsinn der Retina. Arch Ophthalmol 3, 1–37
Baizer JS, Maguire WM (1983) Double representation of lower visual quadrant in prelunate gyrus of rhesus monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24, 1436–1439
Bartlett NR, Sticht TG, Pease VP (1968) Effects of wavelength and retinal locus on the reaction time to onset and offset stimulation. J Exp Psychol 78, 699–701
Basier A (1911) Über die Verschmelzung von zwei nacheinander erfolgenden Lichtreizen. Pflügers Arch 143, 245–251
Bennet-Clark HC (1964) The oculomotor response to small target replacements. Optica Acta 11, 301–314
Berger H (1929) Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. 1, Mitteilung. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 87, 527–570
Bilge M, Bingle A, Seneviratne KG, Whitteridge D (1967) A map of the visual cortex in the cat. J Physiol 191, 116P–118P
Bishop PO, Kozak W, Vakkur GJ (1962) Some quantitative aspects of the cat’s eye: axis and plane of reference, visual field co-ordinates and optics. J Physiol 163, 466–502
Bjaalie JG (1985) Distribution in areas 18 and 19 of neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei: a quantitative study in the cat with retrograde transport of HRP-WGA. Exp Brain Res 57, 585–597
Bjaalie JG, Brodai P (1983) Distribution in area 17 of neurons projecting to the pontine nuclei: a quantitative study in the cat with retrograde transport of HRP-WGA. J Comp Neurol 221:289–303
Bodis-Wollner I, Diamond SP (1976) The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cortical lesions. Brain 99, 695–710
Braddick D, Campbell FW, Atkinson J (1978) Channels in vision: basic aspects. In: Held R, Leibowitz HW, Teuber H-J (eds) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol 8. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 3–38
Breitmeyer B, Julesz B, Kropfl W (1975) Dynamic random-dot stereograms reveal up-down anisotropy and left-right isotropy between cortical hemifields. Science 187, 269–270
Brettel H, Caelli T, Hilz R, Rentschler I (1982) Modelling perceptual distortion: amplitude and phase transmission in the human visual system. Hum Neurobiol 1, 61–67
Brindley G, Lewin WS (1968) The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. J Physiol 196, 479–493
Broca P (1861) Perte de la parole. Romolissement chronique et destruction partielle du lobe anterieur gauche du cerveau. Bull Soc Anthrop (Paris) 219
Brown JL (1965) Flicker and intermittent stimulation. In: Graham CH (ed) Vision and visual perception. Wiley, New York, pp 251–320
Burkhalter A, Felleman DJ, Newsome WT, van Essen DC (1986) Anatomical and physiological asymmetries related to visual areas V3 and VP in macaque extrastriate cortex. Vision Res 26, 63–80
Campbell FW, Robson JG (1968) Applications of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. J Physiol 197, 551–566
Caton R (1875) The electric currents of the brain. Br Med J 2, 278
Clarke PGH, Whitteridge D (1976) The projection of the retina, including the red area, on to the optic tectum of the pigeon. Q J Exp Physiol 61, 351–358
Cocito L, Favale E, Taraglione A (1977) Asimmetrie funzionali tra emicampo visivo superiore ed inferiore nel soggetto normale. Boll Soc It Biol Sper 53, 629–633
Copenhaver RM, Perry NW (1964) Factors affecting visually evoked cortical potentials such as impaired vision of varying etiology. Invest Ophthalmol 3, 665–675
Creutzfeldt OD (1983) Cortex cerebri. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Creutzfeldt OD, Kuhnt U (1967) The visual evoked potential: physiological, developmental, and clinical aspects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol [Suppl 26]:29–41
Curcio CA, Hendrickson AE, Kalina RE (1985) Topographical distribution of human photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26 [Suppl]:261
Dawson WW, Maida TM (1984) Relations between the human retinal cone and ganglion cell distribution. Ophthalmologica 188, 216–221
Delius JD, Perchard RJ, Emmerton J (1976) Polarized light discrimination by pigeons and an electroretinographic correlate. J Comp Physiol Psychol 90, 560–571
Dimond SJ, Beaumont JG (1974) Hemisphere function in the human brain. Elek Science, London, p 398
Ditchburn RW (1973) Eye movements and visual perception. Clarendon, Oxford
Dodt E (1951) Cone electroretinography by flicker. Nature 168:738
Dodt E (1964) Erregung und Hemmung retinaler Neurone bei intermittierender Belichtung. Doc Ophthalmol 18, 259–274
Dodt E, Baier M (1984) Area-luminance relationship for a constant light peak of the standing potential in the human eye. Ophthalmologica 188, 232–238
Dodt E, Enroth C (1954) Retinal flicker response in cat. Acta Phys Scand 30, 375–390
Donchin E, Ritter W, McCallum WC (1978) Cognitive psychophysiology: the endogenous components of the ERP. In: Callaway E, Tueting P, Koslow SH (eds), Event-related brain potentials in man. Academic, New York, pp 349–411
Dräger UC, Hubel DH (1976) Topography of visual and somatosensory projections to mouse superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 39, 91–101
Drance SM (1977) The visual field of low tension glaucoma and shock-induced optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 95, 1359–1361
Drasdo N (1977) The neural representation of visual space. Nature 266, 554–555
Eason RG, White CT, Oden D (1967) Averaged occipital responses to stimulation of sites in the upper and lower halves of the retina. Percept Psychophys 2, 423–425
Ehrlich D (1981) Regional specialization of the chick retina as revealed by the size and density of neurons in the ganglion cell layer. J Comp Neurol 195, 643–657
Elenius V, Aantaa E (1973) Light-induced increase in amplitude of electro-oculogram. Arch Ophthalmol 90, 60–63
Emmerton J (1983a) Functional morphology of the visual system. In: Abs M (ed), Physiology and behaviour of the pigeon, Academic, New York, pp 221–244
Emmerton J (1983b) Vision. In: Abs M (ed), Physiology and behaviour of the pigeon, Academic, New York, pp 245–266
Estevez O, Spekreijse H (1974) Relationship between pattern appearance — disappearance and pattern reversal response. Exp Brain Res 19, 233–238
Flammer J, Drance SM, Fankhausen F, Augustiny L (1984) Differential light threshold in automated static perimetry. Arch Ophthalmol 102, 876–879
Fox SS, O’Brien JH (1965) Duplication of evoked potential waveform by curve of probability of firing of a single cell. Science 147, 888–890
Freeman RB (1964) Figurai after-effects: displacement or contrast. Am J Pyschol 77, 607–613
Freeman WJ (1978) Discussion in E. Donchin: Use of scalp distribution as a dependent variable in event-related potential studies: excerpts of preconference correspondence. In: Otto DA (ed) Multidisciplinary perspectives.., in event-related brain potential research. EPA, Washington, pp 501–510
Gazzaniga MS (1970) The bisected brain. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Gibson A, Baker J, Mower G, Glickstein M (1978) Corticopontine cells in area 18 of the cat. J Neurophysiol 41, 484–495
Gibson JJ (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
Glickstein M, Stein J, King RA (1972) Visual input to the pontine nuclei. Science 178, 1110–1111
Goodale MA (1983) Visually guided, pecking in the pigeon (Columba livia). Brain Behav Evol 22, 22–41
Gramer E, Gerlach R, Krieglstein GK, Leydhecker W (1982) Zur Topographie früher glaukomatöser Gesichtsfeldausfälle bei der Computerperimetrie. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk 180, 515–523
Granit R (1947) Sensory mechanisms of the retina. Hafner, New York
Granit R (1955) Centrifugal and antidromic effects on ganglion cells of retina. J Neurophysiol 18, 388–411
Granit R, Hammond EL (1931) Comparative studies on the peripheral and central retina. V. The sensation-time curve and time course of the fusion frequency on intermittent stimulation. Am J Physiol 98, 654–663
Greenberg JH, Reivich M, Alavi A, Hand P, Rosenquist A, Rintelmann W, Stein A, Tusa R, Dann R, Christman D, Fowler J, McGregor B, Wolf A (1981) Metabolic mapping of functional activity in human subjects with the [18-F]fluorodeoxyglucose technique. Science 212, 678–680
Grehn F, Prost M (1983) Function of retinal nerve fibers depends on perfusion pressure: neurophysiologic investigations during acute intraocular pressure elevation. Invest Ophthalmol 24, 347–353
Griff ER, Steinberg RH (1982) Origin of the light peak: in vitro study of Gekko gekko. J Physiol 331, 637–652
Groneberg A, Teping C (1980) Topodiagnostik von Sehstörungen durch Ableitung retinaler und kortikaler Antworten auf Umkehr-Kontrastmuster. Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges 77, 409–415
Grüsser O-J (1984) Face recognition within the reach of neurobiology and beyond it. Hum Neurobiol 3, 183–190
Grüsser O-J, Kapp H (1958) Reaktionen retinaler Neurone nach Lichtblitzen. II. Doppelblitze mit wechselndem Blitzintervall. Pflügers Arch 266, 111–129
Grüsser O-J, Rabelo C (1958) Reaktionen retinaler Neurone nach Lichtblitzen. I. Einzelblitze und Blitzreize wechselnder Frequenz. Pflügers Arch 265, 501–525
Gstalder RJ, Green DG (1971) Laser interferometric acuity in amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol 8, 251–256
Hall GS, von Kries J (1879) Über die Abhängigkeit der Reaktionszeit vom Ort des Reizes. Arch Anat Physiol (Leipzig) [Suppl] 1–10
Halliday AM, McDonald WI, Mushin J (1973) The visual evoked response in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 4, 661–664
Hayreh SS, Revie IHS, Edwards J (1970) Vasogenic origin of visual field defects and optic nerve changes in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 54, 461–472
Hebel R, Holländer H (1983) Size and distribution of ganglion cells in the human retina. Anat Embryol 168, 125–136
Hirsch HVB, Spinelli DN (1970) Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats. Science 168, 869–871
Hjorth B (1975) An on-line transformation of EEG scalp potentials into orthogonal source derivations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 39, 526–530
Holden AL, Powell TPS (1972) The functional organization of the isthmo-optic nucleus in the pigeon. J Physiol 223, 419–447
Holländer H, Bisti S, Maffei L, Hebel R (1984) Electroretinographic responses and retrograde changes of retinal morphology after intracranial optic nerve section. A quantitative analysis in the cat. Exp Brain Res 55, 483–493
Holm S (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Statist 6, 65–70
Holmes G (1945) The organization of the visual cortex in man. Proc R Soc, Lond (Biol) 132, 348–361
Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1970a) Cells sensitive to binocular depth in area 18 of the macaque monkey cortex, Nature 225, 41–42
Hubel DH, Wiesel TN (1970b) The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J Physiol 206, 419–436
Hughes A (1975) A quantitative analysis of the cat retinal ganglion cell topography. J Comp Neurol 163, 107–128
Hughes A, Wässle H (1976) The cat optic nerve: fibre total count and diameter spectrum. J Comp Neurol 169, 171–184
Hylkema BS (1942) Examination of the visual field by determining the fusion frequency. Acta Ophthalmol 20, 181–193
Jampolsky A (1978) Unequal visual inputs in strabismus management: a comparison of human and animal strabismus. In: Symposium on strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 358–492
Jeeves MA (1984) The historical roots and recurring issues of neurobiological studies of face perception. Hum Neurobiol 3, 191–196
Jeffreys DA, Smith AT (1979) The polarity inversion of scalp potentials evoked by upper and lower half field stimulus patterns: latency or surface distribution differences? Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 46, 409–415
Jewett DL, Romano MN, Williston JS (1970) Human auditory evoked potentials: possible brain stem components detected on the scalp. Science 167, 1517–1518
Jones RK, Wilcott IT (1977) Topographic impairment of night vision related to exercise. Am J Ophthalmol 84, 868–871
Julesz B (1971) Foundations of cyclopean perception. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Kavanagh RN, Darcey TM, Lehmann D, Fender DH (1978) Evaluation of methods for three-dimensional localization of electrical sources in the human brain. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 25, 421–429
Kimura H, Tsutsui J (1981) Average responses evoked by moving grating pattern in the upper, central and lower visual field. Neurosci Lett 24, 295–299
King-Smith PE (1969) Absorption spectra and function of the colored oil drops in the pigeon retina. Vision Res 9, 1391–1399
Kleberger E (1955) Untersuchungen über die Verschmelzungsfrequenz intermittierendenLichts an gesunden und kranken Augen. III. Das normale Flimmergesichtsfeld. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 157, 158–166
Kriss A, Halliday AM (1980) A comparison of occipital potentials evoked by pattern onset, offset and reversal by movement. In: Barber C (ed) Evoked potentials. MTP Press, Lancaster, pp 205–212
Kuba M, Peregrin K, Vit F, Hanusova I (1982) Visual evoked responses to reversal stimulation in the upper and lower half of the central part of the visual field in man. Physiol Bohemeslow 31, 503–510
Landau D, Dawson WW (1970) The histology of retinas from the pinnipedia. Vision Res 10, 691–702
Landis C (1954) Determinants of critical flicker-fusion threshold. Physiol Rev 34, 259–286
Landolt E, Hummelsheim E (1904) Die Untersuchung der Funktionen des excentrischen Netzhautgebietes. In: Sämisch T (ed) Gräfe-Sämisch Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde, vol 4. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 503–583
Lawden MC (1982) The analysis of spatial phase in amblyopia. Hum Neurobiol 1, 55–60
Lehmann D (1977) The EEG as scalp field distribution. In: Rémond A (ed) EEG informatics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 365–384
Lehmann D (1984) EEG measurement of brain activity: spatial aspects, segmentation and imaging. Int J Psychophysiol 1, 267–276
Lehmann D, Julesz B (1978) Lateralized cortical potentials elicited by dynamic random dot stereograms. Vision Res 18, 1265–1271
Lehmann D, Mir Z (1976) Methodik und Auswertung visuell evozierter EEG-Potentiale bei Verdacht auf multiple Sklerose. J Neurol 213, 97–103
Lehmann D, Skrandies W (1979) Multichannel evoked potential fields show different properties of human upper and lower hemi-retinal systems. Exp Brain Res 35, 151–159
Lehmann D, Skrandies W (1980) Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 48, 609–621
Lehmann D, Skrandies W (1984) Spatial analysis of evoked potentials in man: a review. Progr Neurobiol 23, 227–250
Lehmann D, Meles HP, Mir Z (1977) Average multichannel EEG potential fields evoked from upper und lower hemiretina: latency differences. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurphysiol 43, 725–731
Lehmann D, Darcey TM, Skrandies W (1982) Intracerebral and scalp fields evoked by hemiretinal checkerboard reversal, and modeling of their dipole generators. In: Courjon J, Maugiere F, Revol M (eds) Clinical applications of evoked potentials in neurology. Raven, New York, pp 41–48
Lesèvre N (1972) Potentiels évoqués par des patterns chez l’homme: influence des variables caracterisant le stimulus et sa position dans le champ visuel. In: Fessard A, Lelord G (eds) Activités evoquées et leur conditionnement. INSERM, Paris, pp 1–22
Lesèvre N, Joseph JP (1979) Modifications of the pattern-evoked potential (PEP) in relation to the stimulated part of the visual field. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 47, 183–203
Lichtenstein M, White CT (1961) Relative visual latency as a function of retinal locus. J Opt Soc Am 51, 1033–1034
Lindsley DB, Lansing RW (1956) Flicker and two-flash fusional threshold and EEG, Am Psychol 11, 433
Linsenmeyer RA, Steinberg RH (1982) Origin and sensitivity of the light peak in the intact cat eye. J Physiol 331, 653–673
Lipkin BS (1962) Monocular flicker discrimination as a function of the luminance and area of contralateral steady light: I. Luminance. II. Area. J Opt Soc Am 52:1287–1295, 1296–1300
Low FN (1943) The peripheral visual acuity of 100 subjects. Am J Physiol 140, 83–88
Lundh BL, Lennerstrand G, Derefeldt G (1983) Central and peripheral normal contrast sensitivity for static and dynamic sinusoidal gratings. Acta Ophthalmol 61, 171–182
Luria SM, Kinney JA (1970) Underwater vision. Science 167, 1454–1461
MacKay DM (1984a) Source density analysis of scalp potentials during evaluated action. I. Coronal distribution. Exp Brain Res 54, 73–85
MacKay DM (1984b) Source density analysis of scalp potentials during evaluated action. II. Lateral coronal distributions. Exp Brain Res 54, 86–94
Maffei L (1982) Electroretinographic and visual cortical potentials in response to alternating gratings. Ann NY Acad Sci 388, 1–10
Maffei L, Fiorentini A (1981) Electroretinographic responses to alternating gratings before and after section of the optic nerve. Science 211, 953–955
Maffei L, Fiorentini A, Bisti S, Holländer H (1985) Pattern ERG in the monkey after section of the optic nerve. Exp Brain Res 59, 423–425
Magrotti E, Cosi V, Borutti G (1980) Differenze funzionali tra emicampi visivi superiore ed inferiore per stimoli non strutturanti. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 56, 416–422
Martin GR, Muntz WRA (1979) Retinal oil droplets and vision in the pigeon (Columba liva). In: Granda AM, Maxwell JF (eds) Neural mechanisms of behavior in the pigeon. Plenum, New York, pp 307–325
Matelli M, Olivieri MF, Saccani A, Rizzoloatti G (1983) Upper visual space neglect and motor deficits after section of the midbrain commissures in the cat. Behav Brain Res 10, 263–285
McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED (1972) Multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Millodot M, Lamont A (1974) Peripheral visual acuity in the vertical plane. Vision Res 14, 1497–1498
Mitzdorf U (1985) Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena. Physiol Rev 65, 37–100
Mitzdorf U, Singer W (1978) Prominent excitatory pathways in the cat visual cortex (A 17 and A 18): a current source density analysis of electrically evoked potentials. Exp Brain Res 33, 371–394
Murray I, MacCana F, Kulikowski JJ (1983) Contribution of two movement detecting mechanisms to central and peripheral vision. Vision Res 23, 151–159
Nachmias J (1959) Two-dimensional motion of the retinal image during monocular fixation. J Opt Soc Am 49, 901–908
Nagata T, Hayashi Y (1984) The visual field representation of the rat ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 227, 582–588
Newman RP, Kinkel WR, Jacobs L (1984) Altitudinal hemianopia caused by occipital infarctions. Arch Neurol 41, 413–418
Niemeyer G (1975) The function of the retina in the perfused eye. Doc Ophthalmol 35, 53–116
Nuboer JFW, Wortel JF (1985) Wavelength discrimination in the lower and upper visual field of the pigeon. J Physiol 366, 95P
Nunez P (1981) Electric fields of the brain. Oxford University Press, New York
Østerberg G (1935) Topography of the layer of rods and cones in the human retina. Acta Ophthalmol [13 Suppl. 6]: 1–102
Oyster CW, Takahashi ES, Cilluffo M, Brecha NC (1985) Morphology and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the cat retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci 82, 6335–6339
Payne WH (1965) Visual reaction times on a circle about the fovea. Science 155, 481–482
Pease VP, Sticht TG (1965) Reaction time as a function of onset and offset stimulation of the fovea and periphery. Percept Mot Skills 20, 549–554
Phelps ME, Kuhl DE, Mazziotta JC (1981) Metabolic mapping of the brain’s response to visual stimulation: studies in humans. Science 211, 1445–1448
Phillips G (1933) Perception of flicker in lesions of the visual pathways. Brain 56, 464–478
Poffenberger AT (1912) Reaction time to retinal stimulation with special reference to the time lost in conduction through nerve centers. Arch Psychol 3, 1–73
Poggio GF, Fischer B (1977) Binocular interaction and depth sensitivity in striate and prestriate cortex of behaving rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 40, 1392–1405
Presson J, Moran J, Gordon B (1983) Effects of eye rotation on visually guided behavior. J Neurophysiol 50, 631–643
Prinz W (1984) Attention and sensitivity in visual search. Psychol Res 45, 355–366
Quingley HA, Flower RW, Addicks EM, McLeod DS (1980) The mechanism of optic nerve damage in experimental acute intraocular pressure elevation. Invest Ophthalmol 19, 505–517
Rains JD (1963) Signal luminance and position effects in human reaction time. Vision Res 3, 239–251
Regan D, Silver R, Murray TJ (1977) Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis — hidden visual loss. Brain 100, 563–579
Rémond A, Lesèvre N, Joseph JP, Rieger H, Lairy GC (1969) The alpha average: I. Methodology and description. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 26, 245–265
Reuter TE, White RH, Wald G (1971) Rhodopsin and porphyropsin in the adult bullfrog retina. J Gen Physiol 58, 351–371
Riemslag FCC, Ringo JL, Spekreijse H, Verduyn Lunel HF (1985) The luminance origin of the pattern electroretinogram in man. J Physiol 363, 191–209
Riggs LA, Johnson EP, Schick AML (1964) Electrical responses of the human eye to moving stimulus patterns. Science 144, 567
Scalia F (1976) The optic pathway of the frog: nuclear organization and connections. In: Llinas R, Precht W (eds) Frog neurobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 386–406
Schade OH (1956) Optical and photoelectric analog of the eye. J Opt Soc Am 46, 721–739
Schmidt M, Wässle H, Humphrey M (1985) Number and distribution of putative cholinergic neurons in the cat retina. Neurosci Lett 59, 235–240
Schneider MR (1972) A multistage process for computing dipolar sources of EEG discharges from surface information. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 19, 1–12
Schneider MR (1974) Effect of inhomogeneities on surface signals coming from a cerebral dipole source. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 21, 52–54
Schwartz EL, Christman DR, Wolf AP (1984) Human primary visual cortex topography imaged via positron tomography. Brain Res 294, 225–230
Seiple WH, Siegel IM (1983) Recording the pattern electroretinogram: a cautionary note. Invest Ophthalmol 24, 796–798
Seneviratne KN (1963) The representation of the visual field on the subcortical centers of the cat and rabbit. PhD thesis, Edinburgh
Seneviratne KN, Whitteridge D (1962) Visual evoked responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Electrocephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 14, 785
Shickman GM (1981) Time-dependent functions in vision. In: Moses RA (ed) Adler’s physiology of the eye. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 663–713
Shurong W, Kun Y, Yinting W (1981) Visual field topography and binocular responses in frog’s nucleus isthmi. Scientia Sin [B] 24, 1292–1301
Sidman RD, Giambalvo V, Allison T, Bergey P (1978) A method for localization of sources of human cerebral potentials evoked by sensory stimuli. Sensory Proc 2, 116–129
Simonson E (1958) Contralateral glare effect on the fusion frequency of flicker. Arch Ophthalmol 60, 995–999
Skrandies W (1981) Latent components of potentials evoked by visual stimuli in different retinal locations. Int J Neurosci 14, 77–84
Skrandies W (1983) Information processing and evoked potentials: topography of early and late components. Adv Biol Psychiatr 13, 1–12
Skrandies W (1984a) Differences of visual evoked potential latencies and topographies depending on retinal location and presentation mode. Pflügers Arch 400, R31
Skrandies W (1984b) Scalp potential fields evoked by grating stimuli: effects of spatial frequency and orientation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 58, 325–332
Skrandies W (1985a) Critical flicker fusion and double flash discrimination in different parts of the visual field. Int J Neurosci 25, 225–231
Skrandies W (1985b) Human contrast sensitivity: regional retinal differences. Hum Neurobiol 4, 95–97
Skrandies W (1986a) Visual evoked potential topography: methods and results. In: Duffy FH (ed) Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity. Butterworth, Boston, pp 7–28
Skrandies W (1986b) Temporal summation of stereoscopic visual stimuli: brain electric components and subjective perception. In: Rohrbaugh JW, Johnson R, Parasuraman R (eds) Research reports of EPIC VIII conference, Stanford, pp 397–399
Skrandies W, Baier M (1986) Activity of human pigment epithelium shows differences between upper and lower retinal areas. Vision Res 26, 577–581
Skrandies W, Gottlob I (1986) Alterations of visual contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s Disease. Hum Neurobiol 5, 255–259
Skrandies W, Lehmann D (1982a) Occurrence time and scalp location of components of evoked EEG potential fields. In: Herrmann WM (ed) Electroencephalography in drug research. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 183–192
Skrandies W, Lehmann D (1982b) Spatial principal components of multichannel maps evoked by lateral visual half-field stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 54, 662–667
Skrandies W, Vomberg HE (1985) Stereoscopic stimuli activate different cortical neurones in man: electrophysiological evidence. Int J Psychophysiol 2, 293–296
Skrandies W, Richter M, Lehmann D (1980) Checkerboard evoked potentials: topography and latency for onset, offset, and reversal. Progr Brain Res 54, 291–295
Skrandies W, Wässle H, Peichl L (1978) Are field potentials an appropriate method for demonstrating connections in the brain? Exp Neurol 60, 509–521
Skrandies W, Chapman RM, McCrary JW, Chapman JA (1984) Distribution of latent components related to information processing. Ann NY Acad Sci 425, 271–277
Soso MJ, Lettich E, Belgum JH (1980) Pattern-sensitive epilepsy. II: Effects of pattern orientation and hemifield stimulation. Epilepsia 21, 313–323
Southall JPC (1962) Helmholtz’s treatise on physiological optics. Dover, New York
Spalding JMK (1952) Wounds of the visual pathway. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 15, 169–183
Sperry RW (1964) The great cerebral commissure. Sci Am 210, 42–52
Sperry RW (1968) Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness. Am Psychol 23, 723–733
Standage GP, Benevento LA, The organization of connections between the pulvinar and visual area MT in the macaque monkey. Brain Res 262, 288–294
Starr A, Achor J (1975) Auditory brainstem responses in neurological disease. Arch Neurol 32, 761–768
Stone J, Johnston E (1981) The topography of primate retina: a study of the human, bushbaby, and New- and Old-World monkeys. J Comp Neurol 196, 205–223
Sutton S, Braren M, Zubin J, John ER (1965) Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150, 1187–1188
Talairach J, Szikla G (1967) Atlas of stereotaxic anatomy of the telencephalon. Masson, Paris
Täumer R (ed) (1976) Electro-oculography — its clinical importance. Karger, Basel. Bibliotheca Ophthalmologica, Vol 85
ten Doesschate J (1946) Visual acuity and distribution of percipient elements on the retina. Ophthalmologica 112, 1–18
Teuber H-L, Battersby WS, Bender MB (1960) Visual field defects after penetrating missile wounds of the brain. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Teuber ML (1974) Sources of ambiguity in the prints of Maurits C. Escher. Sci. Am. 231 (No 1), 90–104
Torrealba F, Guillery RW, Eysel U, Polley EH, Mason CA (1982) Studies of retinal representations within the cat’s optic tract. J Comp Neurol 211, 377–396
Tusa RJ, Palmer LA, Rosenquist AC (1978) The retinotopic organization of area 17 (striate cortex) in the cat. J Comp Neurol 177, 213–236
Valeton JM, van Norren D (1982) Intraretinal recording of slow electrical responses to steady illumination in monkey: isolation of receptor responses and the origin of the light peak. Vision Res 22, 393–399
van Buren A (1963) The retinal ganglion cell layer. Thomas, Springfield
van de Grind WA, Grüsser O-J, Lunkenheimer H-U (1973) Temporal transfer properties of the afferent visual system. Psychophysical, neurophysiological and theoretical investigations. In: Jung R (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol VII/3A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 431–573
van der Waerden BL (1971) Mathematische Statistik, 3rd ed. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
van Essen DC (1985) Functional organization of primate visual cortex. In: Peters A, Jones EG (eds) Cerebral cortex, Vol 3. Plenum, New York, pp 259–329
van Essen DC, Maunsell JHR, Bixby JL (1981) The middle temporal visual area in the macaque: myeloarchitecture, connections, functional properties and topographic organization. J Comp Neurol 199, 293–326
van Essen DC, Newsome WT, Maunsell JHR (1984) The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: asymmetries, anisotropics, and individual variability. Vision Res 24, 429–448
van Essen DC, Newsome WT, Maunsell JHR, Bixby JL (1986) The projections from striate cortex (V1) to areas V2 and V3 in the macaque monkey: asymmetries, areal boundaries, and patchy connections. J Comp Neurol 244, 451–480
Vaney DI (1985) The morphology and topographic distribution of AII amacrine cells in the cat retina. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 224, 475–488
Vaney DI, Hughes A (1976) Rabbit optic nerve: fibre diameter spectrum, fibre count, and comparison with a retinal ganglion cell count. J Comp Neurol 170, 241–251
Vomberg HE, Skrandies W (1985) Untersuchung des Stereosehens im Zufallspunktmuster-VECP: Normbefunde und klinische Anwendung. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 187, 205–208
von der Heydt R, Hänni P, Dürsteier M, Peterhans E (1981) Neuronal responses to stereoscopic stimuli in the alert monkey — a comparison between striate and prestriate cortex. Pflügers Arch 391, R34
von Helmholtz H (1853) Über einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern, mit Anwendung auf die thierelektrischen Versuche. Ann Phys Chemie 29: 211–233, 353–377
von Helmholtz H (1910) Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, Vol 3, 3rd edn. Voss, Hamburg
Wässle H, Peichl L, Boycott BB (1978) Topography of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 203, 269–291
Wernicke C (1874) Der aphasische Symtomenkomplex. Cohne und Weigert, Breslau
Wertheim T (1894) Über die indirekte Sehsschärfe. Z Psychol Physiol Sinnesorg 7, 172–187
Whitteridge D (1973) Projection of optic pathways to the visual corex. In: Jung R (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol VII/3B. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 247–268
Wilson FN, Bayley RH (1950) The electric field of an eccentric dipole in a homogenous spherical conducting medium. Circulation 1, 84–92
Woodworth RS (1938) Experimental psychology. Holt, New York
Woodworth RS, Schlossberg H (1955) Experimental psychology, 3rd edn. Holt, New York
Yanashima K (1982) Surface distribution of steady-state cortical potentials evoked by visual half-field stimulation. Gräfes Arch Ophthalmol 218, 118–123
Yarbus AL (1967) Eye movements and vision. Plenum, New York
Zihl J, von Cramon D (1986) Zerebrale Sehstörungen. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Zubek JP, Bross M (1972) Depression and later enhancement of the critical flicker frequency during prolonged monocular deprivation. Science 176, 1045–1047
Zubek JP, Bross M (1973) Changes in critical flicker frequency during and after fourteen days of monocular deprivation. Nature 241, 288–290
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Skrandies, W. (1987). The Upper and Lower Visual Field of Man: Electrophysiological and Functional Differences. In: Autrum, H., Ottoson, D., Perl, E.R., Schmidt, R.F., Shimazu, H., Willis, W.D. (eds) Progress in Sensory Physiology. Progress in Sensory Physiology, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71060-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71060-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71062-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71060-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive