Abstract
There are two basic dimensions in the way the human brain copes with everyday routine; these are known as crystalline and fluid intelligence (R. B. Catell, 1963).
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Amodio, P., Marchetti, P., Del Piccolo, F., Campo, G., Rizzo, C., Iemmolo, R. M., Gerunda, G., Caregaro, L., Merkel, C., Gatta, A.: Visual attention in cirrhotic patients: a study on covert visual attention orienting. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1517–1523
Bombardieri, G., Gigli, G.L., Bernardi, L., Ferri, R., Grassi, C., Milani, A., Visual evoked potential recordings in hepatic encephalopathy and their variations during branched chain amino-acid treatment. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1985; 32: 3–7
Conn, H.O.: Trailmaking and number-connection tests in the assessment of mental state in portal systemic encephalopathy. Dig. Dis 1977; 22: 541–550
Davidson, E.A., Summerskill, W.H.J.: Psychiatric aspects of liver disease. Postgrad. Med. J. 1956; 32: 487–494
Davies, M.G., Rowan, M.J., MacMathuna, P., Keeling, P.W.N., Weir, D.G., Feely, J.: The auditory P 300 event-related potential: an objective marker of the encephalopathy of chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1990; 12: 688–694
Elsass, P., Lund, Y., Ranek, L.: Encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. A neuropsychological study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1978; 13: 241–247
Foley, J.M., Watson, C.W., Adams, R.D.: Significance of electroencephalographic changes in hepatic coma. Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass. 1950; 75: 165–171
Gilberstadt, S.J., Gilberstadt, H., Zieve, L., Buegel, B., Collier, R.O., McClain, C.J.: Psychomotor performance defects in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy. Arch. Intern. Med. 1980; 140: 519–521
Groeneweg, M., Moerland, W., Quero, J.C., Hop, W.C.J., Krabbe, P.F., Schalm, S.W.: Screening of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 2000; 32: 748–753
Guedon, C., Ducrotte, P., Weber, J., Hannequin, D., Colin, R., Denis, P., Lerebours, E.: Detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy with pattern reversal evoked potentials and reaction time to light: can malnutrition alter the results. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 5: 549–554
Hollerbach, S., Kullmann, F., Fründ, R., Lock, G., Geissler, A., Schölmerich, J., Holstege, A.: Auditory event-related cerebral potentials (P 300) in hepatic encephalopathy. Topographic distribution and correlation with clinical and psychometric assessment. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1997; 44: 1002–1012
Johansson, U., Andersson, Th., Persson, A., Eriksson, L.S.: Visual evoked potential—a tool in the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 1989; 9: 227–233
Kircheis, G., Wettstein, M., Timmermann, L., Schnitzler, A., Häussinger, D.: Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2002; 35: 357–366
Koch, H., Schauder, P., Schäfer, G., Dahme, B., Ebel, W., Vahldiek, B., König, F., Henning, H.: Umersuchungen zur Diagnose und Prävelenz der latenten hepatischen Enzephalopathie. Z. Gastroenterol. 1990; 28: 610–615
Korman, M., Blumberg, St.: Comparative efficiency of some tests of cerebral damage. J. Consult. Psychol. 1963; 27: 303–309
Kügler, Ch. F.A., Lotterer, E., Petter, J., Wensing, G., Ahmad Taghary, Hahn, E.G., Fleig, W.E.: Visual event-related P 300 potentials in early portosystemic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 302–310
Kuhlbusch, R., Enck, P., Häussinger, D.: Hepatic encephalopathy: neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment. Z. Gastroenterol. 1998; 36: 1075–1083
Kullmann, F., Hollerbach, S., Lock, G., Holstege, A., Dierks, T., Schölmerich, J.: Brain electrical activity mapping of EEG for the diagnosis of (sub)clinical hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2001; 13: 513–522
Kuntz, E.: Hepatische Enzephalopathie. Psychometrische Tests zur Diagnose, Bewertung und Therapiekontrolle in der Praxis. Münch. Med. Wschr. 1992; 134: 76–80
Laidlaw, J., Read, A.E.: The EEG in hepatic encephalopathy. Clin. Sci. 1963; 24: 109–120
Levy, L.J., Bolton, R.P., Losowsky, M.S.: The visual evoked potential in clinical hepatic encephalopathy in acute and chronic liver disease. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1990 (Suppl. II); 37: 66–73
Loguercio, C., Del Vecchio-Blanco, C., Coltorti, M.: Psychometric tests and “latent” portal-systemic encephalopathy. Brit. J. Clin. Pract. 1984; 38: 407–411
Loiselle, R.H., Young, K.M., McDonald, M.M.: Four common tests of brain damage compared. Psychiatr. Commun. 1968; 10: 41–44
Ludewig, R., Dettweiler, Ch., Stein Lewinson, T.: Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der medizinischen Graphologie. Inn. Med. 1992; 47: 549–557; 1993; 48: 5–12; 1993; 48: 52–59
Manganaro, M., Zardi, E.M., Ceccanti, M., Spada, S., Attilia, M.L., Pancheri, P., Biondi, M., Paga, G.: Correlation between a psychometric test and biochemical indices of hepatic encephalopathy in alcoholics. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2000; 47: 455–460
Mehndiratta, M.M., Sood, G.K., Sarin, S.K., Gupta, M.: Comparative evaluation of visual, somatosensory, and auditory evoked potentials in the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1990; 85: 799–803
Myslobodsky, M.S., Sharon, D., Novis, B.H.: Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in hepatic cirrhosis. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1986; 33: 145–147
Nora, D.B., Amaral, O.B., Busnello, J.V., Quevedo, J., Vieira, S., da Silveira, T.R., Kapczinski, F.: Evoked potentials for the evaluation of latent hepatic encephalopathy in pediatric liver transplant candidates. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2000; 31: 371–376
Parsons-Smith, B.G., Summerskill, W.H.J., Dawson, A.M., Sherlock, S.: The electroencephalograph in liver disease. Lancet 1957/II: 867–871
Pérez-Cuadrado Martinez, E., Silva González, C., Robles Reyes, A.: Variabilidad y alargamiento del tiempo de reaccion en el diagnostico precoz de la encefalopatia hepatica subclinica. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 1990; 77: 29–32
Rehnström, S., Simert, G., Hansson, J.A., Johnson, G., Vang, J.: Chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A psychometrical study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1977; 12: 305–311
Reitan, R.M.: The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. J. Consult. Psychol. 1955; 19: 393–394
Reitan, R.M.: Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept. Motor. Skills 1958; 8: 271–276
Rikkers, L., Jenko, P., Rudman, D., Freides, D.: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: detection, prevalence and relationship to nitrogen metabolism. Gastroenterology 1978; 75: 462–469
Ross, B.D., Danielsen, E.R., Bluml, S.: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: the new gold standard for diagnosis of clinical and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Dig. Dis. 1996; 14: 30–39
Sandford, N.L., Saul, R.E.: Assessment of hepatic encephalopathy with visual evoked potentials compared with conventional methods. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1094–1098
Saxena, N., Bhatia, M., Joshi, Y.K., Garg, P.K., Tandon, R.K.: Auditory P 300 event-related potentials and number connection test for subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a follow-up study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2001; 16: 322–327
Schomerus, H., Hamster, W., Blunck, H., Reinhard, U., Mayer, K., Dölle, W.: Latent portalsystemic encephalopathy. I. Nature of cerebral functional defects and their effect on fitness to drive. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1981; 26: 622–630
Sharma, P., Sharma, B.C., Puri, V., Sarin, S.K.: Critical flicker frequency: Diagnostic tool for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol 2007; 47: 63–73
Shiota, T.: Quantitative psychometric testing and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy-comparative study between encephalopathic and non-encephalopathic patients with liver cirrhosis. Acta Med. Okayama 1984; 38: 193–205
Sood, G.K., Sarin, S.K., Mahaptra, J., Broor, S.L.: Comparative efficacy of psychometric tests in detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in nonalcoholic cirrhotics: search for a rational approach. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1989; 84: 156–159
Taghavy, A., Kügler, Ch.F.A.: The pattern flash elicited P 300-complex (PF-P 300): A new method for studying cognitive processes of the brain. Intern. J. Neuroscience 1988; 38: 179–188
Tarter, R.E., Scalabassi, R., Sandford, S.L., Hoys, A.L., Carra, J.P., Thiel, van, D.H.: Relationship between hepatic injury status and event-related potentials. Clin. Electroenceph. 1987; 18: 15–19
Van der Rijt, C.C.D., Schalm, S.W.: Quantitative EEG analysis and evoked potentials to measure (latent) hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 1992; 14: 141–142
Watanabe, A., Tuchida, T., Yata, Y., Kuwabara, J.: Evaluation of neuropsychological function in patients with liver cirrhosis with special reference to their driving ability. Metab. Brain Dis. 1995; 10: 239–248
Weissenborn, K., Rückert, N., Hecker, H., Manns, M.P.: The number connection tests A and B: Interindividual variability and use for the assessment of early hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 1998; 28: 646–653
Weissenborn, K., Ennen, J.C., Schomerus, H., Rückert, N., Hecker, H.: Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. J. Hepatol. 2001; 34: 768–773
Yang, S.-S., Chu, N.-S., Liaw, Y.-F.: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1986; 6: 1352–1355
Yen, C.-L., Liaw, Y.-F.: Somatosensory evoked potentials and number connection test in the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1990; 37: 332–334
Zeegen, R., Drinkwater, J.E., Dawson, A.M.: Method for measuring cerebral dysfunction in patients with liver disease. Brit. Med. J. 1970; 2: 633–636
Zeneroli, M.L., Pinelli, G., Gollini, G., Penne, A., Messori, E., Zani, G., Ventura, E.: Visual evoked potential: a diagnostic tool for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 1984; 25: 291–299
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2008). Neurological and psychological diagnostics. In: Hepatology Textbook and Atlas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76839-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76839-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76838-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-76839-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)