Abstract
Human-robot interactions are not foreign to popular culture, and many contemporary works of science-fiction romanticise these interactions by questioning whether or not artificially-intelligent robots have emotions, personalities, and, essentially, autonomy. Similar questions appear in more scholastic works of robot ethics, even in the absence of romanticised fictional narratives. I think these writings ask the wrong questions. I claim that there has not been enough work to examine the potentially violent effects that contemporary models of sexualised, embodied AI may have for the subjects these sex robots represent. Even in academic, socio-scientific analyses of contemporary sex robots that do highlight aspects of rape-culture violence, studies continue to make the mistake of conflating the objecthood of the sex robot with the subjecthood of individuals. Recognising the need for further applied, interdisciplinary, feminist research in this area, I draw primarily from postcolonial theory and deconstructionist gender theory, taking a queered lens to qualitatively analyse the relevant forms of embodied AI (i.e. sex robots) created by 3 central companies. I take a necessarily-intersectional feminist approach to this analysis, influenced by the works of Kimberlé Crenshaw and the Combahee River Collective, in order to recognise the convergences of multiple presentations of societal violence which inform the rape-culture narratives to which, I argue, these robots appeal (1986). I interpret exemplary models of embodied AI in order to analyse the narratives which inform the models’ respective constructions, rather than ascribing my findings to the phenomenon of sexualised robots as a whole, because digital media can always be used in oppositional manners. My examination consists in 3 sections in which I argue that the use and design of these contemporary models of sex robots reify and reproduce the oppressive dynamics which inform their respective constructions.
With special thanks to Dr. Fatima Burney, for her generous advisement, support, and kindness.
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Notes
- 1.
Richardson and Biling’s Campaign Against Sex Robots, for instance, devalues the lives, labour, and autonomy of sex workers through comparing the construction and use of such robots to a form of prostitution (2015).
- 2.
I specify ‘academic’ because there have been analyses outside of the institution, which have assisted and informed my study and present excellent explanations of rape-culture violence in models of sex robots (cf. Archer 2016).
- 3.
This potential for danger should nevertheless remain mired in the knowledge that a similar technology could be designed to perform something entirely different, e.g. healthy sexual relations.
- 4.
“RealBotix” and “RealDoll” are trading names used by Matt McMullen’s AbyssCreations.
- 5.
This “Harmony” app has since been updated to “RealDollX” (2019).
- 6.
The Ai2 avatar similarly lifts a definition of racism from Wikipedia further in the interview (Moran 2019).
- 7.
Only external text-to-speech engines can allow the user to speak to the app in another language.
- 8.
The term is used among AbyssCreations’ forum members in reference to dolls and robots. In one forum, a member posts pictures of their new doll and another forum member replies “The harem grows” (izla111 2018).
- 9.
The 1% of the dolls that present as masculine are primarily purchased by male customers (Song & Reuters 2018).
- 10.
There are feminist pornographic sites, for instance, designed to help survivors of sexual violence readjust to engaging with consensual representations of sex (Crum 2016).
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Moran, J.C. (2019). Programming Power and the Power of Programming: An Analysis of Racialised and Gendered Sex Robots. In: Loh, J., Coeckelbergh, M. (eds) Feminist Philosophy of Technology. Techno:Phil – Aktuelle Herausforderungen der Technikphilosophie, vol 2. J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-04967-4_3
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