12.1 Dielectric Properties of Cable Insulation Material

Table 12

 

Dielectric loss factor tan δ

Dielectric constant ɛr

Source: Anders [2] in Chap. 3

IEC 60287

  

XLPE ≤ 18/30 kV

0.004

2.5

XLPE > 18/30 kV

0.001

2.5

EPR

0.005–0.020

3

Oil/paper >87 kV

0.0033

3.6

Mass-impregnated

0.01

4

Source: Allister [8], p. 100 in Chap. 3

  

XLPE

0.008

2.5

EPR

0.04

3

Oil/paper >87 kV

0.004

3.3

Mass-impregnated

0.01

4

Source: Bartnikas [9], p. 99 in Chap. 3

  

XLPE 20°C

0.002

2.3

EPR

0.0013–0.0023

2.7–2.8

Source: Deschamps [1]

  

LDPE

8.10–4

2.3

HDPE

8.10–4

2.3

Oil/paper

30.10–4

 
  1. Note: Tan δ is depending on temperature.

12.2 Lead Alloys

Alloy designation acc. to

Alloy elements and percentage (by weight).

Min and max values

EN50307

Convention

As

Bi

Cd

Cu

Sb

Sn

Te

PK008S

PbSb-0.5

    

0.45

0.55

  

PK012S

½C

  

0.06

0.09

  

0.17

0.23

 

PK021S

E

    

0.15

0.25

0.35

0.45

 

PK022S

EL

    

0.06

0.10

0.35

0.45

 

PK023S

½E

    

0.08

0.12

0.17

0.23

 

PK031S

F3

0.15

0.18

0.08

0.12

   

0.10

0.13

 

PK041S

Cu-Te

   

0.030

0.045

  

0.035

0.045

PK042S

½Cu-Te

   

0.014

0.020

  

0.014

0.020

PK043S

¼Cu-Te

   

0.006

0.009

  

0.006

0.009

PK049S

PbTeCu

   

0.03

0.045

  

0.03

0.045

PK071S /

PK079S

Pb-Te

      

0.035

0.045

  1. Note: Lead alloys and their constituents suitable for submarine cables. The table shows the designation according to EN 50307, and the conventional names for the nearest related alloy.

12.3 Non-metric Conductor Size: kcmil

The unit is based on the concept of a circular Mil. A Mil is 1/1000’s of an inch (= 0.0254 mm), and a circular Mil is the area of a circle with a diameter of 1 Mil. Now, 1 cmil = 0.0005064 mm2 and 1 kcmil is 1000 cmil = 0.5064 mm2. Sometimes the acronym MCM is used for kcmil.

kcmils

mm2

kcmils

Mm2

300

152.01

800

405.37

350

177.35

900

456.04

400

202.68

1000

506.71

450

228.02

1250

633.38

500

253.35

1500

760.06

600

304.03

1750

886.74

700

354.70

2000

1013.42

750

380.03

  

12.4 Non-metric Wire Diameter

In Anglo-Saxon markets the wire size is sometimes specified in non-metric units. Various “wire gauge” scales are deducted from the wire making process where the wire is drawn through consecutive dies each reducing the wire diameter. A higher wire gauge number indicates more wire drawing steps and a smaller wire. Some gauge scales are described here but there are more scales around.

AWG (American Wire Gauge)

Used in the United States since at least the 1880s for wires in all metals except iron and steel. Number 0000 wire is 0.4600 inch in diameter. The diameter of each succeeding size is 0.890525 times the diameter of the previous size.

BWG (Birmingham Wire Gage)

The steps are irregular. Departmental sanction by the United States government ended in 1914 but the scale is used widely even so.

SWG (Imperial Wire Gage, or British Standard Gage)

Legalized Standard Wire Gauge, Imperial Standard Wire Gauge, or in other countries, simply British Standard. Fixed by order of council August 23, 1883. It was constructed by improving the Birmingham wire gage. Made legal standard March 1, 1884.

 

AWG

BWG

SWG

AWG

BWG

SWG

 

American

Birmingham

Imperial

American

Birmingham

Imperial

 

Wire

Iron

Wire

Wire

Iron

Wire

Gauge

Gauge

Wire

Gauge

Gauge

Wire

Gauge

 

inch

inch

inch

mm

mm

mm

7/0

–

–

0.5000

–

–

12.700

6/0

0.5800

–

0.4640

14.732

–

11.786

5/0

0.5165

0.500

0.4320

13.119

12.700

10.973

4/0

0.4600

0.454

0.4000

11.684

11.532

10.160

3/0

0.4096

0.425

0.3720

10.404

10.795

9.449

2/0

0.3648

0.380

0.3480

9.266

9.652

8.839

0

0.3249

0.340

0.3240

8.252

8.636

8.230

1

0.2893

0.300

0.3000

7.348

7.620

7.620

2

0.2576

0.284

0.2760

6.543

7.214

7.010

3

0.2294

0.259

0.2520

5.827

6.579

6.401

4

0.2043

0.238

0.2320

5.189

6.045

5.893

5

0.1819

0.220

0.2120

4.620

5.588

5.385

6

0.1620

0.203

0.1920

4.115

5.156

4.877

7

0.1443

0.180

0.1760

3.665

4.572

4.470

8

0.1285

0.165

0.1600

3.264

4.191

4.064

9

0.1144

0.148

0.1440

2.906

3.759

3.658

10

0.1019

0.134

0.1280

2.588

3.404

3.251

11

0.0907

0.120

0.1160

2.304

3.048

2.946

12

0.0808

0.109

0.1040

2.052

2.769

2.642

13

0.0720

0.095

0.0920

1.829

2.413

2.337

14

0.0641

0.083

0.0800

1.628

2.108

2.032

15

0.0571

0.072

0.0720

1.450

1.829

1.829

16

0.0508

0.065

0.0640

1.290

1.651

1.626

17

0.0453

0.058

0.0560

1.151

1.473

1.422

18

0.0403

0.049

0.0480

1.024

1.245

1.219

19

0.0359

0.042

0.0400

0.912

1.067

1.016

20

0.0320

0.035

0.0360

0.813

0.889

0.914

21

0.0285

0.032

0.0320

0.724

0.813

0.813

  1. Note: Wire sizes under 0.7 mm diameter are omitted.

12.5 The Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys in Seawater

Magnesium and magnesium alloys

–1.60 to –1.63

Zinc

–0.98 to –1.03

Aluminum alloys

–0.76 to –1.00

Mild steel

–0.60 to –0.71

Wrought iron

–0.60 to –0.71

Cast iron

–0.60 to –0.71

Type 410 (13% chromium) stainless steel – active

–0.46 to –0.58

Type 304 (18–8) stainless steel – active

–0.46 to –0.58

Type 316 (18–8.3% Mo) stainless steel – active

–0.43 to –0.54

Inconel (78% Ni; 13.5% Cr; 6% Fe) – active

–0.35 to –0.46

Aluminum bronze (92%Cu; 8% Al)

–0.31 to –0.42

Naval brass (60%Cu; 39%Zinc)

–0.30 to –0.40

Yellow brass (65%Cu; 35%Zn)

–0.30 to –0.40

Red brass (85%Cu; 15%Zn)

–0.30 to –0.40

Tin

–0.31 to –0.33

Copper

–0.30 to –0.57

Lead-tin solder (50%–50%)

–0.28 to –0.37

Admiralty brass (71%Cu; 28%Zn; 1%Sn)

–0.28 to –0.36

Aluminum brass (76%Cu; 22%Zn; 2%Al)

–0.28 to –0.36

Manganese bronze (58.5%Cu; 39%Zn; 1%Sn; 1%Fe; 0.3%Mn)

–0.27 to –0.34

Silicon bronze (96%Cu; 0.80%Fe; 1.50%Zn; 2%Si; 0.75%Mn; 1.60%Sn)

–0.26 to –0.29

Type 410 (13% chromium) stainless steel – passive

–0.26 to –0.35

Lead

–0.19 to –0.25

Inconel (78% Ni; 13.5% Cr; 6% Fe) – passive

–0.14 to –0.17

Nickel 200

–0.10 to –0.20

Type 304 (18–8) stainless steel – passive

–0.05 to –0.10

Monel 400 (70%Ni; 30%Cu)

–0.04 to –0.14

Type 316 (18–8, 3% Mo) stainless steel – passive

0.00 to –0.10

Titanium

–0.05 to +0.06

Platinium

+0.19 to +0.25

  1. Note: Alloys are listed in order of the potential they exhibit in flowing seawater. Some alloys may become active and exhibit a potential near –0.5 V in low-velocity or poorly aerated water and at shielded areas.

12.6 Classification of Submarine Soil in Different Countries

US Dept. of Agric.

Germany DIN 4022

England BST 1377:1961

Sweden (Atterberg)

Denmark

Cobbles (>75)

Stein (>60)

Stone (>60)

Block (>200)

 

Coarse gravel (8–75)

Grobkies (20–60)

Coarse gravel

(20–60)

Sten (20–200)

Sten (>20)

Fine gravel (2–8)

Mittelkies (6–20)

Medium gravel (6–20)

Grovgrus (6–20)

Grus (2–20)

Very coarse sand (1–2)

Feinkies (2–6)

Fine gravel (2–6)

Fingrus (2–6)

 

Coarse sand

(0.5–1)

Grobsand (0.6–2)

Coarse sand (0.6–2)

Grovsand (0.6–2)

Grovsand (0.2–2)

Medium sand (0.25–0.5)

Mittelsand (0.2–0.6)

Medium sand (0.2–0.6)

Mellansand (0.2–0.6)

 

Fine sand (0.1–0.25)

Feinsand (0.06–0.2)

Fine sand (0.06–0.2)

Grovmo (0.06–0.2)

 

Very fine sand (0.05–0.1)

Grobschluff (0.02–0.06)

Coarse silt (0.02–0.6)

Finmo (0.02–0.06)

Finsand (0.02–0.2)

 

Mittelschluff (0.006–0.02)

Medium silt (0.006–0.02)

Grov mjäla (0.006–0.02)

 

Silt (0.002–0.05)

Feinschluff (0.002–0.006)

Fine silt (0.002–0.006)

Fin mjäla (0.002–0.006)

Silt (0.002–0.02)

Clay (<0.002)

Ton (<0.002)

Clay (<0.002)

Ler (<0.002)

Ler (<0.002)

  1. Note: Denomination in local language. The grain size is given in mm.

Wentworth Scale

Grain size

 

Phi units

Sediment types

4–64

mm

–6 to –2

Pebble

2–4

mm

–2 to –1

Granule

1–2

mm

–1 to –0

Very coarse sand

0.5–1

mm

0–1

Coarse sand

250–500

μm

1–2

Medium sand

125–250

μm

2–3

Fine sand

63–125

μm

3–4

Very fine sand

<63

μm

>4

Silt

12.7 Non-metric Units

1 inch

= 25.4 mm

1 foot (U.S. and British)

= 12 inches = 0.3048 m

1 fathom

= 6 ft = 1.8288 m

1 cable

= 219.4560 m

1 nautical mile

= 1852 m

1 lbs

= 0.45359 kg

1 short ton

= 2000 lbs = 0.907185 MT

1 long ton

= 1.016047 MT

1 MT

= 1000 kg

1 cubic inch

= 16.387 cm3

1 cubic foot

= 0.028317 m3

1 register ton

= 100 cubic foot = 2.8317 m3

1 hectopascal

= 1 mb

1 mm of mercury

= 1.3332 mb

1 pound per square inch (psi)

= 0.06895 bar

1 kn

= 1.852 km/h = 0.51444 m/s

1 m/s

= 3.6 km/h = 1.94384 kn

12.8 Tidal Terms

English

English abbreviation

German

German abbreviation

Tides

 

Gezeiten

 

Height of tide

 

Gezeitenhub

 

Tidal streams

 

Gezeitenstrom

 

Highest astronomical tide

HAT

Höchstmöglicher Gezeitenwasserstand

 

High water

HW

Hochwasser

HW

High water heights

HW Hts.

Hochwasserhöhe

HWH

High water time

HW Time

Hochwasserzeit

HWZ

  

Höhe der Gezeit

H

Chart datum

CD

Kartennull, Kartendatum (Seekarten)

KN

Mean tide level

ML

Mittelwasser, Mittlerer Wasserstand

MW

Mean high water

MHW

Mittleres Hochwasser

MHW

Mean low water

MLW

Mittleres Niedrigwasser

MNW

Mean high water neaps

MHWN

Mittleres Nipphochwasser

MNpHW

Mean low water neaps

MLWN

Mittleres Nippniedrigwasser

MNpNW

Mean high water springs

MHWS

Mittleres Springhochwasser

MSpHW

Mean low water springs

MLWS

Mittleres Springniedrigwasser

MSpNW

Lowest astronomical tide

LAT

Niedrigstmöglicher Gezeitenwasserstand

 

Low water

LW

Niedrigwasser

NW

Low water heights

LW Hts.

Niedrigwasserhöhe

NWH

Low water time

LW Time

Niedrigwasserzeit

NWZ

High water neaps

HWN

Nipphochwasser

NpHW

Low water neaps

NWN

Nippniedrigwasser

NpNW

Neap tides

Np

Nipptide

Np

Ordnance datum

OD

Normalnull

NN

Spring tides

Sp

Springgezeiten

Sp

High water springs

HWS

Springhochwasser

SpHW

Low water springs

LWS

Springniedrigwasser

SpNW

Slack water

 

Stauwasser

 

Admiralty tide tables

ATT