Zinc oxide has been investigated already in 1912. With the beginning of the semiconductor age after the invention of the transistor [1], systematic investigations of ZnO as a compound semiconductor were performed. In 1960, the good piezoelectric properties of zinc oxide were discovered [2], which led to the first electronic application of zinc oxide as a thin layer for surface acoustic wave devices [3].
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
J. Bardeen, W.H. Brattain, Phys. Rev. 74, 230 1948
A.R. Hutson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 4, 505 1960
F.S. Hickernell, Proc. IEEE 64, 631 1976
C. Klingshirn, H. Priller, M. Decker, J. Brückner, H. Kalt, R. Hauschild, J. Zeller, A. Waag, A. Bakin, H. Wehmann, K. Thonke, R. Sauer, R. Kling, F. Reuss, C. Kirchner, Adv. Solid State Phys. 45, 275 2005
C. Klingshirn, M. Grundmann, A. Hoffmann, B. Meyer, A. Waag, Phys. J. 5, 33 2006
G. Heiland, E. Mollwo, F. Stöckmann, Solid State Phys. 8, 191 1959
W. Hirschwald, in Current Topics in Material Science, vol. 7, ed. by E. Kaldis (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981), pp. 144-482
C. Klingshirn, H. Haug, Phys. Rep. 70, 315 1981
U. Ö zgür, Y.I. Alivov, C. Liu, A. Teke, M.A. Reshchikov, S. Dogan, V. Avrutin, S.J. Cho, H. Morkoc, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 041301 2005
N.H. Nickel, E. Terukov (eds.), Zinc Oxide-A Material for Micro- and Opto-electronic Applications (Springer, Dordrecht, 2005)
C. Jagadish, S.J. Pearton (eds.), Zinc Oxide: Bulk, Thin Films and Nanos-tructures (Elsevier, Oxford, 2006)
K. Nomura, H. Ohta, K. Ueda, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano, H. Hosono, Science 300,1269 2003
D.C. Look, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S55 2005
B.K. Meyer, J. Sann, A. Zeuner, Adv. Solid State Phys. 45, 289 2005
B. Claflin, D.C. Look, S.J. Park, G. Cantwell, J. Cryst. Growth 287, 16 2006
R.G.W. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures (Interscience, New York, 1963)
A.N. Mariano, R.E. Hanneman, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 384 1963
W.L. Bragg, Phil. Mag. 39, 647 1920
F. Decremps, J. Zhang, R.C. Lieberman, Europhys. Lett. 51, 268 2000
S. Desgreniers, Phys. Rev. B 58, 14102 1998
A. Dargys, J. Kundrotas, Handbook of Physical Properties of Ge, Si, GaAs and InP (Science Encycl. Publ., Vilnius, 1994)
O. Madelung (ed.), Semiconductors Basic Data (2nd ed.) (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1996)
H.L. Hartnagel, A.L. Dawar, A.K. Jain, C. Jagadish, Semiconducting Transparent Thin Films (Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, 1995)
A.A. Khan, Acta Cryst. A 24, 403 1968
R.R. Reeber, J. Appl. Phys. 41, 5063 1970
S. Adachi, Properties of Group IV, III-V and II-VI Semiconductors (John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England, 2005)
Y. Lu, N.W. Emanetoglu, Y. Cheng, in Zinc Oxide. Bulk, Thin films and Nanostructures, ed. by C. Jagadish, S.J. Pearton (Elsevier, Oxford, 2006), pp. 443-489
R. Helbig (ed.), Landolt Börnstein, New Series III/17d; II-VI and I-VII Compounds (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Newyork, 1984)
I. Hamberg, C.G. Granqvist, J. Appl. Phys. 60, R123 1986
H. Fujiwara, M. Kondo, Phys. Rev. B 71, 075109 2005
M. Chase, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th edn. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9 (NIST, 1998)
D.S. Ginley, C. Bright, MRS Bull. 25(Aug), 15 (2000)
T. Minami, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S35 2005
R.L. Weiher, R.P. Ley, J. Appl. Phys. 37, 299 1966
I. Hamberg, C.G. Granqvist, K.F. Berggren, B.E. Sernelius, L. Engström, Phys. Rev. B 30, 3240 1984
Y. Gassenbauer, R. Schafranek, A. Klein, S. Zafeiratos, M. Hävecker, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlögl, Phys. Rev. B 73, 245312 2006
S.P. Harvey, T.O. Mason, Y. Gassenbauer, R. Schafranek, A. Klein, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39, 3959 2006
P. Erhart, A. Klein, R.G. Egdell, K. Albe, Phys. Rev. B 75, 153205 2007
K. Bädeker, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 22, 749 1907
T.O. Mason, D.R. Kammler, B.J. Ingram, G.B. Gonzalez, D.L. Young, T.J. b. Coutts, Thin Solid Films 445, 186 2003
F.P. Koffyberg, Phys. Rev. B 13, 4470 1976
C. McGuinness, C.B. Stagarescu, P.J. Ryan, J.E. Downes, D. Fu, K.E. Smith, R.G. Egdell, Phys. Rev. B 68, 165104 2003
Z. Zhao, D.L. Morel, C.S. Ferekides, Thin Solid Films 413, 203 2002
A.J. Freeman, K.R. Poeppelmeier, T.O. Mason, R.P.H. Chang, T.J. Marks, MRS Bull. 25(Aug), 45 2000
T. Minami, MRS Bull. 25(Aug), 38 (2000)
H. Kawazoe, M. Yasukawa, H. Hyodo, M. Kurita, H. Yanagi, H. Hosono, Nature 389, 939 1997
A. Kudo, H. Yanagi, H. Hosono, H. Kawazoe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 220 1998
H. Kawazoe, H. Yanagi, K. Ueda, H. Hosono, MRS Bull. 25(Aug), 28 (2000)
K. Ueda, S. Inoue, S. Hirose, H. Kawazoe, H. Hosono, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2701 2000
H. Yanagi, T. Hase, S. Ibuki, K. Ueda, H. Hosono, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1583 2001
H. Yanagi, K. Ueda, H. Ohta, M. Orita, M. Hirano, H. Hosono, Solid State Commun. 121, 15 2001
H. Yanagi, J. Tate, S. Park, C.H. Park, D.A. Keszler, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2814 2003
B.J. Ingram, T.O. Mason, R. Asahi, K.T. Park, A.J. Freeman, Phys. Rev. B 64,155114 2001
B.J. Ingram, B.J. Harder, N.W. Hrabe, T.O. Mason, Chem. Mater. 16, 5623 2004
X. Nie, S.H. Wei, S.B. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 066405 2002
R. Helbig, J. Cryst. Growth 15, 25 1972
T.B. Massalski, H. Okamoto, P.R. Subramanian, L. Kacprzak (eds.), Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Vol. 3 (ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1990)
N.G. Vannerberg, Ark. Kemi 14, 119 1959
D.F. Anthrop, A.W. Searcy, J. Phys. Chem. 68, 2335 1964
K.I. Hagemark, P.E. Toren, J. Electrochem. Soc. 122, 992 1975
G.W. Tomlins, J.L. Routbort, T.O. Mason, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 117 2000
K. Lott, S. Shinkarenko, T. Kirsanova, L. Türn, E. Gorohova, A. Grebennik, A. Vishnjakov, Phys. Stat. Sol. (c) 1, 2237 2004
O. Fritsch, Ann. Phys. [5], 22, 375 1935
D. Rykl, J. Bauer, Kristall und Technik 3, 375 1968
K. Maeda, M. Sato, I. Niikura, T. Fukuda, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S49 2005
G. Bogner, E. Mollwo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 6, 136 1958
M. Hirose, Y. Furuya, I. Kubo, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 726 1970
D.F. Bliss, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, vol. 10, ed. by K.H.J. Buschow, R. Cahn, M. Flemings, B. Ilschner, E. Kramer, S. Mahajan (Elsevier, Oxford, 2001), pp. 9888-9891
J. Nause, B. Nemeth, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S45 2005
D. Schulz, S. Ganschow, D. Klimm, M. Neubert, M. Roßberg, M. Schmidbauer, R. Fornari, J. Cryst. Growth 296, 27 2006
D.C. Look, D.C. Reynolds, J.R. Sizelove, R.L. Jones, C.W. Litton, G. Cantwell, W.C. Harsch, Solid State Commun. 105, 399 1998
E.V. Kortunova, P.P. Chvanski, N.G. Nikolaeva, J. Phys. IV France 126, 39 2005
K. Ellmer, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33, R17 2000
J.R. Bellingham, W.A. Phillips, C.J. Adkins, J. Phys.: Cond. Mat. 2, 6207 1990
P. Kuppusami, G. Vollweiler, D. Rafaja, K. Ellmer, Appl. Phys. A 81, 183 2005
E. Scharowsky, Z. Phys. 135, 318 1953
K. Yamada, S. Tobisawa, J. Appl. Phys. 66, 5309 1989
J. Tornow, K. Schwarzburg, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 8692 2007
M.H. Huang, Y. Wu, H. Feick, N. Tran, E. Weber, P. Yang, Adv. Mater. 13, 113 2001
R.B. Peterson, C.L. Fields, B.A. Gregg, Langmuir 20, 5114 2004
L. Wischmeier, T. Voss, S. Brner, W. Schade, Appl. Phys. A 84, 111 2006
G.C. Yi, V. Wang, W.I. Park, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S22 2005
M. Huang, S. Mao, H. Feick, H. Yan, Y. Wu, H. Kind, E. Weber, R. Russo, P. Yang, Science 292, 1897 2001
Y.W. Heo, F. Ren, D.P. Norton, in Zinc Oxide: Bulk, Thin Films and Nanos-tructures, ed. by C. Jagadish, S. Pearton (Elsevier, Oxford, 2006), pp. 491-523
T. Soga (ed.), Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion (Elsevier, Oxford, 2006)
M.S. White, D.C. Olson, S.E. Shaheen, N. Kopidakis, D.S. Ginley, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143517 2006
X. Wang, J. Song, J. Liu, Z.L. Wang, Science 316, 102 2007
W.A. Harrison, Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids (Dover Publications, New York, 1989)
P.Y. Yu, M. Cardona, Fundamentals of Semiconductors. Physics and Materials Properties, 3rd edn. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg Newyork, 2001)
J.L. Shay, J.H. Wernick, Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)
B.K. Meyer, H. Alves, D.M. Hofmann, W. Kriegseis, D. Forster, F. Bertram, J. Christen, A. Hoffmann, M. Straßburg, M. Dworzak, U. Haboeck, A.V. Rodina, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 241, 231 2004
J.E. Jaffe, A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 29, 1882 1984
S.H. Wei, A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 37, 8958 1988
S.H. Wei, A. Zunger, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2011 1998
D. Vogel, P. Krüger, J. Pollmann, Phys. Rev. B 52, R14316 1995
D. Vogel, P. Krüger, J. Pollmann, Phys. Rev. B 54, 5495 1996
C.L. Dong, C. Persson, L. Vayssieres, A. Augustsson, T. Schmitt, M. Mattesini, R. Ahuja, C.L. Chang, J.H. Guo, Phys. Rev. B 70, 195325 2004
A. Ohtomo, M. Kawasaki, T. Koida, K. Masubuchi, H. Koinuma, Y. Sakurai, Y. Yoshida, T. Yasuda, Y. Segawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2466 1998
A. Ohtomo, M. Kawasaki, I. Ohkubo, H. Koinuma, T. Yasuda, Y. Segawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 980 1999
T. Makino, Y. Segawa, M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, R. Shiroki, K. Tamura, T. Yasuda, H. Koinuma, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1237 2001
S. Choopun, R.D. Vispute, W. Yang, R.P. Sharma, T. Venkatesan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 1529 2002
R. Schmidt, B. Rheinländer, M. Schubert, D. Spemann, T. Butz, J. Lenzner, E.M. Kaidashev, M. Lorenz, A. Rahm, H.C. Semmelhack, M. Grundmann, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2260 2003
R. Schmidt-Grund, M. Schubert, B. Rheinländer, D. Fritsch, H. Schmidt, E.M. Kaidashev, C.M. Herzinger, M. Grundmann, Thin Solid Films 455-456, 500 2004
G.V. Rao, F. Säuberlich, A. Klein, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 032101 2005
F.A. Kröger, The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1964)
J. Maier, Physical Chemistry of Ionic Materials (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004)
A.F. Kohan, G. Ceder, D. Morgan, C.G. van de Walle, Phys. Rev. B 61, 15019 2000
S.B. Zhang, S.H. Wei, A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 63, 075205 2001
F. Oba, S.R. Nishitani, S. Isotani, H. Adachi, I. Tanaka, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 824 2001
H. Overhof, J.M. Spaeth, Phys. Rev. B 72, 115205 2005
S.B. Zhang, J.E. Northrup, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2339 1991
E.C. Lee, Y.S. Kim, Y.G. Jin, K.J. Chang, Phys. Rev. B 64, 085120 2001
P. Erhart, A. Klein, K. Albe, Phys. Rev. B 72, 085213 2005
P. Erhart, K. Albe, A. Klein, Phys. Rev. B 73, 205203 2006
A. Janotti, C.G. van de Walle, J. Cryst. Growth 287, 58 2006
S. Lany, A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 045501 2007
W. Walukiewicz, Physica B 302-303, 123 2001
S.B. Zhang, S.H. Wei, A. Zunger, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 3192 1998
J.A. van Vechten, J.D. Zook, R.D. Horning, B. Goldenberg, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 3662 1992
C. Agashe, O. Kluth, J. Hüpkes, U. Zastrow, B. Rech, M. Wuttig, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 1911 2004
G. Frank, H. Köstlin, Appl. Phys. A 27, 197 1982
S. Lany, A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 72, 035215 2005
C.G. van de Walle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1012 2000
S.F.J. Cox, E.A. Davis, S.P. Cottrell, P.J.C. King, J.S. Lord, J.M. Gil, H.V. Alberto, R.C. Vilo, J.P. Duarte, N.A. de Campos, A. Weidinger, R.L. Lichti, S.J.C. Irvine, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2601 2001
H. Moormann, D. Kohl, G. Heiland, Surf. Sci. 100, 302 1980
L.Y. Chen, W.H. Chen, J.J. Wang, F.C.N. Hong, Y.K. Su, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85,5628 2004
G.A. Shi, M. Saboktakin, M. Stavola, S.J. Pearton, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5601 2004
P. Erhart, K. Albe, Phys. Rev. B 73, 115207 2006
P. Erhart, K. Albe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201918 2006
W.J. Moore, E.L. Williams, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 28, 86 1959
J.W. Hoffman, I. Lauder, Trans. Faraday Soc. 66, 2346 1970
R. Robin, A.R. Cooper, A.H. Heuer, J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3770 1973
G.W. Tomlins, J.L. Routbort, T.O. Mason, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 869 1998
H. Haneda, I. Sakaguchi, A. Watanabe, T. Ishigaki, J. Tanaka, J. Electroceram. 4, 41 1999
A.C.S. Sabioni, M.J.F. Ramos, W.B. Ferraz, Mater. Res. 6, 173 2003
R. Lindner, Acta Chem. Scand. 6, 457 1952
E.A. Secco, W.J. Moore, J. Chem. Phys. 23, 1170 1955
E.A. Secco, W.J. Moore, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 942 1957
D.G. Thomas, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 3, 229 1957
J.P. Roberts, C. Wheeler, Phil. Mag. 2, 708 1957
J.P. Roberts, C. Wheeler, Trans. Faraday Soc. 56, 570 1960
B.J. Wuensch, H.L. Tuller, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 55, 975 1994
M.A. Nogueira, W.B. Ferraz, A.C.S. Sabioni, Mater. Res. 6, 167 2003
M.A.N. Nogueira, A.C.S. Sabioni, W.B. Ferraz, Defect Diffus. Forum 237-240, 163 2005
C. Coskun, D.C. Look, G.C. Farlow, J.R. Sizelove, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19,752 2004
Y.V. Gorelkinskii, G.D. Watkins, Phys. Rev. B 69, 115212 2004
K. Lorenz, E. Alves, E. Wendler, O. Bilani, W. Wesch, M. Hayes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 191904 2005
H.E. Brown, Zinc Oxide. Properties and Applications (Int. Lead Zinc Research Org., New York, 1976)
B. Rech, H. Wagner, Appl. Phys. A 69, 155 1999
K. Ramanathan, M.A. Contreras, C.L. Perkins, S. Asher, F.S. Hasoon, J. Keane, D. Young, M. Romero, W. Metzger, R. Noufi, J. Ward, A. Duda, Progr. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 11, 225 2003
R. Klenk, J. Klaer, R. Scheer, M.C. Lux-Steiner, I. Luck, N. Meyer, U. Rühle, Thin Solid Films 480-481, 509 2005
M. Katayama, Thin Solid Films 341, 140 1999
L.S. Hung, C.H. Chen, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 39, 143 2002
T. Kugler, W.R. Salaneck, H. Rost, A.B. Holmes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 310, 391 1999
K. Sugiyama, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi, K. Seki, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 295 2000
Y. Gassenbauer, A. Klein, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 4793 2006
X. Jiang, F.L. Wong, M.K. Fung, S.T. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1875 2003
S.H.K. Park, J.I. Lee, C.S. Hwang, H.Y. Chu, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, L242 2005
L.M. Levinson, H.R. Philipp, Ceram. Bull. 65, 639 1986
M. Matsuoka, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 10, 736 1971
M. Rossinelli, G. Blatter, F. Greuter, in Electrical Ceramics, vol. 36, ed. By B.C.H. Steele (Inst. of Ceramics, Shelton, 1985), pp. 1-17
G. Blatter, F. Greuter, Phys. Rev. B 34, 8555 1986
A. Ballato, in IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings (1996), pp. 575-583
B. Drafts, Sensors 17(October), 68 2000
J.W. Grate, S.J. Martin, R.W. White, Analyt. Chem. 65, 940 1993
J.W. Grate, S.J. Martin, R.W. White, Analyt. Chem. 65, 987 1993
C. Gorla, N.W. Emanetoglu, S. Liang, W.E. Mayo, H.S. Y. Yu, M. Wraback, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 2595 1999
K. Vanheusdalen, C.H. Seager, W.L. Warren, D.R. Tallant, J.A. Voigt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 403 1996
A.H. Kitai, Thin Solid Films 445, 367 2003
T. Miyata, Y. Mochizuki, T. Minami, IEICE Trans. Electron. E88-C, 2065 (2005)
N. Saito, H. Haneda, T. Sekiguchi, N. Ohashi, I. Sakaguchi, K. Koumoto, Adv. Mater. 14, 418 2002
K. Nomura, H. Ohta, A. Takagi, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano, H. Hosono, Nature 432,488 2004
H.Q. Chiang, J.F. Wager, R.L. Hoffman, J. Jeong, D.A. Keszler, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 013503 2005
G. Thomas, Nature 389, 907 1997
I. Satoh, T. Kobayashi, K. Katayma, T. Okada, T. Itoh, Appl. Phys. A 79, 1445 2004
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ellmer, K., Klein, A. (2008). ZnO and Its Applications. In: Ellmer, K., Klein, A., Rech, B. (eds) Transparent Conductive Zinc Oxide. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 104. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73612-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73612-7_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-73611-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-73612-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)