Abstract
The normal surface state for metallic materials is an oxide skin since a bare surface would be a highly unstable chemical situation in the oxidizing air atmosphere of our earth. Most metals form at ambient and even at low temperatures thin adherent oxide scales which protect the bulk of the metal from further attack by reactive gas molecules. The growth of such tarnishing layers is a complex process. The reacting elements, metal atoms and oxygen molecules, are separated by the oxide skin formed as reaction product. This is an ionic compound and, therefore, the more mobile atom of the two reactants has to be transferred first to a charged defect in the crystal lattice before it can migrate to the reaction front. An electric field can exist across the oxide layer and introduce additional effects that make understanding of the reaction mechanism more difficult.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Chapter 5
G. Tammann: Z. Anorganische Chemie 111, 78 (1920).
N. B. Pilling R. E. Bedworth: J. Inst. Metals 29, 529 (1923).
C. Wagner: Z. physik. Chem. B21, 25 (1933).
C. Wagner: Z. physik. Chem. B32, 447 (1936).
K. Hauffe: Oxidation of Metals (Plenum, New York 1965).
N. Cabrera N. F. Mott: Rep. Prog. Phys. 12, 163 (1949).
A. T. Fromhold Jr: Theory of Metal Oxidation, Vol. 1, Fundamentals (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1976); Vol. II, Space Charge (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1980).
E. Fromm: Model Calculations of Metal Oxidation at Ambient Temperatures in J. Nowotny, W. Weppner (eds.): Non-stoichometrie Compounds, Surfaces, Grain Boundaries and Structural Defects, (Kluwer, Drodrecht, Boston 1989) pp. 523–534.
V. Grajewski E. Fromm: Low-temperature oxidation of metals, in Interface Segregation and Related Processes, ed. by J. Nowotny (Trans. Tech. Publ., Zürich 1991) pp. 337–399.
M. Martin E. Fromm: J. Allogs and Compounds 258, 7–16 (1997).
M. Martin: Experimente mit der Schwingquarzwaage zur Oxidation von Eisen-, Aluminium- und Titanfilmen zwischen 50 und 200 °C und Modellrechnungen zur Raumtemperaturoxidation, Dissertation, University of Tübingen (1992); and Fortschrittberichte VDI, Serie 5: Grund- und Werkstoffe Nr. 311 (VDI Verlag, Düsseldorf 1993).
F. P. Fehlner: Low-Temperature Oxidation, The Role of Vitreous Oxides (Wiley, New York 1986).
H. Chichy E. Fromm: Thin Solid Films 195, 147–158 (1991).
M. Martin W. Mader E. Fromm: Thin Solid Films 250, 61–66 (1994).
E. Fromm O. Mayer: Surface Sci. 74, 259–275 (1978).
U. R. Evans: The Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals: Scientific Principles and Practical Applications, (St. Marlins’s Press, New York 1960).
N. F. Mott: Trans. Faraday Soc. 35, 1175 (1939); 36, 472 (1940).
W. Schottky: Zur Frage der rationalen Störstellenbezeichnung, in Halbleiterprobleme, 4, 235 (Vieweg, Braunschweig 1958).
H. Rickert: Electrochemistry of Solids (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982).
J. D. Jackson: Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York 1975).
S. Gladstone K. J. Laidler H. Eyring: The Theory of Rate Processes (Mc Graw-Hill, New York 1941).
Ch. Kittel: Introduction to Solid State Physics (Wiley, New York 1976) p. 244.
V. Grajewski: Modellrechnungen zur Raumtemperatur-oxidation von Metallen und Experimente mit Nickel- und Titanfilmen, Dissertation, University of Stuttgart (1989).
S. R. Pollack C. E. Morris: J. Appl. Phys. 35, 1503 (1964).
J. E. Boggio R. C. Plumb: Chem. Phys. 44, 1081 (1966).
J. E. Boggio: J. Chem. Phys. 53, 3544 (1970).
M. RonayE. E. Latta: Phys. Rev. B 32, 537 (1985).
N. Tsuda K. Nasu A. Yanase K. Siratori: Electronic Conduction in Oxides, Springer Ser. Solid- State Sci., Vol. 94 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1991).
P. A. Cox: Transition Metal Oxides (ClarendonOxford 1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fromm, E. (1998). Low-Temperature Oxidation. In: Kinetics of Metal-Gas Interactions at Low Temperatures. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, vol 36. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60311-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60311-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-63975-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60311-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive