Abstract
During routine diagnostic MR, patient monitoring is required for sedated or anesthetized patients as well as for those with instable vital functions (Boesch 1995; Shellock and Kanal 1993). Patient monitoring during an MR examination is complicated since the MR system is an extremely hostile environment for other electronic devices and sensors, and at the same time a very sensitive receiver, making the images prone to artifacts. Before devices were commercially available, many monitoring devices were developed by adaptation of existing systems (Boesch 1995 and references therein; Kanal and Shellock 1992 and references therein). The constant evolution of MR techniques (e.g., interventional MR or echo planar imaging) has necessitated adaptation and evolution of the existing systems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balcavage WX, Alvager T, Swez J, Goff CW, Fox MT, Abdullyava S, King MW (1996) A mechanism for action of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on biological systems. Chem Biophys Res Commun 222: 374–378
Barker SJ, Hyatt J, Shah NK, Kao YJ (1993) The effect of sensor malpositioning on pulse oximeter accuracy during hypoxemia. Anesthesiology 79: 248–254
Bashein G, Syrovy G (1991) Burns associated with pulse oximetry during magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology 75: 382–383
Boesch C (1995) Patient life support and monitoring facilities for whole body MRI. In: Grant DM, Harris RK (eds) Encyclopedia of nuclear magnetic resonance, Wiley, Chichester, pp 3467–3475
Dimick RN, Hedlund LW, Herfkens RJ, Fram EK, Utz J (1987) Original investigations: optimizing electrocardiograph electrode placement for cardiac-gated magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 22: 17–22
Felblinger J, Lehmann C, Boesch C (1994) Electrocardiogram acquisition during MR examinations for patient monitoring and sequence triggering. Magn Reson Med 32: 523–529
Felmee J, Hokanson D, Zink F, Perkins W (1995) Real time evaluation of EKG electrode heating during MRI at 1.5 T. (abstract) Proceedings of the 3rd annual meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance, Nice, p 1226
Jorgensen NH, Messick JM, Gray J, Nugent M, Berquist TH (1994) ASA monitoring standards and magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg 79: 1141–1147
Kanal E, Shellock FG (1992) Patient monitoring during clinical MR imaging. Radiology 185: 623–629
Keltner JR, Ross MS, Brakeman PR, Budinger TF (1990) Magnetohydrodynamics of blood flow. Magn Reson Med 16: 139–149
Maier SE, Wildermuth S, Darrow RD, Watkins RD, Debatin JF, Dumoulin CL (1995) Safety of MR tracking catheters, (abstract) Proceedings of the 3rd annual meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance, Nice, p 497
Mendelson Y (1995) Optical sensor. In: Bronzino JD (ed) The biomedical engineering handbook. CRC Press, Florida, pp 764–778
Mendelson Y, Yocum BL (1991) Noninvasive measurement of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation with heated and a non heated skin reflectance pulse oximeter sensor. Biomed Instrum Technol 25: 472–480
Shellock FG, Myers SM, Kimble KJ (1992) Monitoring heart rate and oxygen saturation with a fiber-optic pulse oximeter during MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158: 663–664
Shellock FG, Kanal E (1993) Magnetic resonance in bio-effects, safety, and patient management. Raven, New York, pp 61–79
Taber KH, Hayman LA (1992) Temperature monitoring during MR imaging: comparison of fluoroptic and standard thermistors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2: 99–101
Tenforde TS, Gaffey CT, Moyer BR, Budinger TF (1983) Cardiovascular alterations in macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: experimental observations and theoretical analysis. Bioelectromagnetics 4: 1–9
van Genderingen HR, Sprenger M, de Ridder JW, van Rossum AC (1989) Carbon-fiber electrodes and leads for electrocardiography during MR imaging. Radiology 171: 872
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Felblinger, J., Boesch, C. (1998). Patient Monitoring in the MR Environment. In: Debatin, J.F., Adam, G. (eds) Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60272-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60272-6_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64329-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60272-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive