Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Secondary Spectra and Satellites

  • Chapter
X-Ray Spectroscopy

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 15))

Abstract

In an atom, ionization can be caused not only by electron impact, but also by energetic photons. In the photoionization process, the incident photon is absorbed and a single electron is ejected. It is a one-step process, A + hv → A + + e-. It plays an important role in the absorption of X-rays in matter. During the last 20 years, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become a powerful tool to probe the interactions within atoms, molecules and solids, starting with the work of Siegbahn et al. [4.1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. K. Siegbhan, C. Nordling, A. Fahlman, R. Nordberg, K. Hamrin, J. Hedman, G. Johansson, T. Bergmark, S.E. Karlsson, I. Lindgren: Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Ups. 20, 1 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  2. See also I. Lindgren, J. Morrison: Atomic Many-Body Theory, 2nd ed., Springer Ser. Atoms Plasmas, Vol. 3 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. Svanberg: Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Springer Ser. Atoms Plasmas, Vol. 6 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  4. M. Stobbe: Ann. Phys. 7, 661 (1930)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. F. Sauter: Ann. Phys. 11, 454 (1931)

    Google Scholar 

  6. see also R.H. Pratt, A. Ron, H.K. Tseng: Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 273, 663 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. G. Schur: Ann. Phys. 4, 433 (1930)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Cooper, R.N. Zare: J. Chem. Phys. 48, 942 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. W.J. Carter, G.K. Schweitzer, T.A. Carlson: J. Electron Spectrosc. 5, 827 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  10. see also J.T.J. Huang, J.W. Rabalais: In Electron Spectroscopy, Vol. 2, ed. by C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (Academic, New York 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  11. J.H. Scofield: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report No. UCRL-51326 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  12. J.J. Quinn: Phys. Rev. 126, 1453 (1962)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. C.N. Yang: Phys. Rev. 74, 764 (1948); see also [4.4]

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. V.L. Jacobs: J. Phys. B5, 2257 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. S.T. Manson, D. Dill: In Electron Spectroscopy, Vol. 2, ed. by C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (Academic, New York 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  16. S.T. Manson: In Photoemission in Solids I, ed. by M. Cardona, L. Ley, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  17. R.J.W. Henry, L. Lipsky: Phys. Rev. 153, 51 (1967)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. H. Basch: J. Electron Spectrosc. 5, 463 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  19. L. Ley, S.P. Kowalczyk, F.R. McFeely, R.A. Pollak, D.H. Shirley: Phys. Rev. B8, 2392 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. J.W. Gadzuk: Phys. Rev. B 14, 2267 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. C.S. Fadley: In Electron Spectroscopy, ed. by C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (Academic, New York 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  22. M.A. Brisk, A.D. Baker: J. Electron Spectrosc. 7, 197 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  23. D.A. Shirley: In Photoemission in Solids I, ed. by M. Cardona, L. Ley, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  24. U. Fano: Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. U. Fano, J.W. Cooper: Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 441 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. L.I. Johansson, J.W. Allen, I. Lindau, M.H. Hecht, S.B.M. Hagstrom: Phys. Rev. B 21, 1408 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. M.H. Hecht, I. Lindau: Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 821 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. A.F. Starace: In Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 31, ed. by W. Mehlorn (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  29. B.L. Henke: Adv. X-Ray Anal. 5, 285 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  30. M.O. Krause: Chem. Phys. Lett. 10, 65 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. C.T. Hovland: Appl. Phys. Lett. 30, 274 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Blume, D.E. Moncton: Phys. Today 38, 69 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  33. H. Robinson, W.F. Rawlinson: Philos. Mag. 28, 277 (1914)

    Google Scholar 

  34. H. Robinson, W.F. Rawlinson: Philos. Mag. 50, 241 (1925)

    Google Scholar 

  35. E.M. Purcell: Phys. Rev. 54, 818 (1938)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. K.D. Sevier: Low Energy Electron Spectrometry (Wiley Interscience, New York 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  37. H.Z. Sar-El: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38, 1210 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. S. Aksela: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 810 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. K. Maeda, T. Ihara: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 42, 1480 (1971); see also [4.30]

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. J.L. Gardner, J.A.R. Samson: J. Electron Spectrosc. 6, 53 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. C.S. Fadley, R.N. Healey, J.M. Hollander, C.E. Miner; J. Appl. Phys. 43, 1085 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. C.S. Fadley: Prog. Solid State Chem. 11, 265 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  43. E.C. Watson: Phys. Rev. 30, 479 (1927)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. Niehus, E. Bauer: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 46, 1275 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. N.V. Smith: In Photoemission in Solids I, ed. by M. Cardona, L. Ley, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 26 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  46. C. Nordling: Ark. Fys. 15, 397 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  47. V. Dose: Prog. Surf. Sci. 13, 225 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. see also F.J. Himpsel, N.V. Smith: Phys. Today 38, 60 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. P. Auger: C.R. Acad. Sci. 178, 929 (1924)

    Google Scholar 

  50. P. Auger: C.R. Acad. Sci. 180, 65 (1925)

    Google Scholar 

  51. P. Auger: C.R. Acad. Sci. ibid. 182, 773, 1215 (1926)

    Google Scholar 

  52. E.H.S. Burhop, W.N. Asaad: In Advance in Atomic and Molecular Physics, Vol. 8, ed. by D.R. Bates (Academic, New York 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  53. W. Bambynek, B. Crasemann, R.W. Fink, H.U. Freund, H. Mark, CD. Swift, R.E. Price, P.V. Rao: Rev. Mod. Phys. 44, 716 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. D. Chattarji: The Theory of Auger Transitions (Academic, New York, 1976)

    Google Scholar 

  55. G.E. McGuire, P.H. Holloway: In Electron Spectroscopy, Vol. 4, ed. by C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (Academic, New York 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  56. J.C. Fuggle: In Electron Spectroscopy, Vol. 4, ed. by C.R. Brundle, A.D. Baker (Academic, New York 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  57. E.H.S. Burhop: The Auger Effect (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1952)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  58. H.A. Kramers: Z. Phys. 39, 828 (1926)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  59. D. Coster, R.L. Kronig: Physica 2, 13 (1935)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  60. H.S.W. Massey, E.H.S. Burhop: Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 32, 461 (1936)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. J.N. Cooper: Phys. Rev. 65, 155 (1944)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Y. Cauchois: J. Phys. Radium 5, 1 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  63. L. Asplund: Phys. Scr. 16, 268 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. F.K. Richtmyer, S.W. Barnes, E.G. Ramberg: Phys. Rev. 46, 843 (1934)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  65. J. Cooper: Phys. Rev. 61, 234 (1942)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. A. Bril: Physica 13, 481 (1947)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. E.G. Ramberg, F.K. Richtmyer: Phys. Rev. 51, 913 (1937)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  68. L. Pincherle: Physica 2, 596 (1935)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. G. Brogren: Ark. Fys. 23, 219 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  70. D. Coster, A. Bril: Physica 9, 84 (1942)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. E.J. McGuire: Phys. Rev. A 2, 273 (1970)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. E.J. McGuire: Phys. Rev. A 3, 1801 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. D.L. Walters and C.P. Bhalla: Phys. Rev. A3, 1919 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. L.A. Harris: J. Appl. Phys. 39, 1419 (1968)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. J.F. McGilp, P. Weightman, E.J. McGuire: J. Phys. C 10, 3445 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. R. Nyholm, N. Martensson: Chem. Phys. Lett. 74, 337 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. G.L. Borchert, P.G. Hansen, B. Jonson, H.L. Ravn, O.W.B. Schult, P. Tidemand-Petersson, and the ISOLDE Collaboration: Phys. Lett. 63A, 15 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. J.H. Scofield: Phys. Rev. 179, 9(1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. J.H. Scofield: Phys. Rev. A9, 1041 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. J.H. Scofield: Phys. Rev. A 10, 1507 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. J.H. Scofield: Phys. Rev. A 12, 345 (1975)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. M.H. Chen, B. Crasemann, H. Mark: Phys. Rev. A 21, 436,442,449 (1980)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. M.H. Chen, B. Crasemann, H. Mark: Phys. Rev.A 24, 177 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. B.G. Gokhale: C.R. Acad. Sci.: 233, 937 (1951)

    Google Scholar 

  85. B.G. Gokhale: Ann. Phys. (Paris) 7, 852 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  86. see also B.G. Gokhale, S.N. Shukla, R.N. Srivastava: Phys. Rev. A 28, 858 (1983)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. B.G. Gokhale, S.N. Shukla, R.N. Srivastava: Phys. Rev. A 31, 2715 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. P. Amorim, L. Salgueiro, F. Parente, J.G. Ferreira: In Radiation Physics, ed. by E. Casnati, C. Baraldi, A. Tartari, (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  89. S.I. Salem, P.L. Lee: Phys. Rev. A 10, 2033 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. see also J.S. Thomsen: J. Phys. B 16, 1171 (1983)

    MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. M. Siegbahn, W. Stenström: Phys. Z. 17, 318 (1916)

    Google Scholar 

  92. G. Wentzel: Ann. Phys. 66, 437 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  93. G. Wentzel: Z. Phys. 31, 445 (1925)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. M.J. Druyvesteyn: Z. Phys. 43, 707 (1928)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Z. Horâk; Proc. Phys. Soc. London 77, 980 (1961)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. T. Åberg, G. Graeffe, J. Utriainen, M. Linkoaho: J. Phys. C 3, 1112 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. A.N. Nigam, S.N. Soni: Physica 132C, 407 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  98. V.F. Demekhin, V.P. Sachenko: Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys. Ser. 31(6), 913 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  99. E.U. Condon, G.H. Shortley: The Theory of Atomic Spectra (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1935)

    Google Scholar 

  100. R.E. Lavilla: Phys. Rev. A 4, 476 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. G.R. Babu, V. Gopalakrishna, M.L.N. Raju, K. Parthasarathi, V.R.K. Murty, M.V.R. Murti, K.S. Rao: Phys. Rev. A 36, 386 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. M. Sawada, K. Tsutsumi, T. Shiraiwa, T. Ishimura, M. Obashi: Ann. Rep. Sci. Works, Osaka Univ. 7, 1 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  103. R.D. Deslattes: Phys. Rev. 133, 4, 399 (1964)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. T.A. Carlson, M.O. Krause: Phys. Rev. 140, A 1057 (1965)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. T. Åberg: Phys. Rev. 156, 35 (1967)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. A.N. Nigam, S. Arora: Physica 141C, 115 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  107. F.R. Hirsh: Phys. Rev. 50, 191 (1936)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. F.R. Hirsh: Rev. Mod. Phys. 14, 45 (1942)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. L.G. Parratt: Phys. Rev. 54, 99 (1938)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. F.K. Richtmyer, E.G. Ramberg: Phys. Rev. 51, 925 (1937)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. L. Pincherle: Phys. Rev. 61, 225 (1942)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. Y. Cauchois: J. Phys. Radium 1, 1 (1944)

    Google Scholar 

  113. M.O. Krause, F. Wuilleumier, C.W. Nestor: Phys. Rev. A 6, 871 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. Y. Cauchois, C. Sénémaud (eds.): Wavelengths of X-Ray Emission Lines and Absorption Edges (Pergamon, Oxford 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  115. H. Beuthe: Z. Phys. 60, 603 (1930)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. O.R. Ford: Phys. Rev. 41, 577 (1932)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. J. Valasek: Phys. Rev. 53, 274 (1938)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. M.A. Blokhin: Sov. Phys.—JETP 9, 1515 (1939)

    Google Scholar 

  119. M. Sawada, K. Tsutsumi, T. Shiraiwa, M. Obashi: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 10, 647 (1955)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. H. Hulubei: C.R. Acad. Sci. 224, 770 (1947)

    Google Scholar 

  121. H. Hulubei, Y. Cauchois, J. Manoscu: C.R. Acad. Sci. 226, 764 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  122. T. Åberg, J. Utriainen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 1346 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  123. T. Åberg, J. Utriainen: J. de Phys. 32, 295 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  124. J. Utriainen, T. Åberg: J. Phys. C 4, 1105 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. T. Åberg: Phys. Rev. A 4, 1735 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. G.A. Rooke: Phys. Lett. 3, 234 (1963)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. D.S. Urch: J. Phys. C 3, 1275 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. J.P. Briand, P. Chevallier, M. Tavernier, J.P. Rozet: Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 777 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. J.P. Briand, A. Touati, M. Frilley, P. Chevallier, A. Johnson, J.P. Rozet, M. Tavernier, S. Shafroth, M.O. Krause: J. Phys. B 9, 1055 (1976)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. T. Sagawa: J. de Phys. 32, 186 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  131. P. Richard, W. Hodge, C.F. Moore: Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 393 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. see also P. Richard, D.K. Olsen, R. Kauffman, C.F. Moore: Phys. Rev. A 7, 1437 (1973)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. J.P. Desclaux, C. Briancon, J.P. Thibaud, R.J. Walen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 447 (1974)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. C.W.E. van Eijk, J. Winjhorst: Phys. Rev. A 15, 1794 (1977)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. W.F. Hanson, E.T. Arakawa: Z. Phys. 251, 271 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. M. Uda, A. Koyama, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa: In X84: X-Ray and Inner-Shell Processes in Atoms, Molecules and Solids, ed. by A. Maisel, J. Finster (Karl-Marx-Universität, Leipzig 1984) p. 307

    Google Scholar 

  137. I. Bergström, R.D. Hill: Ark. Fys. 8, 21 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  138. S.J. Edwards: Contemp. Phys. 11, 195 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. T. Åberg: In Advance in X-Ray Spectroscopy, ed. by C. Bonnelle, C. Mande (Pergamon, New York 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  140. E.H.S. Burhop: Proc. R. Soc. London A 198, 272 (1935)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. L. Pincherle: Nuovo Cimento 12, 81, 122 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  142. H.S.W. Massey, E.H.S. Burhop: Proc. R. Soc. London A 153, 661 (1936)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  143. H.J. Leisi, J.H. Brunner, C.F. Perdrisat, P. Scherrer: Helv. Phys. Acta 34,161 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  144. W. Laskar: J. Phys. Radium 16, 644 (1955)

    Google Scholar 

  145. V.O. Kostroun, M.H. Chen, B. Crasemann: Phys. Rev. A 3, 533 (1971)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. J.W. Colby: Adv. X-Ray Anal. 11, 287 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  147. R.W. Fink, R.C. Jopson, H. Mark, C.D. Swift: Rev. Mod. Phys. 38, 513 (1966)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. J.C Bower: Proc. R. Soc. London A 157, 662 (1936)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. L.H. Martin, F.H. Eggleston: Proc. R. Soc. London A 158, 46 (1937)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. P.A. Ross: Phys. Rev. 28, 425 (1926)

    Google Scholar 

  151. A.H. Compton: Philos. Mag. 8, 961 (1921)

    Google Scholar 

  152. R.J. Stephenson: Phys. Rev. 51, 637 (1937)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. W.J. Campbell, J.V. Gilfrich: Anal. Chem. 42, 248R (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  154. P. Natalis, J. Delwiche, J.E. Collin: Chem. Phys. Lett. 13, 491 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  155. C.D. Ellis, B.A. Skinner: Proc. R. Soc. London A 105, 185 (1924)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  156. V.L. Fitch, J. Rainwater: Phys. Rev. 92, 789 (1953)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. D. Kessler, H.L. Anderson, M.S. Dixit, H.J. Evans, R.J. McKee, C.K. Hargrove, R.D. Barton, E.P. Hincks, J.D. McAndrew: Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 1179 (1967)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  158. C.S. Wu, L. Willets: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 19, 527 (1969)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  159. K.W. Ford, D.L. Hill: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 5, 25 (1955)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  160. E.H.S. Burhop: Contemp. Phys. 11, 335 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. G.R. Burleson, D. Cohen, R.C. Lamb, D.N. Michael, R.A. Schluter, J.O. White: Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 70 (1965)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. C.E. Wiegand, D.A. Mack: Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 685 (1967)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, 211001, Allahabad, India

    Professor Bipin K. Agarwal Ph. D. (Head)

Authors
  1. Professor Bipin K. Agarwal Ph. D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Agarwal, B.K. (1991). Secondary Spectra and Satellites. In: X-Ray Spectroscopy. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38668-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38668-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-50719-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-38668-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation