Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acquisition Schemes for Combined 18F-FDG-PET/CT Imaging: An European Experience

  • Chapter
Atlas of PET/CT Imaging in Oncology

Abstract

For the past decade both, Computed Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have been used widely, albeit frequently independently, in the management of cancer patients. To complement molecular and anatomical information such as obtained by PET and CT, respectively and thus facilitate a more accurate diagnosis1 both, retrospective software-based approaches and, later, hardware-based approaches to combined dualmodality imaging have been introduced. Fully or semi-automated software algorithms allow registering almost any complementary images of the thorax, for example, in about a minute2, but often work only on axially limited image sets rather than whole-body studies. Hardware-based approaches to anato-metabolic imaging in humans exist for combined PET/CT since 19983 but not yet for PET/MRT (Magnetic Resonance Tomography) imaging.4

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wahl RL, Quint LE, Cieslak RD, Aisen AM, Koeppe RA, Meyer CR. “Anatometabolic” tumor imaging: Fusion of FDG PET with CT or MRI to localize foci of increased activity. J Nucl Med. 1993;34(7): 1190–1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Slomka PJ, Dey D, Przetak C, Aladl UE, Baum RP. Automated 3-dimensional registration of stand-alone 18F-FDG whole-body PET with CT. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(7): 1156–1167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, Kinahan PE, Charron M, Roddy R, Jerin J, Young J, Byars L, Nutt R. A combined PET/CT tomograph for clinical oncology. J Nucl Med. 2000;41(8): 1369–1379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Townsend DW, Cherry SR. Combining anatomy and function: the path to true image fusion. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(10):1968–1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kluetz PG, Meltzer CC, Villemagne VL, Kinahan PE, Chander S, Martinelly MA, Townsend DW. Combined PET/CT imaging in oncology: Impact on patient management. Clin Positron Imaging. 2000;3(6):223–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kinahan PE, Townsend DW, Beyer T, Sashin D. Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner. Med Phys. 1998;25(10):2046–2053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. von Schulthess GK. Cost considerations regarding an integrated CT-PET system. Eur Radiol. 2000;10(Suppl 3):S377–S380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Czernin J, Schelbert H. eds. PET/CT: Imaging function and structure. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(Suppl 1):1S–103S.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Charron M, Beyer T, Bohnen NN, Kinahan PE, Dachille M, Jerin J, Nutt R, Meltzer CC, Villemagne V, Townsend DW. Image analysis in patients with cancer studied with a combined PET and CT scanner. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25(11):905–910.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L, Gaitini D, Frenkel A, Kuten A, Altman H, Keidar Z, Israel O. Clinical performance of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer: Additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient management. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(8): 1200–1209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beyer T, Townsend DW, Blodgett TM. Dual-modality PET/CT tomography for clinical oncology. Q J Nucl Med. 2002;46(1):24–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Beyer T, Townsend DW. Dual-modality PET/CT acquisition systems for clinical oncology. In: Oehr P, Biersack HJ, Coleman RE, eds. PET and PET/CT in Clinical Oncology. Heidelberg: Springer; 2003:9–28.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Townsend DW, Beyer T, Blodgett TM. PET/CT scanners: a hardware approach to image fusion. Semin Nucl Med. 2003;33(3): 193–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kalender WA. Computed Tomography: fundamentals, system technology, image quality, applications. Munich: MCD Verlag; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Halpern B, Dahlbom M, Waldherr C, Quon A, Schiepers C, Silverman DH, Ratib O, Czernin J. A new timesaving whole-body protocol for PET/CT imaging. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003;5(3):182.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hany TF, Steinert HC, Goerres GW, Buck A, von Schulthess GK. PET diagnostic accuracy: improvement with inline PET-CT system: initial results. Radiology. 2002;225(2):575–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, Kamel EM, Korom S, Seifert B, von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC. Staging of nonsmall-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(25):2500–2507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bristow RE, del Carmen MG, Pannu HK, Cohade C, Zahurak ML, Fishman EK, Wahl RL, Montz FJ. Clinically occult recurrent ovarian cancer: patient selection for secondary cytoreductive surgery using combined PET/CT. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;90(3):519–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cohade C, Osman M, Leal J, Wahl RL. Direct comparison of 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT in patients with colorectal carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(11): 1797–1803.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Antoch G, Stattaus J, Nemat AT, Marnitz S, Beyer T, Kuehl H, Bockisch A, Debatin JF, Freudenberg LS. Non-small cell lung cancer: dual-modality PET/CT in preoperative staging. Radiology. 2003;229(2):526–533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Antoch G, Vogt FM, Freudenberg LS, Nazaradeh F, Goehde SC, Barkhausen J, Dahmen G, Bockisch A, Debatin JF, Ruehm SG. Whole-body dual-modality PET/CT and wholebody MRI for tumor staging in oncology. JAMA. 2003;290(24): 3199–3206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zaidi H, Hasegawa B. Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(2):291–315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Holm S, Toft P, Jensen M. Estimation of the noise-contributions from blank, transmission and emission scans in PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1996;43(4):2285–2291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. LaCroix KJ, Tsui BMW, Hasegawa BH, Brown JK. Investigation of the use of X-ray CT images for attenuation correction in SPECT. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1994;41(6):2793–2799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fleming JS. A technique for using CT images in attenuation correction and quantification in SPECT. Nucl Med Commun. 1989;10(2):83–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Burger C, Goerres G, Schoenes S, Buck A, Lonn AH, von Schulthess GK. PET attenuation coefficients from CT images: experimental evaluation of the transformation of CT into PET 511-keV attenuation coefficients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(7):922–927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kinahan PE, Hasegawa BH, Beyer T. X-ray-based attenuation correction for positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanners. Semin Nucl Med. 2003;33(3):166–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Beyer T, Antoch G, Müller S, Egelhof T, Freudenberg LS, Debatin J, Bockisch A. Acquisition protocol considerations for combined PET/CT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(Suppl 1):25S–35S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hamblen SM, Lowe VJ. Clinical 18F-FDG oncology patient preparation techniques. J Nucl Med Technol. 2003;31(1):3–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Goerres GW, Kamel E, Heidelberg TN, Schwitter MR, Burger C, von Schulthess GK. PET-CT image co-registration in the thorax: influence of respiration. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(3):351–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Goerres GW, Burger C, Schwitter MR, Heidelberg TN, Seifert B, von Schulthess GK. PET/CT of the abdomen: optimizing the patient breathing pattern. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(4):734–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Beyer T, Antoch G, Blodgett T, Freudenberg LF, Akhurst T, Mueller S. Dual-modality PET/CT imaging: the effect of respiratory motion on combined image quality in clinical oncology. Eur J Nucl Med. 2003;30(4):588–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Bendriem B, Townsend D. The theory and practice of 3D PET. In: Cox PH, ed. Developments in Nuclear Medicine (Vol 32). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Karp JS. Against: Is LSO the future of PET? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(11):1525–1528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nutt R. For: Is LSO the future of PET? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(11):1523–1525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Townsend DW, Carney JP, Yap JT, Hall NC. PET/CT today and tomorrow. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(Suppl 1):4S–14S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Blumstein NM, Feigl F, Glatting G, Hautmann H, Gottfried HW, Wahl A, Reske SN. How effective is [11C]choline PET/CT in detecting primary prostate cancer in biopted patients? J Nucl Med. 2003;44(5 Suppl):133P.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bockisch A, Brandt-Mainz K, Gorges R, Muller S, Stattaus J, Antoch G. Diagnosis in medullary thyroid cancer with [18F]FDG-PET and improvement using a combined PET/CT scanner. Acta Med Austriaca. 2003;30(1):22–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Freudenberg LS, Antoch G, Gorges R, Knust J, Pink R, Jentzen W, Debatin JF, Brandau W, Bockisch A, Stattaus J. Combined PET/CT with iodine-124 in diagnosis of spread metastatic thyroid carcinoma: a case report. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:L19–L23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bradley JD, Perez CA, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA. Implementing biologic target volumes in radiation treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(Suppl 1):96S–101S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hudson HM, Larkin RS. Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1994; 13(4) 601–609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Voltini F, Zito F, Bruno A, Castellani M, Canzi C, Matheoud R, Schiavini M, and gerundini P. Image quality changes of whole-body PET studies due to different OS-EM parameter choices. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:1187.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Daube-Witherspoon ME, Matej S, Karp JS, Lewitt RM. Application of the row action maximum likelihood algorithm with spherical basis functions to clinical PET imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2001;48(1):24–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Goerres GW, von Schulthess GK, Hany TF. Positron emission tomography and PET CT of the head and neck: FDG uptake in normal anatomy, in benign lesions, and in changes resulting from treatment. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(5):1337–1343.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Yeung HW, Grewal RK, Gonen M, Schoder H, Larson SM. Patterns of 18F-FDG uptake in adipose tissue and muscle: a potential source of false-positives for PET. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(11): 1789–1796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Bujenovic S, Mannting F, Chakrabarti R, Ladnier D. Artifactual 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose localization surrounding metallic objects in a PET/CT scanner using CT-based attenuation correction. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003;5(1):20–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Onishi H, Kuriyama K, Komiyama T, Tanaka S, Ueki J, Sano N, Araki T, Ikenaga S, Tateda Y, Aikawa Y. CT evaluation of patient deep inspiration self-breath-holding: how precisely can patients reproduce the tumor position in the absence of respiratory monitoring devices? Med Phys. 2003;30(6): 1183–1187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Suramo I, Paivansalo M, Myllyla V. Cranio-caudal movements of the liver, pancreas and kidneys in respiration. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1984;25(2):129–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Beyer T, Townsend DW, Nutt R, Charron M, Kinahan PE, Meltzer CC. Combined PET/CT imaging using a single, dual-modality tomograph: a promising approach to clinical oncology of the future. In: Wieler HJ, Coleman RE, eds. PET in Clinical oncology. Steinkopff Darmstadt: Springer; 2000:101–124.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  50. Osman MM, Cohade C, Nakamoto Y, Wahl RL. Respiratory motion artifacts on PET emission images obtained using CT attenuation correction on PET-CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30(4):603–606.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nehmeh SA, Erdi YE, Rosenzweig KE, Schoder H, Larson SM, Squire OD, Humm JL. Reduction of respiratory motion artifacts in PET imaging of lung cancer by respiratory correlated dynamic PET: methodology and comparison with respiratory gated PET. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(10): 1644–1648.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Osman MM, Cohade C, Nakamoto Y, Marshall LT, Leal JP, and Wahl RL. Clinically significant inaccurate localization of lesions with PET/CT: frequency in 300 patients. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(2):240–243.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Speck U. Contrast Media. Overview, Use and Pharmaceutical Aspects. 4th revised ed. Berlin: Springer; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Dizendorf EV, Treyer V, von Schulthess GK, Hany TF. Application of oral contrast media in coregistered positron emission tomography-CT. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(2):477–481.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Beyer T. Design, construction, and validation of a combined PET/CT tomograph for clinical oncology. In: Department of Physics. University of Surrey: Surrey; 2000:303.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Fleischmann D. High-concentration contrast media in MDCT angiography: principles and rationale. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:N39–N43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kopp AF, Heuschmid M, Claussen CD. Multidetector helical CT of the liver for tumor detection and characterization. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(4):745–752.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Albertyn LE. Rationales for the use of intravenous contrast medium in computed tomography. Australas Radiol. 1989;33(1):29–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cho JS, Kim JK, Rho SM, Lee HY, Jeong HY, Lee CS. Preoperative assessment of gastric carcinoma: value of twophase dynamic CT with mechanical iv. injection of contrast material. Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163(1):69–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Delorme S, Knopp MV, Kauczor HU, Raue F, Buhr H, van Kaick G. An optimized examination protocol for contrastenhanced cervical and mediastinal CT. Clin Imaging. 1996;20(1):31–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Conrad R, Pauleit D, Layer G, Kandyba J, Kohlbecher R, Hortling N, Baselides P, Schild H. Spiral CT of the head-neck area: the advantages of the early arterial phase in the detection of squamous-cell carcinomas. Rofo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1999;171(1): 15–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Feuerbach S, Lorenz W, Klose KJ, Gmeinwieser J, Lackner KJ, Landwehr P, Grabbe E, Kloppel R. Contrast medium administration in spiral computed tomography: the results of a consensus conference. Institute for Radiodiagnosis, Regensburg. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1996;164(2):158–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Antoch G, Freudenberg LS, Egelhof T, Stattaus J, Jentzen W, Debatin JF, Bockisch A. Focal tracer uptake: a potential artifact in contrast-enhanced dual-modality PET/CT scans. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(10):1339–1342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dizendorf E, Hany TF, Buck A, von Schulthess GK, Burger C. Cause and magnitude of the error induced by oral CT contrast agent in CT-based attenuation correction of PET emission studies. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(5):732–738.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Nehmeh SA, Erdi YE, Kalaigian H, Kolbert KS, Pan T, Yeung H, Squire O, Sinha A, Larson SM, Humm JL. Correction for oral contrast artifacts in CT attenuation-corrected PET images obtained by combined PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2003;44(12):1940–1944.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Carney J, Beyer T, Brasse D, Yap JT, Townsend DW. Clinical PET/CT scanning using oral CT contrast agents. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(5 Suppl):57P.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Antoch G, Kuehl H, Kanja J, Lauenstein T, Schneemann H, Hauth E, Jentzen W, Beyer T, Goehde S, Debatin J. Introduction and evaluation of a negative oral contrast agent to avoid contrast-induced artefacts in dual-modality PET/CT imaging. Radiology. 2004: In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Beyer T, Antoch G, Rosenbaum S, Freudenberg L, Fehlings T, Stattaus J. Optimized IV contrast administration protocols for diagnostic PET/CT imaging. Eur Radiol. 2004: Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Duerinckx AJ, Macovski A. Polychromatic streak artifacts in computed tomography images. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1978;2(4):481–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. deMan B, Nuyts J, Dupont P, Marchai G, Suetens P. Metal streak artifacts in X-ray computed tomography: a simulation study. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1999;46(3):691–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Kamel EM, Burger C, Buck A, von Schluthess GK, Goerres GW. Impact of metallic dental implants on CT-based attenuation correction in a combined PET/CT scanner. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(4):724–728.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Goerres GW, Ziegler SI, Burger C, Berthold T, von Schulthess GK, Buck A. Artifacts at PET and PET/CT caused by metallic hip prosthetic material. Radiology. 2003;226(2):577–584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Glover GH, Pelc NJ. An algorithm for the reduction of metal clip artifacts in CT reconstructions. Med Phys. 1981;8(6):799–807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Carney J and Townsend D. CT-based attenuation correction for PET/CT scanners. In: von Schultess G, ed. Clinical PET, PET/CT and SPECT/CT: Combined Anatomic-Molecular Imaging. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Carney JP, Townsend DW, Kinahan PE, Beyer T, Kalender WA, Kachelriess M, DeMan B, Nuyts J. CT-based attenuation correction: the effects of imaging with the arms in the field of view. J Nucl Med. 2001;42(5 Suppl):56–57P.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Schaller S, Semrbitzki O, Beyer T, Fuchs T, Kachelriess M, Flohr T. An algorithm for virtual extension of the CT field of measurement for application in combined PET/CT scanners. Radiology. 2002;225(P):497.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kalender WA, Schmidt B, Zankl M, and Schmidt M. A PC program for estimating organ dose and effective dose values in computed tomography. Eur Radiol. 1999;9(3):555–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Brix G, Nagel HD, Stamm G, Veit R, Lechel U, Griebel J, Galanski M. Radiation exposure in multi-slice versus singleslice spiral CT: results of a nationwide survey. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(8):1979–1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wu TH, Huang YH, Lee JJ, Wang SY, Wang SC, Su CT, Chen LK, Chu TC. Radiation exposure during transmission measurements: comparison between CT-and germanium-based techniques with a current PET scanner. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(1):38–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kalra MK, Prasad S, Saini S, Blake MA, Varghese J, Halpern EF, Thrall JH, Rhea JT. Clinical comparison of standard-dose and 50% reduced-dose abdominal CT: effect on image quality. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(5):1101–1106.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Tack D, De Maertelaer V, Gevenois PA. Dose reduction in multidetector CT using attenuation-based online tube current modulation. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(2):331–334.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Greess H, Nomayr A, Wolf H, Baum U, Lell M, Bowing B, Kalender W, Bautz WA. Dose reduction in CT examination of children by an attenuation-based on-line modulation of tube current (CARE Dose). Eur Radiol. 2002;12(6):1571–1576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hein E, Rogalla P, Klingebiel R, Hamm B. Low-dose CT of the paranasal sinuses with eye lens protection: effect on image quality and radiation dose. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(7):1693–1696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Antoch G, Freudenberg LS, Beyer T, Bockisch A, Debatin JF. To enhance or not to enhance? 18F-FDG and CT contrast agents in dual-modality 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(Suppl 1):56S–65S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Smith RJ, Karp JS, Muehllehner G, Gualtieri E, Benard F. Singles transmission scans performed post-injection for quantitative whole body PET imaging. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1997;44(3): 1329–1335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Watson CC, Schäfer A, Luk WK, Kirsch CM. Clinical evaluation of single-photon attenuation correction for 3D wholebody PET. Trans Nucl Sci. 1999;46(4): 1024–1031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Zasadny KR, Kison PV, Quint LE, Wahl RL. Untreated lung cancer: quantification of systematic distortion of tumor size and shape on non-attenuation-corrected 2-[Fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET scans. Radiology. 1996;201(3):873–876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Bailey DL. Transmission scanning in emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25(7):774–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Coleman RE. For: Is quantitation necessary for oncological PET studies? Eur J Nucl Med. 2001; 29(1): 133–135.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Eary JF, Krohn KA. Positron emission tomography: imaging tumor response. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27(12):1737–1739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Roos JE, Desbiolles LM, Willmann JK, Weishaupt D, Marincek B, Hilfiker PR. Multidetector-row helical CT: analysis of time management and workflow. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(3):680–685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ratib O. PET/CT image navigation and communication. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(Suppl 1):46S–55S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ratib O. PET/CT Image Navigation and Communication. J Nucl Med. 2004; 45: 46S–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Antoch G, Freudenberg LS, Stattaus J, Jentzen W, Mueller SP, Debatin JF, Bockisch A. Whole-body positron emission tomography-CT: optimized CT using oral and IV contrast materials. Am J Roentgenol. 2002; 179(6): 1555–1560.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Garra BS, Cespedes EI, Ophir J, Spratt SR, Zuurbier RA, Magnant CM, Pennanen MF. Elastography of breast lesions: initial clinical results. Radiology. 1997;202(1):79–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mitchell DG, Bjorgvinsson E, ter Meulen D, Lane P, Greberman M, Friedman AC. Gastrografin versus dilute barium for colonic CT examination: a blind, randomized study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985;9(3):451–453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Iannaccone R, Laghi A, Catalano C, Mangiapane F, Piacentini F, Passariello R. Feasibility of ultra-low-dose multislice CT colonography for the detection of colorectal lesions: preliminary experience. Eur Radiol. 2003; 13(6): 1297–1302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Awai K, Takada K, Onishi H, Hori S. Aortic and hepatic enhancement and tumor-to-liver contrast: analysis of the effect of different concentrations of contrast material at multidetector row helical CT. Radiology. 2002;224(3):757–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Keberle M, Tschammler A, Hahn D. Single-bolus technique for spiral CT of laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: comparison of different contrast material volumes, flow rates, and start delays. Radiology. 2002;224(1): 171–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Yamashita Y, Komohara Y, Takahashi M, Uchida M, Hayabuchi N, Shimizu T, Narabayashi I. Abdominal helical CT: evaluation of optimal doses of intravenous contrast material—a prospective randomized study. Radiology. 2000;216(3):718–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Haage P, Schmitz-Rode T, Hubner D, Piroth W, Gunther RW. Reduction of contrast material dose and artifacts by a saline flush using a double power injector in helical CT of the thorax. Am J Roentgenol. 2000; 174(4): 1049–1053.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Awai K, Hori S. Effect of contrast injection protocol with dose tailored to patient weight and fixed injection duration on aortic and hepatic enhancement at multidetector-row helical CT. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(9):2155–2160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Dorio PJ, Lee FT Jr, Henseler KP, Pilot M, Pozniak MA, Winter TC 3rd, Shock SA. Using a saline chaser to decrease contrast media in abdominal CT. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(4):929–934.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Irie T, Kajitani M, Yamaguchi M, Itai Y. Contrast-enhanced CT with saline flush technique using two automated injectors: how much contrast medium does it save? J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26(2):287–291.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Sokiranski R, Eisner K, Welke M, Gorich J, Rilinger N, Fleiter T. A new method in the determination of individual delay time in bolus application in spiral CT. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1997;166(6):550–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kirchner J, Kickuth R, Laufer U, Noack M, Liermann D. Optimized enhancement in helical CT: experiences with a real-time bolus tracking system in 628 patients. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(5):368–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wakoh M, Yamada M, Mori T, Shibuya H, Kobayashi N, Kuroyanagi K. Contrast-enhanced conventional CT in patients after surgery for malignant tumors: evaluation of the optimal method of the administration of the contrast medium. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2000;41(3):99–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Thomas Beyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gerald Antoch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hilmar Kühl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stefan P. Müller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beyer, T., Antoch, G., Kühl, H., Müller, S.P. (2004). Acquisition Schemes for Combined 18F-FDG-PET/CT Imaging: An European Experience. In: Atlas of PET/CT Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18517-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18517-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62141-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-18517-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation