Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Control of Hyperuricemia

  • Chapter
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 50 / 2))

  • 171 Accesses

Abstract

Gout is a disorder of diverse aetiologies characterized by recurrent episodes of acute and chronic inflammation of the joints. Several groups of investigators have shown that the acute attack of gouty arthritis is due to the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the synovial fluid (Phelps et al., 1968; Seegmiller et al., 1963; Zwaifler and Pekin, 1963). Other clinical manifestations of this disorder may include relatively painless tophaceous deposits, renal calculi and renal insufficiency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altman, K. I., Smull, K., Guzman-Barron, E. S.: A new method for the preparation of uricase and the effect of uricase on the blood uric acid levels of the chicken. Arch. Biochem. 21, 158–165 (1949)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvsaker, J.O.: Uric acid in human plasma. III. Investigations on the interaction between urate ion and human albumin. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 17, 467–475 (1965)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auscher, C., Mercier, N., Masquier, C., Delbarre, F.: Allopurinol and thiopurinol: effect on oxy-purine excretion and on rate of in vitro synthesis of ribonucleotides. Advanc. exp. Med. Biol. 41B, 657–662 (1974b)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auscher, C., Pasquier, C., Mercier, N., Delbarre, F.: Oxidation of pyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine in a xanthinuric man. Advanc. exp. Med. Biol. 41B, 663–667 (1974 a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Band, P.R., Silverberg, D.S., Henderson, J.F., Ulan, R.A., Wensel, R.N., Benerjee, T.K., Little, A.S.: Xanthine nephropathy in a patient with lymphosarcoma treated with allopurinol. New Engl. J. Med. 283, 354–357 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beardmore, T.D., Cashman, J.S., Kelley, W.N.: Mechanism of allopurinol-mediated increase in enzyme activity in man. J. clin. Invest. 51, 1823–1832 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beardmore, T.D., Kelley, W.N.: Mechanism of allopurinol-mediated inhibition of pyrimidine biosyntheses. J. Lab. clin. Med. 78, 696–704 (1971)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, K.H., Miller, A.K., Russo, H.F., Patch, E.A., Verwey, W.F.: The inhibitory effect of caron-amide on the renal elimination of penicillin. Amer. J. Physiol. 149, 355–368 (1947)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, K.H., Russo, H.F, Tillson, E.K, Miller, A.K, Verwey, W.F, Gass, S.R.: ‘Benemid’, p-(di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid: its renal affinity and its elimination. Amer. J. Physiol. 166, 625–640(1951)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, K.H., Wiebelhaus, V.D., Tillson, E. K., Russon, H.F., Wilhoyte, K. M.: ‘Benemid’, p-(di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid; inhibition of glycine conjugative reactions. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 74, 772–775 (1950)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blondheim, S.H.: Effect of probenecid on excretion of bromosulphthalein. J. appl. Physiol. 7, 529–532 (1955)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bluestone, R., Kippen, I., Campion, D., Klinenberg, J., Whitehouse, M.: Urate binding: a clue to the pathogenesis of gout. J. Rheum. 1, 230–235 (1974)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boger, W.P., Bayne, G.M., Gylfe, J., Wright, L.D.: Renal clearance of pantothenic acid in man: inhibition by probenecid (‘benemid’). Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 82, 604–608 (1953)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boger, W.P., Matteucci, W.V., Schimmel, N.H.: Renal clearances of penicillin, phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) and paraaminohippurate (PAH) modified by ‘benemid’ (abstract). Amer. J. Med. 11, 517 (1951)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonar, J.A., Perkins, W.H.: Inhibition of urinary excretion of iodine131-labeled corticotropin by probenecid. J. clin. Endocr. 22, 38–42 (1962)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program: Excess of ampicillin skin rashes associated with allopurinol or hyperuricemia. New Engl. J. Med. 286, 505–507 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program: Allopurinol and cytotoxic drugs. Interaction in relation to bone marrow depression. J. Amer. med. Ass. 227, 1036–1040 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, M.B., Jr.: CSF homovanillic acid: effects of probenecid and alpha-methyl tyrosine. Life Sci. 9, 691–694 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, W., Whittaker, V.P., Lotspeich, W.D.: Renal excretion of phlorizin and phlorizin glucuronide. Amer. J. Physiol. 190, 563–569 (1957)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brewis, I., Ellis, R.M., Scott, J.T.: Single daily dose of allopurinol. Ann. rheum. Dis. 34, 256–259 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brochner-Mortensen, K., Cobb, S., Rose, B. S.: Review of diagnostic criteria and known etiological factors in gout. In: Kellgren, J. (Ed.): The Epidemiology of Chronic Rheumatism, Vol. 1, p.295. Philadelphia: F.A. Davies 1963

    Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuysen, J., Paco, M., Sion, R., Demeulenaere, L., VanHee, W.: Metabolism of benzbromarone in man. Europ. J. clin. Pharmacol. 4, 125–130 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J.J., Yu, T.-F., Berger, L., Gutman, A.B.: Zoxazolamine: physiological disposition, uricosuric properties. Amer. J. Med. 25, 401–408 (1958)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J.J., Yu, T.-F., Perel, J.M., Gutman, A.B., Brodie, B.B.: A potent new uricosuric agent, the sulfoxide metabolite of the phenylbutazone analogue, G-25761. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 119, 418–426(1957)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buzard, J., Bishop, C., Talbott, J.H.: Recovery in humans of intravenously injected isotopic uric acid. J. biol. Chem. 196, 179–184 (1952)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campion, D.S., Bluestone, R., Klinenberg, J.R.: Uric acid: characterization of its interaction with human serum albumin. J. clin. Invest. 52, 2383–2387 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camus, J.P., Prier, A., Kartun, P., Maugeis de Bourguesdon J.: Thyretoxicose et benziodarone. Rev. Rhum. 40(2), 148–150 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canellakis, E.S., Tuttle, A.L., Cohen, P.P.: A comparative study of the end-products of uric acid oxidation by peroxidases. J. biol. Chem. 213, 397–404 (1955)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartier, P.H., Hamet, M.: Mechanism of action of 4-oxy- and 4-thiopyrazole pyrimidines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 3061–3075 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chytil, F.: Activation of liver tryptophan oxygenase by adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate and other purine derivatives. J. biol. Chem. 243, 893–899 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, P.G., Perel, J.M., Cunningham, R.F., Israili, Z.H., Weiner, I.M.: Studies on the fate of metabolites and analogues of probenecid. The significance of metabolic sites, especially lack of ring hydroxylation. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1, 742–751 (1973)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, P.G., Sicam, L.E., Landrau, M., Burns, J.J.: Metabolism of sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) and other thio analogues of phenylbutazone in man. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 132, 287–290 (1961)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, P.G., Yu, T.-F., Chen, W., Berger, L., West, L.A., Gutman, A.B.: The physiological disposition of probenecid, including renal clearance, in man, studied by an improved method for its estimation in biological materials. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 140, 278–286 (1963)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, B.M., Perrett, D., Simmonds, H. A., Grahame, R.: Thiopurinol: comparative enzyme inhibition and protein binding studies with allopurinol, oxipurinol and 6-mercaptopurine. Brit. J. clin. Pharmacol. 1, 119–127 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Gery, A., Auscher, C., Saporta, L., Delbarre, F.: Treatment of gout and hyperuricemia by benz-bromarone, ethyl 2 (dibromo-3,5 hydroxy-4 benzoyl)-3 benzofuran. Advanc. exp. Med. Biol. 41B, 683–689 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delbarre, F., Amor, B., Auscher, C., De Gery, A.: Treatment of gout with allopurinol. A study of 106 cases. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 627–633 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delbarre, F., Auscher, C., Amor, B.: Action uricosurique et antigoutteuse de certain derives du benzofuranne. Presse med. 73, 2725–2726 (1965 a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delbarre, F., Auscher, C., Amor, B.: Action uricosurique de certains derives du benzofuranne. Bull. Soc. Med. Hôp. Paris 116, 1193–1196 (1965 b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delbarre, F., Auscher, C., De Gery, A., Brouilhet, H., Olivier, J.L.: Le traitement de la dyspurinurie goutteuse par la mercapto-pyrazolo-pyrimidine (M.P.P.: thiopurinol). Presse méd. 76, 2329–2332 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delbarre, F., Auscher, C., Olivier, J.L., Rose, A.: Traitement des hyperuricemies et de la goutte par les derives du benzofuranne. Sem. Hôp. Paris 43, 1127–1133 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deltour, G., Broekhuysen, J., Ghislain, M., Bourgeois, F., Binon, F.: Recherches dans la serie des benzofurannes. XXI. Effet inhibiteur de derives benzofuranniques phenoliques et des quelques analogues sur la xanthine oxydase hepatique du rat in vitro. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 165, 25–30(1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deseze, S., Ryckewaert, A.: Gout (in French). Paris: Expansion Sci. Franc. (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deseze, S., Ryckewaert, A., Cariot, M., Kahn, M.F., D’Anglejan, G.: Le traitment uricosurique de la goutte. In: Congres International de la Goutte et de la Lithiase Urique, p.297. Evian: 1964

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubin, A., Kushner, D.S., Bronsky, D., Pascale, L.R.: Hyperuricemia in hypoparathyroidism. Metabolism 5, 703–709 (1956)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elion, G.B.: Enzymatic and metabolic studies with allopurinol. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 608–614 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elion, G.B., Kovensky, A., Hitchings, G.H., Metz, E., Rundles, E.W.: Metabolic studies of allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 15, 863–880 (1966)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elion, G.B., Yu, T.-F., Gutman, A.B., Hitchings, G.H.: Renal clearance of oxipurinol, the chief metabolite of allopurinol. Amer. J. Med. 45, 69–77 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellman, M.H., Fretzin, D.F., Olson, W.: Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with allopurinol administration. Arch. Derm. 111, 986–990 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmerson, B.T.: A comparison of uricosuric agents in gout, with special reference to sulfinpyrazone. Med. J. Aust. 50, 839–844 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmerson, B.T.: The use of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, in the control of hyperuricemia, gout and uric acid calculi. Aust. Ann. Med. 16, 205–214 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, P.C., Popovich, R.P., Babb, A.L.: Binding levels of urate ions in human serum albumin and plasma. Biochim. biophys. Acta 243, 49–52 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelson, P., Davidson, J.D., Robins, P.K.: Pyrazolopyrimidines as inhibitors and substrates of xanthine oxidase. J. biol. Chem. 226, 993–1000 (1957)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, T.F., Morgan, W.S., Levitin, H.: Nephrotic syndrome caused by probenecid. New Engl. J. Med. 265, 381–383(1961)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, O., Fitzpatrick, D.A., McGeeny, K. F.: Urate-oxidase treatment for hyperuricemia. Lancet 1975I, 525

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, I.H., Wyngaarden, J.B., Kelley, W.N.: Depletion of erythrocyte phosphoribo-sylpyrophosphate in man, a newly observed effect of allopurinol. New Engl. J. Med. 283, 1177–1182 (1970 a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R.M., Royse-Smith, D., O’Sullivan, W.J.: Orotidinuria induced by allopurinol. Science 168, 861–862 (1970b)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R.M., Wood, M.H., O’Sullivan, W.H.: Studies on the coordinate activity and lability of orotidylate phosphoribosyltransferase and decarboxylase in human erythrocytes, and the effects of allopurinol administration. J. clin. Invest. 50, 1050–1060 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, S.Z.: The alternating use of an alkalinizing salt and acetazolamide in the management of cystine and uric acid stones. J. Urol. (Baltimore) 113, 96–99 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, R.C., Perry, S., Breitman, T.R.: Inhibition of human leukocyte pyrimidine deoxynucleoside synthesis by allopurinol and 6-mercaptopurine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17, 2185–2191 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, L.I., Crigler, J.R., Jr., Migeon, C.J.: Inhibition of 17-keto-steroid excretion produced by ‘benemid’. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 78, 460–463 (1951)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, A.B.: Observations on certain pathological conditions of the blood and urine in gout, rheumatism and Bright’s disease. Med.-chir. Soc. Trans. 31, 83–98 (1848)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geren, W., Bendich, A., Bodansky, O., Brown, G.B.: Fate of uric acid in man. J. biol. Chem. 183, 21–31 (1950)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, D., Forrest, H.S.: Inhibition of tryptophan pyrrolase by some naturally occurring pteridines. Arch. Biochem. 120, 578–582 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibaldi, M., Schwartz, M.A.: Apparent effect of probenecid on the distribution of penicillins in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 345–349 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, E.N.: Sulfinpyrazone in the treatment of arthritis associated with hyperuricaemia. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 54, 423–426 (1961)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goetzee, A.E., Richards, T.G., Tindall, V.R.: Experimental changes in liver function induced by probenecid. Clin. Sci. 19, 63–78 (1960)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, C.S., Sparell, G.: Inhibition of dapsone excretion by probenecid. Lancet 1969II, 884–885

    Google Scholar 

  • Grahame, R., Simmonds, H.A., Cadenhead, A., Dean, B.M.: Metabolic studies of thiopurinol in man and pig. Advanc. exp. Med. Biol. 41B, 597–605 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M.S., Zambrano, S.S.: Aplastic agranulocytosis after allopurinol therapy. Arthr. Rheum. 15, 413–416 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, M.L., Fujimoto, W.Y., Seegmiller, J.E.: Urinary xanthine stones–a rare complication of allopurinol therapy. New Engl. J. Med. 280, 426–427 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greiling, H., Kaneko, M.: Influence of a uricosuric drug on connective tissue metabolism. Advanc. exp. Med. Biol. 41B, 693–698 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M.: Oxidation of uric acid catalyzed by copper and by the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase system. J. biol. Chem. 197, 399–407 (1952)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grobner, W., Kelley, W.N.: Effect of allopurinol and its metabolic derivatives on the configuration of human orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24, 379–384 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A.B., Dayton, P.G., Yu, T.-F., Berger, L., Chen, W., Sicam, L.E., Burns, J.J.: A study of the inverse relationship between pKa and rate of renal excretion of phenylbutazone analogs in man and dog. Amer. J. Med. 29, 1017–1033 (1960)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A.B., Yu,T.-F.: Benemid [(p-di-n-propylsulfamyl)-benzoic acid] as a uricosuric agent in chronic gouty arthritis. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns 64, 279–288 (1951)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A.B., Yu, T.-F.: Renal function in gout, with a commentary on the renal regulation of urate excretion and the role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of gout. Amer. J. Med. 23, 600–622 (1957 a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A.B., Yu, T.-F.: Protracted uricosuric therapy in tophaceous gout. Lancet 1957II, 1258–1260 (1957 b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A.B., Yu, T.-F.: A three component system for regulation of renal excretion of uric acid in man. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns 74, 353–365 (1961)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, A.B., Yu, T.-F., Sirota, J.H.: A study, by simultaneous clearance techniques, of salicylate excretion in man. Effect of alkalinization of the urine by bicarbonate administration; effect of probenecid. J. clin. Invest. 34, 711–721 (1955)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M.T., Cameron, A.J.V.: Iodine induced hypothyroidism due to benziodarone (cardivix). Brit. med. J. 1, 840 (1965)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J.F.: Regulation of purine biosynthesis. Washington: American Chemical Society Monograph 170, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, G.T., Rottino, A., Albaum, H.G.: Levels of nucleotide in the blood during shock. Science 114, 188–189 (1951)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, E.W., Kelley, W.N., Wyngaarden, J.B.: The kidney and uric acid excretion in man. Kidney Int. 2, 115–118 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, E.W., Kelley, W.N., Wyngaarden, J.B.: Control of purine biosynthesis in normal and pathological states. Bull, rheum. Dis. 26, 848–853 (1976)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, K.C.: Renal excretion of L-tyrosine and its derivatives. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 134, 257–265 (1961)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israili, Z.H., Percel, J.M., Cunningham, R.F., Dayton, P.G., Yu, T.-F., Gutman, A.B., Long, K.R., Long, R.C., Goldstein, J.H.: Metabolites of probenecid. Chemical, physical and pharmacological studies. J. med. Chem. 15, 709–713 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarzobski, A.B., Jr., Ferry, J., Wombolt, D., Fitch, D.M., Egan, J.D.: Vasculitis with allopurinol therapy. Amer. Heart J. 79, 116–121 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, S., Poulsen, H.E.: Enzymic determination of hypoxanthine and xanthine in human plasma and urine. Acta pharmacol. (Kbh.) 11, 223–243 (1955)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julian, J., Chytil, F.: Participation of xanthine oxidase in the activation of liver tryptophan pyrrolase. J. biol. Chem. 245, 1161–1168 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaegi, A., Pineo, G.F., Shimizu, A., Trivedi, H., Hirsh, J., Gent, M.: Arteriovenous shunt thrombosis. Prevention by sulfinpyrazone. New Engl. J. Med. 290, 304–306 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kampmann, J., Lindahl, F., Hansen, J.M., Siersback-Nielsen, K.: Effect of probenecid on the excretion of ampicillin in human bile. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 47, 782–786 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, W.A., Schubert, M.: The interaction of monosodium urate with connective tissue components. J. clin. Invest. 49, 1783–1789 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W.N.: Effects of drugs on uric acid in man. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 15, 327–350 (1975a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W.N.: Pharmacologic approach to the maintenance of urate homeostasis. Nephron 14, 99–115 (1975 b)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W.N., Beardmore, T.: Allopurinol: alteration in pyrimidine metabolism in man. Science 169, 388–390(1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W.N., Rosenbloom, F.M., Miller, J., Seegmiller, J.E.: An enzymatic basis for variation in response to allopurinol. New Engl. J. Med. 278, 287–293 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenwright, S., Levi, A.J.: Impairment of hepatic uptake of rifamycin antibiotics by probenecid, and its therapeutic implications. Lancet 1973II, 1401–1405

    Google Scholar 

  • Kippen, I., Klinenberg, J.R., Weinberger, A., Wilcox, W.R.: Factors affecting urate solubility in vitro. Ann. rheum. Dis. 33, 313–317 (1974a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kippen, I., Whitehouse, M.W., Klinenberg, J.R.: Pharmacology of uricosuric drugs. Ann. rheum. Dis. 33, 391–396 (1974 b)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, P., Lamarche, M., Royer, R.: Modification of uricemia and the excretion of uric acid nitrogen by an enzyme of fungal origin. Nature (Lond.) 217, 72–74 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinenberg, J.R., Goldfinger, S.E., Seegmiller, J.E.: The effectiveness of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Ann. intern. Med. 62, 639–647 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, F.O., Rukes, J.M.: Effects of benemid (probenecid) in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism (abstract). J. clin. Endocr. 14, 785 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovarsky, J., Holmes, E.W., Kelley, W.N.: Absence of significant urate binding to human serum proteins (abstract). Clin. Res. 24, 21A (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Krenitsky, T.A., Elion, G.B., Henderson, A.M., Hitchings, G.H.: Inhibition of human purine nucleoside Phosphorylase. Studies with intact erythrocytes and the purified enzyme. J. biol. Chem. 243, 2876–2881 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krenitsky, T.A., Elion, G.B., Strelitz, R.A., Hitchings, G.H.: Ribonucleotides of allopurinol and oxoallopurinol. Isolation from human urine, enzymatic synthesis and characterization. J. biol. Chem. 242, 2675–2682 (1967)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krenitsky, T.A., Neil, S.M., Elion, G.B., Hitchings, G.H.: A comparison of the specifities of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Arch. Biochem. 150, 585–589 (1972)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krooth, R.S., Lam, G.F.M., Kiang, S.Y.C.: Oxipurinol and orotic aciduria: effect on orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase activity of cultured human fibroblasts. Cell 3, 55–57 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzell, W., Glover, R., Gibbs, J., Blau, R.: Effect of anturane on serum uric acid and cholesterol in gout. A long-term study. Acta rheum, scand. Suppl. 8, 31–40 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzell, W., Seebach, L.M., Glover, R.P., Jackman, A.E.: Treatment of gout with allopurinol and sulfinpyrazone in combination and with allopurinol alone. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 634–642 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landgrebe, A.R., Nyhan, W.L., Coleman, M.: Urinary tract stones resulting from excretion of oxypurinol. New Engl. J. Med. 292, 626–627 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, N.W., Abrahams, O.L.: Allopurinol in patients with impaired renal function. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 681–687(1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, D.L.: Clinical experience with benzbromarone in gout. A potent uricosuric agent (abstract). Arthr. Rheum. 18, 412 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • London, M., Hudson, P.B.: Uricolytic activity of purified uricase in two human beings. Science 125, 937–938(1957)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markkanen, T., Toivanen, P., Toivanen, A., Sotaneimi, E.: The effect of probenecid (p-[di-n-pro-pylsulfamyl]-benzoic acid) on the spontaneous renal excretion of biologically active metabolites of thiamine, riboflavin and pantothenic acid. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 15, 511–516 (1963)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, V., Komai, H., Palmer, G., Elion, G.B.: On the mechanism of inactivation of xanthine oxidase by allopurinol and other pyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidines. J. biol. Chem. 245, 2837– 2844 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moller, J.U.: The rubular site of urate transport in the rabbit kidney and the effect of probenecid on urate secretion. Acta pharmacol. (Kbh.) 23, 329–336 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudge, G.H.: Uricosuric action of cholecystographic agents. A possible factor in nephrotoxicity. New Engl. J. Med. 284, 929–933 (1971)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D.J., Bugge, C.J.L., Krasny, H.C., Elion, G.B.: Formation of nucleotides of (6-14C) allopurinol and (6-14C) oxipurinol in rat tissues and effects on uridine nucleotide pools. Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 2003–2022 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D.J., Elion, G.B.: Metabolism of (6-14C) allopurinol-lack of incorporation of allopurinol into nucleic acids. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24, 1235–1237 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newcombe, D.S., Cohen, A.S.: Uricosuric agents and phenolsulfonphthalein excretion. Arch, intern. Med. 112, 738–741 (1963)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nivet, M., Marcovici, J., Laurelle, P., Farah, M.: Note preliminaire sur l’action d’un benzofuranne sur l’uricemie. Bull. Soc. Med. Hôp. Paris 73, 1187–1192 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogryzlo, M.A., Urowitz, M., Weber, H.M., Haupt, J.B.: Effects of allopurinol on gouty and non-gouty uric acid nephropathy. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 673–680 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peck, H.M., Beyer, K.H.: Renal function: excretion of phenolsulfonphthalein by the amphibian (Rana pipiens) kidney (abstract). Fed. Proc. 393–394 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Perel, J.M., Dayton, P.G., Snell, M.M., Yu, T.-F., Gutman, A.B.: Studies of interactions among drugs in man at the renal level: probenecid and sulfinpyrazone. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 10, 834–840(1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persellin, R.H., Schmid, F.R.: The use of sulfinpyrazone in the treatment of gout. J. Amer. med. Ass. 75, 971–975(1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J.P., van Slyke, K.K.: Quantitative Clinical Chemistry, 2nd Ed., Vol.1. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1946

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, P., Steele, A.D., McCarty, D.J., Jr.: Compensated polarized light microscopy. Identification of crystals in synovial fluids from gout and pseudogout. J. Amer. med. Ass. 203, 508–512(1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, E.S., Schlant, R.C., Gonick, H.C., Dammin, G.J.: Fatal massive necrosis of the liver as a manifestation of hypersensitivity to probenecid. New Engl. J. Med. 256, 592–596 (1957)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieselbach, R.E., Steele, T.H. (eds.): Symposium on influence of the kidney upon urate homeostasis in man. Nephron 14, 5–115 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodnan, G.P., Robin, J.A.: Allopurinol and gouty hyperuricemia: efficacy of a single daily dose. J. Amer. med. Ass. 231, 1143–1147 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royer, R., Vindel, J., Lamarche, M., Kissel,P.: Modalités d’elimination des purines au cours du traitement enzymatique de la goutte et des ètats hyperuricemiques par une urate-oxydase. Presse, med. 76, 2325–2328 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rundles, R.W.: Allopurinol in gouty nephropathy and renal dialysis. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 694–696 (1966 a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rundles, R.W.: Effect of allopurinol on 6-mercaptopurine therapy in neoplastic diseases. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 655–656 (1966 b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rundles, R.W., Metz, E.N., Silberman, H.R.: Allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Ann. intern. Med. 64, 229–258 (1966)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rundles, R.W., Silberman, H.R., Hitchings, G.H., Elion, G.B.: Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitor on clinical manifestations and purine metabolism in gout (abstract). Ann. intern. Med. 60, 717–718 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rundles, R.W., Wyngaarden, J.B., Hitchings, G.H., Elion, G.B.: Drugs and uric acid. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 9, 345–362 (1969)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rundles, R.W., Wyngaarden, J.B., Hitchings, G.H., Elion, G.B., Silberman, H.R.: Effects of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on thiopurine metabolism, hyperuricemia and gout. Trans. Ass. Amer. Phycns 76, 126–140 (1963)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, G.: Enhancement of heparin effect by probenecid. New Engl. J. Med. 292, 48 (1975)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D., Manis, J.D.: Salicylate and salicyl conjugates: fluorometric estimation, biosynthesis and renal excretion in man. J. clin. Invest. 37, 800–807 (1958)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seegmiller, J.E., Grayzel, A.I., Laster, L., Liddle, L.: Uric acid production in gout. J. clin. Invest. 40, 1304–1314(1961)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seegmiller, J.E., Laster, L., Howell, R.R.: Biochemistry of uric acid and its relation to gout (part I). New Engl. J. Med. 268, 712–716 (1963)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, S., Wyngaarden, J.B.: Plasma glutamine and oxypurine content in patients with gout. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 88, 342–345 (1955)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serre, H., Simon, L., Claustre, J.: Les urico-frenateurs dans le traitement de la goutte. A propos de 126 cas. Sem. Hôp. Paris 46, 3295–3301 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, R.K., Shullman, R.N., Davidson, J.D., Rail, D.P., Frei, E. III: Studies with the experimental antitumor agent 4-aminopyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine. Cancer (Philad.) 13, 482–489 (1960)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh, M.I., Moller, J.V.: Binding of urate to proteins of human and rabbit plasma. Biochim. biophys. Acta 158, 456–458 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, H.A., Cadenhead, A., Cameron, J.S., Rising, T.J., Grahame, R., Dean, B.M.: Thiopurinol and purine metabolism: metabolic and radioisotope studies. Ann. rheum. Dis. 33, 548–553 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, F., Feldman, B., Gerenty, D.: Granulomatous hepatitis in patients receiving allopurinol. Gastroenterology 62, 101–104 (1972)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skeith, M.D., Simkin, P.A., Healey, L.A.: The renal excretion of indomethacin and its inhibition by probenecid. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 89–93 (1968)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, L.B.: Degradation of uric acid in man. Metabolism 8, 687–703 (1959)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, L.B.: The elimination of uric acid in man studied by menas of C14-labeled uric acid. Uricolysis. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 12 (suppl. 54), 1–214 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, L.B.: The pathogenesis of gout. Arch. intern. Med. 109, 379–390 (1962)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, P.P., Weily, H.S., Genton, E.: Platelet survival and adhesiveness in recurrent venous thrombosis. New Engl. J. Med. 288, 1148–1152 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoberg, K.-H.: Allopurinol therapy of gout with renal complications. Ann. rheum. Dis. 25, 688–690(1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin, N.R., Goodwin, F.K., Axelrod, J.: Rapid elevation of biogenic amine metabolites in human CSF following probenecid. Life Sci. 9, 1397–1408 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjandramaga, T.B., Cucinell, S.A., Israili, Z.H., Perel, J.M., Dayton, P.G., Yu, T.-F, Gutman, A.B.: Observation on the disposition of probenecid in patients receiving allopurinol. Pharmacology (Basel) 8, 259–272 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truscoe, R., Williams, V.: The effect of allopurinol on urate oxidase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17, 165–167 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Utsinger, P.D., Yount, W.J.: Granular deposition of IgM at the dermo-epidermal junction in allopurinol hypersensitivity (abstract). Clin. Res. 24, 23A (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag, H.M., Korf, J., Puite, J.: 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressive patients treated with probenecid. Nature (Lond.) 225, 1259–1260 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venter J.C., Venter, B.R., Dixon, J.E., Kaplan, N.O.: A possible role for glass bead immobilized enzymes as therapeutic agents (immobilized uricase as enzyme therapy for hyperuricemia). Biochem. Med. 12, 79–91 (1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vesell, E.W., Passananti, G.T., Greene, F.E.: Impairment of drug metabolism in man by allopurinol and nortriptyline. New Engl. J. Med. 283, 1484–1488 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, R.W.E., Scott, J.T., Chalmers, R.A., Bitensky, L., Chayen, J.: Microscopic studies on skeletal muscle in gout patients treated with allopurinol. Quart. J. Med. 40, 1–14 (1971 a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, R.W.E., Snedden, W., Parker, R.A.: A quantitative study of skeletal muscle purines and pyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidines in gout patients treated with allopurinol. Clin. Sci. 41, 153–158 (1971b)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weily, H.S., Genton, E.: Altered platelet function in patients with prosthetic mitral valves. Effects of sulfinpyrazone therapy. Circulation 42, 967–972 (1970)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, I.M., Washington, J.A. II., Mudge, G.H.: Studies on the renal excretion of salicylate in the dog. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 105, 284–297 (1959)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, F.R.: 4-Aminopyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine and three derivatives. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 3, 26–36 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, M.W., Kippen, I., Klinenberg, J.R., Schlosstein, L., Campion, D.S., Bluestone, R.: Increasing excretion of urate with displacing agents in man. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 226, 309–318 (1973)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, W.R., Khalaf, A.R.: Nucleation of monosodium urate crystals. Ann. rheum. Dis. 34, 332–339(1975)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.D., Simmonds, H.A., North, J.D.K.: Allopurinol in the treatment of uraemic patients with gout. Ann. rheum. Dis. 26, 136–141 (1967)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson, W.Q., Cohn, C., Levine, R., Huddlestun, B.: Transport and excretion of uric acid in man. III. Physiologic significance of the uricosuric effect of caronamide (abstract). Amer. J. Med. 4, 774 (1948)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyngaarden, J.B.: The effect of phenylbutazone on uric acid metabolism in two normal subjects. J. clin. Invest. 34, 256–262 (1955)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyngaarden, J.B., Kelley, W.N.: Gout and hyperuricemia. New York: Grune and Stratton 1976. In press

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyngaarden, J.B., Rundles, R.W., Metz, E.N.: Allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Ann. intern. Med. 62, 842–847 (1965)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyngaarden, J.B., Rundles, R.W., Silberman, H.R., Hunter, S.: Control of hyperuricemia with hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine, a purine analogue which inhibits uric acid synthesis (abstract). Arthr. Rheum. 6, 306–307 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, J.L., Jr., Boswell, R.B., Nies, A.S.: Severe allopurinol hypersensitivity. Association with thiazides and prior renal compromise. Arch. intern. Med. 134, 553–558 (1974)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T.-F., Burns, J.J., Gutman, A.B.: Results of a clinical trial of G-28315, a sulfoxide analogue of phenylbutazone, as a uricosuric agent in gouty subjects. Arthr. Rheum. 1, 532–543 (1958)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T.-F., Gutman, A.B.: Study of the paradoxical effects of salicylate in low, intermediate and high dosage on the renal mechanisms for excretion of urate in man. J. clin. Invest. 38, 1298–1315(1959)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T.-F., Gutman, A.B.: Effects of allopurinol [4-hydroxypyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine] on serum and urinary uric acid in primary and secondary gout. Amer. J. Med. 37, 885–898 (1964)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zollner, N., Dofel, W., Grobner, W.: Die Wirkung Benzbromaronum auf die renale Harnsäureausscheidung Gesunder. Klin. Wschr. 48, 426–432 (1970)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zollner, N., Stern, G., Grobner, W., Dofel, W.: Über die Senkung des Harnsäurespiegels im Plasma durch Benzbromaronum. Klin. Wschr. 46, 1318–1319 (1968)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaifler, N. J., Pekin, T.J.: Significance of urate crystals in synovial fluids. Arch, intern. Med. 111, 99–102(1963)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. Kovarsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. W. Holmes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Langley Court, BR3 3BS, Beckenham, Kent, UK

    John R. Vane

  2. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 14.100, São Paulo, Brazil

    Sergio H. Ferreira

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kovarsky, J., Holmes, E.W. (1979). Control of Hyperuricemia. In: Vane, J.R., Ferreira, S.H. (eds) Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 50 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66891-3_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66891-3_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-66893-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-66891-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation