Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
5.6 References
Achoundong, G., Youta Happi, J., Guillet, B., Bonvallot, J., and Kamganag Beyla, V. (2000) Formation et evolution des recrus sur savanes. In: S. Servant-Vildary and M. Servant (eds.), Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux (pp. 31–41). UNESCO, Paris [in French].
Alexandre, A., Meunier, J. D., Lezine, A. M., Vincens, A., and Schwartz, D. (1997) Phytoliths: Indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclirnatology, Palaeoecology 136, 213–229.
Anupama, K., Ramesh, B. R., and Bonnefille, R. (2000) The modern pollen rain from the Biligirirangan-Melagiri hills of Southern Eastern Ghats, India. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 108, 175–196.
Aubreville, A. (1951) Le concept d’association dans la forêt dense équatoriale de la basse Côte d’Ivoire. Mémoire de la Société botanique de France 1950–51, 145–158[in French].
Aubreville, A. (1957-58) A la recherche de la forêt en Côte d’Ivoire. Bois Forêts Trop. 56, 17–32 (1957), 57, 12-27 (1958) [in French].
Aubreville, A. (1967) La forêt primaire des montagnes de Belinga. Biologica Gabonica 3, 95–112 [in French].
Barboni, D. and Bonnefille, R. (2001) Precipitation signal in modern pollen rain from tropical forests, South India. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 114, 239–258.
Barboni, D., Bonnefille, R., Prasad S., and Ramesh, B. R. (2003) Variation in modern pollen rain from tropical evergreen forests and the monsoon seasonality gradient in S W India. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 551–562.
Battarbee, R., Gasse, F., and Stickley, C. E. (2004) Past Climatic Variability through Europe and Africa (Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research Series 6, 638 pp.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Bengo, M. D. and Maley, J. (1991) Analyses des flux polliniques sur la marge sud du Golfe de Guinée depuis 135.000 ans. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série H 313, 843–849 [in French].
Bertaux, J., Sifeddine, A., Schwartz, D., Vincens, A., and Elenga, H. (1996) Enregistrement sédimentologique de la phase sèche d’Afrique équatoriale c. 3000 BP par la spectrométrie IR dans les lacs Sinnda et Kitina (Sud-Congo). Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiersintertropicaux” (pp. 213–215). CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., de Menxal, P., Prime, P., Cullen, H. H., Ajolas, I., Bonani, G. et al. (1997) A persuasive millennia-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial climates. Science 278, 1257–1266.
Bonnefille, R. (1971a) Atlas des pollens d’Ethiopie. Principales espèces des forêts de montagne. Pollen et spores 13/1, 15–72 [in French].
Bonnefille, R. (1971b) Atlas des pollens d’Ethiopie. Pollens actuels de la basse vallée de l’Omo, récoltes botaniques 1968. Adansonia (2) 11/3, 463–518 [in French].
Bonnefille, R. and Chalié, F. (2000) Pollen-inferred precipitation time-series from equatorial mountains, Africa, the last 40 kyrBP. Global and Planetary Change 26, 25–50.
Bonnefille, R. and Riollet, G. (1980) Pollens des savanes d’Afrique orientale (140 pp.). CNRS, Paris [in French].
Bonnefille, R., Roeland, J-C., and Guiot, J. (1990) Temperature and rainfall estimates for the last 40,000 years in equatorial Africa. Nature 346, 347–349.
Bonnefille, R., Chalié, F., Guiot, J., and Vincens, A. (1992) Quantitative estimates of full glacial temperatures in equatorial Africa from palynological data. Climate Dynamics 6, 251–257.
Bonnefille, R., Buchet, G., Friis, I., Kelbessa E., and Mohammed, M. U. (1993) Modern pollen rain on an altitudinal range of forests and woodlands in South West Ethiopia. Opera Botanica 121, 71–84.
Bonnefille, R., Anupama, K., Barboni, D., Pascal, J. P., Prasad, S., and Sutra, J. P. (1999) Modern pollen spectra from tropical South India and Sri Lanka, altitudinal distribution. Journal of Biogeography 26, 1255–1280.
Bradley, R. (2000) 1000 years of climate change. Science 288, 1353–1355.
Bremond, L., Alexandre, A., Hély, C., and Guiot, J. (2005) A phytolith index as a proxy of tree cover density in tropical areas: Calibration with Leaf Area Index along a forest savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon. Global and Planetary Change 45, 277–293.
Caballe, G. (1986). Sur la biologic des lianes ligneuses en forêt gabonaise, Thèse Fac. Sci. Montpellier (341 pp.) [in French].
Caratini, C., Guinet, Ph., and Maley, J. (eds.) (1974) Pollens et spores d’Afrique tropicale (Travaux Documentaires Geographic tropicale, 282 pp.). CNRS/CEGET, Bordeaux, France [in French].
Claussen, M. (1997) Modeling bio-geophysical feedback in the African and Indian monsoon region. Climate Dynamics 13, 247–257.
Cournac, L., Dubois, M-A., Chave, J., and Riéa, B. (2002) Fast determination of light availability and leaf area index in tropical forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, 295–302.
Cusset, G. (1987) La flore et la végétation du Mayombe congolais. Etat des connaisances (Rapport, 46 pp.). UNESCO, Paris [in French].
Dechamps, R., Lanfranchi, R., Le Cocq, A., and Schwartz, D. (1988a) Reconstitution d’environnements quaternaires par l’étude de macrorestes végétaux (Pays Bateke, R.P. du Congo). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 66, 33–44 [in French].
Dechamps, R., Lanfranchi, R., and Schwartz, D. (1988b). Découverte d’une flore forestière miholocène (5800 3100 yr B.P.) conservée in situ sur le littoral ponténégrin (R.P. du Congo). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris’), série II 306, 615–618 [in French].
Descoings, B. (1960) Les steppes loussékés de la zone de Gabouka (Plateau Batéké, République Congo-Brazzaville) (34 pp.). ORSTOM, Brazzaville, Congo [in French].
Descoings, B. (1976) Notes de phyto-écologie équatoriale, 3: Les formations herbeuses de la vallée de la Nyanga (Gabon). Adamsonia (2), 15, 307–329 [in French].
Dupont, L. and Behling, H. (in press, on line) Land sea linkages during deglaciation: High-resolution records from the eastern Atlantic off the coast of Namibia and Angola (ODP Site 1078). Quaternary International.
Dupont, L. and Weinelt, M. (1996) Vegetation history of the savanna corridor between the Guinean and the Congolian rain forest during the last 150,000 years. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5, 273–292.
Elenga, H. (1992) Végétation et climat du Congo depuis 24 000 ans B.P. Analyse palynologique de séquences sédimentaires du Pays Bateke et du littoral. Unpublished thesis, University Aix-Marseille III (238 pp.) [in French].
Elenga, H., Vincens, A., and Schwartz, D. (1991) Présence d’é1éments forestiers montagnards sur les plateaux Batéké (Congo) au cours du Pléistocéne supérieur. Nouvelles données palynologiques. Palaeoecology of Africa 22, 239–252 [in French].
Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., and Vincens, A. (1992) Changements climatiques et action anthropique sur le littoral congolais au cours de l’Holocène. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 163, 83–90 [in French].
Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., and Vincens, A. (1994) Pollen evidence of Late Quaternary vegetation and inferred climate changes in Congo. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109, 345–356.
Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., Vincens, A., Bertaux J., de Namur, C., Martin, L., Wirrmann, D., and Servant, M. (1996) Diagramme pollinique holocène du lac Kitina (Congo): miise en évidence de changements paléobotaniques et paléoclimatiques dans le massif forestier du Mayombe. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa, 323, 403–410 [in French].
Elenga, H., de Namur, C., Vincens A., and Roux, M. (2000a) Use of plots to define pollen vegetation relationships in densely forested ecosystems of Tropical Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 112, 79–96.
Elenga, H., de Namur, C., and Roux, M. (2000b) Etudes des relations pollen-végétation dans les formations forestières du Sud Congo (Massif de Mayombe et forêts littorales): apport de la statistique. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmesJbrestiers intertropicaux”, Paris, 20-22 mars 1996 (pp. 121–132) [in French].
Elenga, H., Peyron, O., Bonnefille, R., Jolly, D., Cheddadi, R., Guiot, J., Andrieu, V., Bottema, S., Buchet, G., and de Beaulieu, J. L. (2000c) Pollen-based biome reconstruction for Southern Europe and Africa 18,000 years ago. Journal of Biogeography 27, 621–634.
Elenga, H., Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Fabing, A., Bertaux J., Wirrmann, D., Martin, L., and Servant, M. (2001) Le marais estuarien de la Songolo (Sud Congo) à l’Holocène moyen et récent. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 172, 359–366 [in French].
Elenga, H., Maley J., Vincens, A., and Farrera, I. (2004) Palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and landscape development in Atlantic Equatorial Africa: A review of key sites covering the last 25 kyrs. In: R. W. Battarbee, F. Gasse, and C. E. Stickley (eds.), Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa (pp. 181–198). Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Evrard, C. (1968) Recherches écologiques sur le peuplement forestier des sols hydromorphes de la Cuvette centrale congolaise. Publications INEAC, sér. sci. 110, 1–285 [in French].
Flenley, J. (1979) The Equatorial Rain Forest: A Geological History (162 pp.). Butterworths, London.
Fredoux, A. and Maley, J. (2000) Le contenu pollinique de l’atmosphère dans les forêts du Sud Cameroun près de Yaoundé. Résultats préliminaires. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes Jbrestiers intertropicaux”, Paris’, 20-22 mars 1996 (pp. 139–148) [in French].
Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Kelts, K. (1991) Sedimentation and palaeoenvironment in crater lake Barombi Mbo, Cameroon during the last 25,000 years. Sedimentary Geology 71, 151–175.
Giresse, P., Maley, J., and Brénac, P. (1994) Late Quaternary palaeoenvironments in the lake Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon) deduced from pollen and carbon isotopes of organic matter. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 107, 65–78.
Guillet, B., Achoundong, G., Youta Happi, J., Kamgang Kabeyene Beyala, V., Bonvallot, J., Riera, B., Mariotti, A., and Schwartz, D. (2001) Agreement between floristic and soil organic carbon isotope (13C/12C, 14C) indicators of forest invasion of savannas during the last century in Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, 809–832.
Hall, J. B. and Swaine, M. D. (1981) Distribution and Ecology of Vascular Plants in a Tropical Rain Forest: Forest Vegetation in Ghana (383 pp.). Junk, The Hague.
Harley, M. M. and Clarkson, J. J. (1999) Pollen morphology of the African Burseraceae and related genera. Palaeocology of Africa, 225–241.
Harrison, S. and Prentice, C. I. (2003) Climate and CO2 controls on global vegetation distribution at the last glacial maximum: Analysis based on palaeovegetation data, biome modelling and palaeoclimate simulations. Global Change Biology 9, 983–1004.
Haug, G. H., Hughen, K. A., Sigman, D. M., Peterson, L. C., and Rôhl, U., (2001) Southward migration of the intertropical convergence throughthe Holocene. Science 293, 1304–1308.
Jahns, S. (1996). Vegetation history and climate changes in West Equatorial Africa during the the late Pleistocene and Holocene, based on a marine pollen diagram from the Congo fan. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5, 207–213.
Jolly, D., Bonnefille, R., Burcq, S., and Roux, M. (1996) Représentation pollinique de la forêt dense humide du Gabon, tests statistiques. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, série IIa, 322, 63–70 [in French].
Jolly, D., Prentice, C., Bonnefille, R., Ballouche, A., Bongo, M., Brenac, P., Buchet, G., Burney, D., Casey, J. P., and Cheddadi, R. (1998) Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. Journal of Biogeography 25, 1007–1027.
Koechlin, J. (1961) La végétation des savanes dans le Sud de la République du Congo (Mémoire 1,305 pp.). ORSTOM, Paris [in French].
Kohfeld, K. E. and Harrison, S. P. (2000) How well can we simulate past climates? Evaluating the models using global environmental data sets. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 321–346.
Lebrun, J. P. and Gilbert, G. (1954) Une classification écologique des forêts du Congo. Publications INEAC, sér. sci., 63, 1–89 [in French].
Letouzey, R. (1968). Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun (508 pp.). Lechevalier, Paris [in French].
Letouzey, R. (1978). Notes phytogeographiques sur les palmiers du Cameroun. Adansonia 18, 293–325 [in French].
Letouzey, R. (1985) Notice de la carte phytogéographique du Cameroun au 1:500 000. IRA Yaoundé et Institut Carte internationale de la Végétation, Toulouse, France [in French].
Makany, L. (1976) Végétation des plateaux Téké. Travaux Université Brazzaville 1, 301 [in French].
Maley, J. (1970) Contribution à l’étude du Bassin du Tchad. Atlas des pollens du Tchad. Bulletin du jardin Botanique national belge 40(25), 29–48 [in French].
Maley, J. (1989) Late Quaternary climatic changes in the African rain forest: Forest refugia and the major role of sea surface temperature variations. In: M. Leinen and M. Sarnthein (eds.), Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport (NATO Advanced Sc. Inst. Series C, 282, pp. 585 616). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Maley, J. (1991) The African rainforest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during late Quaternary. Climatic Change 19, 79–98.
Maley, J. (1992) Commentaire à la note de D. Schwartz: Mise en évidence d’une péjoration climatique entre ca. 2500 et 2000 ans B.P. en Afrique tropicale humide. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 163, 363–365 [in French].
Maley, J. (1996) The African rainforest, main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary. In: I. J. Alexander, M. D. Swaine, and R. Watling (eds.), Essays on the Ecology of the Guinea-Congo Rainforest. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B Biological Sciences 104, 31–73.
Maley, J. (1997) Middle to late Holocene changes in Topical Africa and other continents: Palaeomousson and sea surface temperature variations. In: H. N. Dalfes, G. Kukla, and H. Weiss (eds.), The Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse (NATO ASI Series 149, pp. 611–640). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Maley, J. (2001) Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm) fluctuations in central Africa during the late Holocene: Climate or human driving forces for this pioneering species? Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 10, 117–120.
Maley, J. and Brénac, P. (1998) Vegetation dynamics, palaeoenvironments and climatic changes in the forests of western Cameroon during the last 28,000 years B.P. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 99, 157–187.
Maley, J. and Elenga, H. (1993). Le rô1e des nuages dans l’évolution des paléoenvironnements montagnards de l’Afrique Tropicale. Veille Climatique Satellitaire 46, 51–63 [in French].
Maley, J., Livingstone, D. A., Giresse, P., Thouveny, N., Brenac, P., Kelts, K., Kling, G., Stager, C., Haag, M., Fournier, M. et al. (1990). Lithostratigraphy, volcanism, palaeomagnetism and palynology of Quaternary lacustrine deposit from Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon): Preliminary results. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 42, 319–335.
Marchant, R. and Hooghiemstra, H. (2004) Rapid environmental change in African and South American tropics around 4000 years before present: A review. Earth Science Reviews 66, 217–260.
Marret, F., Scourse, J., Jansen, J. F., and Shneider, R. (1999) Changements climatiques et paléoocéanographiques en Afrique central Atlantique au cours de la dernière déglaciation: contribution palynologique. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 329, 721–726 [in French].
Mix, A., Bard, E., and Schneider, R. (2001) Environmental processes of the ice age: Land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 627–657.
Ngomanda, A., Chepstow-Lusty, A., Makaya, M., Schevin, P., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., Rabenkogo, N., and Jolly, D. (2005) Vegetation changes during the past 1300 years in Western Equatorial Africa: A high-resolution pollen record from Lake Kamalete, Lopé Reserve, Central Gabon. The Holocene 15, 1021–1031.
Ngomanda, A., Jolly, D., Bentaleb, I., Chepstow-Lusty, A., Makaya, M., Maley, J., Fontugne, M., Oslisly, R., and Rabenkogo, N. (in press). Response of African lowland rainforest to hydrological balance changes during the past 15 centuries years in Gabon, Western Equatorial Africa. Quaternary Research.
Nguetsop, V. F., Servant-Vildary, S., and Servant M. (2004) Late Holocene climatic changes in West Africa: A high resolution diatom record from equatorial Cameroon. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 591–609.
Oslisly, R. (2001) The history of human settlement in the Middle Ogooué Valley (Gabon). In: W. Weber, L. J. T. White, A. Vedder, and L. Naughton-Treves (eds.), African Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation (pp. 101–118). Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Oslisly, R. and Fontugne M. (1993) La fin du stade neolithique et le début de l’Age du Fer dans la moyenne vallée de l’Ogoué au Gabon. Problèmes chronologiques et changements culturels. Cornptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 31, 997–1003 [in French].
Pascal, J.-P., Shyam Sunder, V., and Meher-Homji, V. M. (1984) Forest Maps of South India, Sheet: Belgaum-Dharwar-Panaji (Travaux Scientifiques et Techniques). Karnataka Forest Department and the French Institute, Pondicherry, India.
Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserup, R A., and Soloman, A. M. (1992) A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. Journal of Biogeography 19, 117–134.
Reynaud-Farrera, I. (1995) Histoire des paléoenvironnements forestiers du Sud-Cameroun à partir d’analyses palynologiques et statistiques de dépôts holocènes et actuels. Unpublished thesis, University Montpellier II (230 pp.) [in French].
Reynaud-Farrera, I., Maley, J., and Wirrmann, D. (1996) Végétation et climat dans les forâts du Sud-Ouest Cameroun depuis 4770 ans B.P.: analyse pollinique des sédiments du lac Ossa. Cornptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 322, 749–755.
Richards, K. (1986) Preliminary results of pollen analysis of a 6000 year core from Mboandong: A crater lake in Cameroon. Hull Univ. Geogr. Dep. Misc. Set. 32, 14–28.
Richards, P. W. (1981) The Tropical Rain Forest: An ecological study (450 pp.). Cambridge University Press, London.
Runge, F. and Fimbel, R. A. (1999) Opal phytoliths as evidence of the formation of savanna islands in the rain forest of Southeast Cameroon. Palaeoecology of Africa 27, 171–187.
Russell, J., Talbot, M., and Haskell, B. J. (2003) Mid-holocene climate change in Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. Quaternary Research 60, 133–141.
Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1980). Palynologie camerounaise. I Pollens de la mangrove et des fourrés arbustifs côtiers. Compte rendus Congres National des Sociétés savantes 106, 125–136 [in French].
Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1981) Palynologie camerounaise. II Grains de pollen de la forêt littorale de basse altitude. Mangrove et des fourrés arbustifs cêtiers. Compte rendus Congres National des’ Sociétés savantes 107, 127–141 [in French].
Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1982) Palynologie camerounaise. III Grains de pollen de la forêt dense humide de basse et moyenne altitude. Compte rendus Congres National des Sociétés savantes 108, 117–129 [in French].
Schwartz, D. (1992) Assèchement climatique vers 3000 B.P. et expansion Bantu en Afrique centrale atlantique: quelques réflexions. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 163, 353–361 [in French].
Schwartz, D., Guillet, B., and Dechamps, R. (1990) Etude de deux flores forestières mi-holocène (6000 3000 BP) et subactuelle (500 BP) conservées in situ sur le littoral pontenegrin (Congo). In: R. Lanfranchi and D. Schwartz (eds.), Paysages quaternaires de l’AJ?ique centrale atlantique (pp. 283–297). ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].
Schwartz, D., de Foresta, H., Mariotti, A., Balesdent, J., Massimba, J. P., and Girardin, C. (1996a) Present dynamics of the savanna forest boundary in the Congolese Mayombe: A pedological, botanical and isotopic (13C and 14C) study. Oecologia 106, 516–524.
Schwartz, D., Dechamps, R., Elenga, H., Mariotti, A., and Vincens, A. (1996b) Les savanes d’Afrique Centrale: des écosystémes /t l’origine complexe, spScifiques de l’Holoc~ne sup6rieur. Symposium Dynamique ?t long terme des’ dcosystdmes Jbrestiers intertropicaux (pp. 179–182). CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].
Shaw, T. (1976) Early crops in Africa: A review of the evidence. In: J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet, and A. B. L. Stemler (eds.), Origin of AJrican Plant Domestication (pp. 107–153). Mouton, The Hague.
Sowunmi, M. A. (1973) Pollen of Nigerian Plants, I: Woody species. Grana 13, 145–186.
Sowunmi, M. A. (1995) Pollen of Nigerian Plants, II: Woody species. Grana 34, 120–141.
Sowunmi, M. A. (1999) The significance of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in the late Holocene environments of west and west central Africa: A further consideration. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 8, 199–210.
Stager, J. C. and Anfang-Stutter, R. (1999) Preliminary evidence of environmental changes at Lake Bambili (Cameroon, West Africa) since 24,000 Be. Journal of Palaeolimnology 22, 319–330.
Stager, J. C., Ryves, D., Cumming, B. F., Meeker, D., and Beer J. (2005) Solar variability and the levels of Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the last millennium. Journal of Palaeolimnology 33, 243–251.
Swaine, M. (1992) Charateristics of dry forests in West Africa and the influence of fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 365–374.
Van Geel, B., Van der Plicht, J., Kilian, M. R., Klaver, E. R., Kouvenberg, J. H. M., Renssen, H., Reynaud-Farrera I., and Waterbolk, H. T. (1998) The sharp rise of δ14C ca 800 cal BC: Possible cause, related climatic tele connections and the impact on human environments. Radiocarbon 40, 535–550.
Verschuren, D., Laird, K. R., and Cumming, B. F. (2000) Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1,100 years. Nature 403, 410–414.
Vincens, A., Chalié, F., Bonnefille, R., Guiot, J., and Tiercelin, J. J. (1993) Pollen-derived rainfall and temperature estimates from Lake Tanganyika and their implication for late Pleistocene water levels. Quaternary Research 40, 343–350.
Vincens, A., Buchet, G., Elenga, H., Fournier, M., Martin, L., de Namur, C., Schwartz, D., Servant, M., and Wirrmann, D. (1994) Changement majeur de la végétation du lac Sinnda (vallée du Niari, Sud-Congo) consécutif à l’assèchement climatique holocène supérieur: apport de la palynologie.Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 318, 1521–1526 [in French].
Vincens, A., Elenga, H., Schwartz, D., de Namur, C., Bertaux, J., Fournier, M., and Dechamps, R. (1996a). Histoire des écosystèmes forestiers du Sud-Congo depuis 6000 ans. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux” (pp. 291–294), CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].
Vincens, A., Alexandre, A., Bertaux, J., Dechamps, R., Elenga, H., Maley, J., Mariotti, A., Meunier, J. D., Nguetsop, F., Reynaud-Farrera, I. et al. (1996b) Evolution de la forêt tropicale en Afrique équatoriale atlantique durant les 4000 derniès années et héritage sur les paysages végétaux actuels. Symposium “Dynamique à long terme des écosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux” (pp. 287–289). CNRS-ORSTOM, Bondy, France [in French].
Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Bertaux, J., Elenga, H., and de Namur, C. (1998) Late Holocene climatic changes in Western equatorial Africa inferred from pollen from lake Sinnda, Southern Congo. Quaternary Research 50, 34–45.
Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Elenga, H., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Alexandre, A., Bertaux, J., Mariotti, A., Martin, L., Meunier, J. D., and Nguetsop, F. (1999) Forest response to climatic changes in Atlantic Equatorial Africa during the last 4000 years BP and inheritance on the modern landscapes. Journal of Biogeography 26, 879–885.
Vincens, A., Dubois, M. A., Guillet, B., Achoundong, G., Buchet, G., Kamgang Kabeyene Beyala, V., de Namur, C., and Riera, B. (2000) Polle-rain-vegetation relationships along a fores-savanna transect in southeastern Cameroon. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 110, 191–208.
White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa (a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/ AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa, 356 pp.). UNESCO, Paris.
Wirrmann, D. and Elouga, M. (1998) Discovery of an Iron Age site in Lake Ossa, Cameroonian Littoral Province. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, série IIa 323, 139–146.
Wirrmann, D., Bertaux, J., and Kossoni, A. (2001) Late Holocene palaeoclimatic changes in Western Central Africa inferred from mineral abundance in dated sediments from Lake Ossa (Southwest Cameroon). Quaternary Research 56, 275–287.
Youta Happi (1998) Arbres contre graminhes; la lente invasion de la savane par la forêt au Centre-Cameroun. Unpublished thesis, Universit6 Paris IV (237 pp.) [in French].
Zeven, A. C. (1964) On the origin of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Grana Palynologica 5, 121–123.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bonnefille, R. (2007). Rainforest responses to past climatic tropical Africa. In: Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48842-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48842-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23908-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48842-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)