Skip to main content

Channels in Vision: Basic Aspects

  • Chapter
Perception

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((SENSORY,volume 8))

Abstract

Kenneth J.W. Craik (1914–1945), while discussing how the human visual system recognized objects, wrote:

Now in mathematics it is legitimate to seek transformations through which certain quantities (such as the physical laws of nature and the velocity of light in relativity theory) remain invariant. In fact, the action of various physical devices which “recognize” or respond identically to certain simple objects can be treated in terms of such transformations. Thus the essential part of physical “recognizing” instruments is usually a filter—whether it be a mechanical sieve, an optical filter, or a tuned electrical circuit —which “passes” only quantities of the kind it is required to identify and rejects all others. Mathematically, the situation here is that, in a perfect filter, the transformation leaves the desired quantity unaltered, but reduces all others to zero.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andrews, D.P.: Perception of contours in the central fovea. Nature (Lond.) 205, 1218–1220 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, H.C.: Digital computers and image processing. Endeavour 31, 88–94 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J.: Visibility of an afterimage in the presence of a second afterimage. Percept. Psychophys. 12, 257–262 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J., Campbell, F.W.: The effect of phase on the perception of compound gratings. Vision Res. 14, 159–162 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J., Campbell, F.W., Fiorentini, A., Maffei, L.: The dependence of monocular rivalry on spatial frequency. Perception 2, 127–133 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson. J., Campbell, F.W., Francis, M.R.: The magic number4 áo: A new look at visual numerosity judgements. Perception. 5, 327–334 (1976)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagrash. F.M.: Size-selective adaptation: psychophysical evidence for size-tuning and the effects of stimulus contour and adapting flux. Vision Res. 13, 575–599 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagrash, F.M., Thomas, J.P., Shimamura, K.K.: Size-tuned mechanisms: correlation of data on detection and apparent size. Vision Res. 14, 937–942 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, H.B.: Summation and inhibition in the frog’s retina. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 119, 69–88 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C. Campbell, F.W.: On the existence of neurons in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 203, 237–260 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C.B., Carpenter, R.H.S., Georgeson. M.A.: Lateral inhibition between orientation detectors in the human visual system. Nature (Lond.) 228, 37–39 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C.B., Muncey, J.P.J., Ridley, R.M.: Stimulus specificity in the human visual system. Vision Res. 13, 1915–1933 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C.B., Nachmias, J.: The orientational specificity of two visual after-effects. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 213, 157–174 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C.B., Nachmias, J., Sutton, P.: The perceived spatial frequency shift: Evidence for frequency selective neurons in the human brain. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 210, 727–750 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, C.B., Sutton, P.: Size adaptation: a new aftereffect. Science 166, 245–247 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braddick, O.J.: Binocular fusion and perceptual analysis. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cambridge (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F.W., Cleland, B.G., Cooper, G.F., Enroth-Cugell, C.: The angular selectivity of visual cortical cells to moving gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 198, 237–250 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F.W., Gilinsky, A.S., Howell, E.R., Riggs, L.A., Atkinson, J.: The dependence of monocular rivalry on orientation. Perception 2, 123–125 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F.W., Kulikowski, J.J.: Orientation selectivity of the human visual system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 437–445 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F.W., Maffei, L.: The tilt aftereffect: a fresh look. Vision Res. 11, 833–840 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F.W., Robson, J.G.: Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 197, 551–566 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carl, J.W., Hall, C.F.: The application of filtered transforms to the general classification problem. IEE Trans. Comput. C-21, 785–790 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, B.E., Henning, G.B.: The detection of gratings in narrow-band visual noise. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 219, 355–365 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, B.G., Dubin, M.W., Levick, W.R.: Sustained and transient neurones in the cat’s retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 217, 473–496 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coltheart, M.: Review of “Annual Review of Psychology”. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. 26, 661–662 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Craik, K.J.W.: The nature of psychology. Sherwood, S.L. (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dealy, R.S., Tolhurst, D.J.: Is spatial adaptation an aftereffect of prolonged inhibition? J. Physiol. (Lond.) 241, 261–270 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeValois, R.L., Abramov, I., Jacobs, G.H.: Analysis of response patterns of LGN cells. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 966–977 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Valois, R.L., Albrecht, D.G., Thorelli, L.: Bar or gratings? Vision: 1977 Dedicatory Symposium at Univ. Houston Coll. Optom. (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Enroth-Cugell, C., Robson, J.G.: The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 517–552 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furchner, C., Ginsburg, A.P.: Phase effects in pattern rivalry and classification. Paper read at Ass. Res. Vis. Opthal., Sarasota (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgeson, M.A., Sullivan, G.D.: Contrast constancy:deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 252, 627–656 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J.J., Radner, M.: Adaptation, after-effect, and contrast in the perception of tilted lines. I. Quantitative Studies. J. exp. Psychol. 20, 453–467 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilinsky, A.S.: Orientation-specific effects of patterns of adapting light on visual acuity. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 58, 13–18 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, A.P.: Psychological correlates of a model of the human visual system. Proc. 1971 Nat. Aerospace Electronics Conference (NAECON), pp. 283–290. Dayton, Ohio: IEEE Trans, on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (1971a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, A.P.: Psychological correlates of a model of the human visual system. MS dissertation GE/EE/715-2. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology (1971b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, A.P.: Perceptual correlates of a two-dimensional spatial frequency model of the human visual system (abstract). J. opt. Soc. Amer. 64, 257 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg, A.P., Carl, J.W., Kabrisky, M., Hall, CF., and Gill, R.A.: Psychological aspects of a model for the classification of visual images. In Rose, J. (ed.) Advances in Cybernetics and Systems, 3, 1289–1306, Gordon and Breach, London (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, N.: Spatial frequency channels in the human visual system: Effects of luminance and pattern drift rate. Vision Res. 12, 53–68 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, N.: Spatial frequency channels in human vision: detecting edges without edge detectors. In: Visual coding and adaptability. Harris, C.S. (ed.). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assocs. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, N., Nachmias, J.: Detection of grating patterns containing two spatial frequencies: A comparison of single channel and multichannel models. Vision Res. 11, 251–259 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, L.D.: Some aspects of recognition of human faces. In: Pattern recognition in biological and technical systems. Grüsser, O.J. (ed.). Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, L.D., Julesz, B.: Masking in visual recognition: effects of two dimensional filtered noise. Science 180, 1194–1197 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartline, H.K.: The response of single optic nerve fibres of the vertebrate eye to illumination of the retina. Amer. J. Physiol. 121, 400–415 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Henning, G.B., Hertz, B.G., Broadbent, D.E.: Some experiments bearing on the hypothesis that the visual system analyses spatial patterns in independent bands of spatial frequency. Vision Res. 15, 887–898 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D.H., Wiesel. T.N.: Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 160, 106–154 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N.: Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 195, 215–243 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones. R.M., Tulunay-Keesey. U.: Local retinal adaptation and spatial frequency channels. Vision Res. 15, 1239–1244 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julesz. B.: Foundations of Cyclopean perception. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabrisky. M.: A proposed model for visual information processing in the human brain. In: Models for the perception of speech and visual form. Wathen-Dunn. W. (ed.). Cambridge. Mass.: MIT Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabrisky. M., Tallman. O., Day. C. M., Radoy. CM.: A theory of pattern perception based on human physiology. Ergonomics 13, 129–142 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L.: On the nature of binocular disparity. Amer. J. Psychol. 78, 1–20 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keesey. U.T.: Flicker and pattern detection: a comparison of thresholds. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 62, 446–448 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, S., Stromeyer. CF., Ganz, L.: The simultaneous spatial-frequency shift: a dissociation between the detection and perception of gratings. Vision Res. 14, 1421–1432 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, W., Wallach, H.: Figurai after-effects: an investigation of visual processes. Proc. Amer. phil. Soc. 88, 269–357 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuffler. S.W.: Discharge pattern and functional organisation of mammalian retina. J. Neurophysiol. 16, 37–68 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulikowski. J.J., Abadi, R., King-Smith, P.E.: Orientational selectivity of grating and line detectors in human vision. Vision Res. 13, 1479–1486 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulikowski. J.J., King-Smith. P.E.: Spatial arrangement of line. edge, and grating detectors revealed by sub-threshold summation. Vision Res. 13, 1455–1478 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulikowski, J.J., Tolhurst, D.J.: Psychophysical evidence for sustained and transient detectors in human vision. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 232, 149–162 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lennie, P.: Mechanisms underlying the perception of orientation. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cambridge, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maffei, L., Fiorentini, A.: The visual cortex as a spatial frequency analyser. Vision Res. 13, 1255–1267 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maturana, H.R., Lettvin, J.Y., McCulloch. W.S., Pitts, W.H.: Anatomy and physiology of vision in the frog. J. gen. Physiol. 43. 129–172 (second suppl.) (1960).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchant. J.: Sampling theory for the human visual sense. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 55, 1291–1295 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morant, R.B., Harris, J.R.: Two different after-effects of exposure to visual tilts. Amer. J. Psychol. 78, 218–226 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movshon, J.A., Blakemore. C.B.: Orientational specificity and spatial selectivity in human vision. Perception 2, 53–60 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nachmias, J., Weber, A.: Discrimination of simple and complex gratings. Vision Res. 15, 217–224 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nes, F.L. van, Koenderick, J.J., Nas, H., Bouman, M.A.: Spatiotemporal modulation transfer function in the human eye. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 57, 1082–1088 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, V.: Contour perception, illusion, and reality. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 48, 112–119 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantle, A., Sekuler. R.: Size detecting mechanisms in human vision. Science 162, 1146–1148 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, D.M.: Contrast and size variables and the tilt after-effect. Quart. J. exp. Psychol. 24, 1–7 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollen, D.A., Lee, J.R., Taylor, J.H.: How does the striate cortex begin the reconstruction of the visual world? Science 173, 74–77 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, W.C.H., Beardslee, D.C: Visual “normalization” near the vertical and horizontal. J. exp. Psychol. 40, 355–364 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratliff, F.: Mach bands: Quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina. San Francisco: Holden-Day 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robson, J.G.: Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity functions of the human eye. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 56, 1141 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, M., Nachmias, J., Robson, J.G.: Spatial frequency channels in human vision. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 61, 1176–1186 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schade, O.H.: Optical and photoelectric analog of the eye. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 46, 721–739 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapley, R.M., Tolhurst, D.J.: Edge detectors in human vision. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 229, 165–183 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W.S.: Color vision: the approach through increment-threshould sensitivity. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 45, 100–113 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., Hoffman, K.P.: Conduction velocity of afferents to cat visual cortex: a correlation with cortical receptive field properties. Brain Res. 32, 460–466 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stromeyer, C.F., Julesz, B.: Spatial-frequency masking in vision: Critical bands and spread of masking. J. opt. Soc. Amer. 62, 1221–1232 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stromeyer, C. F., Klein, S.: Evidence against narrow-band spatial frequency channels in vision: the detectability of frequency modulated gratings. Vision Res. 15, 899–910 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stromeyer, CF., Lange, A.F., Ganz, L.: Spatial frequency phase effects in human vision. Vision Res. 13, 2345–2360 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.P.: Model of the function of receptive fields in human vision. Psychol. Rev. 77, 121–134 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.P., Rourke, D.L., Wilder, D.G.: Inhibitory effect of less intense stimuli upon the increment threshold for a narrow test line. Vision Res. 8, 537–542 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolhurst, D.J.: Adaptation to square wave gratings: Inhibition between spatial frequency channels in human visual system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 226, 231–248 (1972a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolhurst, D.J.: On the possible existence of edge-detector neurones in the human visual system. Vision Res. 12, 797–804 (1972b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolhurst, D.J.: Separate channels for the analysis of the shape and the movement of a moving visual stimulus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 231, 385–402 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolhurst, D.J., Thomson, P.G.: Orientation illusions and after-effects: inhibition between channels. Vision Res. 15, 967–972 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, M.D.: The perception of inclined lines. Brit. J. Psychol. 25, 186–196 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, G.K.: The critical distance of interaction in the Zöllner illusion. Percept. Psychophys. 5, 261–264 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, C., Mitchell, D.E.: The spatial selectivity of the tilt aftereffect. Vision Res. 14, 735–737 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, T.: On the theory of light and colours. Phil. Trans. 92, 12–48 (1802).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Braddick, O., Campbell, F.W., Atkinson, J. (1978). Channels in Vision: Basic Aspects. In: Held, R., Leibowitz, H.W., Teuber, HL. (eds) Perception. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-46356-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-46354-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics