More than 100 000 fungal species exist and humans are commonly exposed to them. Despite this permanent encounter, only very few fungi are pathogenic to humans. Superficial skin infections caused by dermatophytes are common, but usually not severe and therefore not within the scope of this review. In contrast, some fungi are able to establish rare, but severe and life-threatening systemic mycoses. These fungal pathogens belong either to the so-called ‘dimorphic fungi’ (e.g. Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis) or are opportunistic fungal pathogens, like Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans.
Infections with dimorphic fungi commonly start with the inhalation of fungal spores. The infectious morphotype is the yeast form, while hyphal growth is found under in vitro conditions at temperatures below 37 °C. Dimorphic fungi are endemic in the Americas and can cause systemic infections even in immunocompetent individuals. Opportunistic fungal pathogens can also cause systemic mycoses, but only in individuals with severe immunological deficiencies, like HIV patients, transplant recipients or patients with certain forms of cancer. The mortality rates associated with systemic mycoses are generally high, due to the still suboptimal diagnostic and/or therapeutic options. In addition, the number of patients at risk to acquire infections by opportunistic fungi is constantly rising as a result of medical progress, and therefore opportunistic fungal infections represent a severe problem in modern medicine.
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Keywords
- Invasive Aspergillosis
- Aspergillus Fumigatus
- Cryptococcus Neoformans
- Dimorphic Fungus
- Pityriasis Versicolor
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Ebel, F., Heesemann, J. (2008). Toll-Like Receptors and Fungal Recognition. In: Brakhage, A.A., Zipfel, P.F. (eds) Human and Animal Relationships. The Mycota, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79307-6_12
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