Abstract
This chapter addresses the debate over whether social media, which is the primary usage of smartphones, increases or decreases sociability and connectedness. The author presents the argument that engaging with smartphones while in the presence of others, known as phubbing, has long-lasting harmful effects on relationships. Scholarly research is summarized on how social media such as Facebook have redefined the social landscape, expectations for social participation, and the potential for digital activism.
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Notes
- 1.
Samavati, Shaheen. 2004. Web site network ‘pokes’ strangers. The Lantern, November 7. https://www.thelantern.com/2004/11/web-site-network-pokes-strangers/. Accessed 14 Jan 2018.
- 2.
Zephoria. 2018. The top 20 valuable Facebook statistics. https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/. Accessed 20 April 2018.
- 3.
Allen, Mike. 2017. Sean Parker unloads on Facebook: ‘God only knows what it’s doing to our children’s brains.’ Axios, November 9. https://www.axios.com/sean-parker-unloads-on-facebook-god-only-knows-what-its-doing-to-our-childrens-brains-1513306792-f855e7b4-4e99-4d60-8d51-2775559c2671.html. Accessed 12 Nov 2017.
- 4.
Turkle, Sherry. 2012. The flight from conversation. The New York Times, April 21. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-conversation.html. Accessed 4 April 2018.
- 5.
Jeong, Se-Hoon, Hyoung Kim, Jung-Yoon Yum and Yoori Hwang. 2016. What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers and Human Behavior 54: 10–17.
- 6.
Turkle, Sherry. 2015. Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. New York: Penguin Press.
- 7.
Mannering, Lindsay. 2015. Now playing in your headphones: Nothing. The New York Times, December 22. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/headphones-now-playing-nothing.html?mcubz=3. Accessed 4 Mar 2018.
- 8.
Misra, Shalini, Lulu Cheng, Jamie Genevie and Miao Yuan. 2014. The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environment and Behavior 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514539755.
- 9.
McKee, Maralee. 2018. The 7 most annoying cell phone habits and how to avoid them. Manners Mentor. https://www.mannersmentor.com/only-at-work/how-to-avoid-the-seven-most-common-cell-phone-sins. Accessed 29 Mar 2018.
- 10.
McCann Worldgroup. 2013. Introducing ‘phubbing.’ https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/introducing-phubbing-227230861.html. Accessed 13 Mar 2018.
- 11.
Roberts, James A., Ben H. Williams and Meredith E. David. 2017. Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior 75: 206–217.
- 12.
Krasnova, Hanna, Olga Abramova, Isabelle Notter and Annika Baumann. 2016. Why phubbing is toxic for your relationship: Understanding the role of smartphone jealousy among Generation Y users. Research Papers 109. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2016_rp/109.
- 13.
Roberts, James A. and Meredith E. David. 2016. My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior 54: 134–141.
- 14.
Lapierre, Matthew A. and Meleah N. Lewis. 2016. Should it stay or should it go now? Smartphones and relational health. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000119.
- 15.
McDaniel, Brandon T. and Sarah M. Coyne. 2016. ‘Technoference’: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5: 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000065.
- 16.
Pashler, Harold. 1998. The Psychology of Attention. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- 17.
Division of Motor Vehicles. 2018. Texting and driving. https://www.dmv.org/distracted-driving/texting-and-driving.php. Accessed 24 Mar 2018.
- 18.
Governors Highway Safety Association. 2017. Pedestrian traffic by state. https://www.ghsa.org/resources/spotlight-peds17. Accessed 24 Mar 2018.
- 19.
Junco, Reynol and Shelia R. Cotton. 2011. Perceived academic effects of instant message use. Computers & Education 56: 370–378.
- 20.
Clayson, Dennis E. and Debra A. Haley. 2012. An introduction to multitasking and texting: Prevalence and impact on grades and GPA in Marketing classes. Journal of Marketing Education 35: 26–40.
- 21.
Loh Kep Kee and Ryota Kanai. 2014. Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex. PLoS One 9: e106698.
- 22.
Leroy, Sophie. 2009. Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 109: 168–181.
- 23.
Sanbonmatsu, David M., David L. Strayer, Nathan Medeiros-Ward and Jason M. Watson. 2013. Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS One 8: e54402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.
- 24.
Hwang, Yoori, HyoungJee Kim and Se-Hoon Jeong. 2014. Why do media users multitask?: Motives for general, medium-specific, and content-specific types of multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior 36: 542–548.
- 25.
Technology.org. 2018. People with a heightened risk for social media addiction have a distorted perception of time. https://www.technology.org/2018/01/16/people-with-a-heightened-risk-for-social-media-addiction-have-a-distorted-perception-of-time/. Accessed 16 Mar 2018.
- 26.
Xu, Shan and Prabu David. 2018. Distortions in time perceptions during task switching. Computers in Human Behavior 80: 362–369.
- 27.
van Eeden, Frederik. 1913. A study of dreams. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 26.
- 28.
Kreps, Daniel. 2014. Watch Bob Dylan perform private concert for one lucky superfan. Rolling Stone, December 13. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/watch-bob-dylan-perform-private-concert-one-lucky-superfan-20141213. Accessed 14 Mar 2018.
- 29.
Silverman, Jacob. 2015. ‘Pics or it didn’t happen’—The mantra of the Instagram era. The Guardian, February 26. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/feb/26/pics-or-it-didnt-happen-mantra-instagram-era-facebook-twitter. Accessed 14 Mar 2018.
- 30.
Rettberg, Jill W. 2014. Seeing Ourselves Through Technology: How We Use Selfies, Blogs and Wearable Devices to See and Shape Ourselves. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- 31.
Smith, Aaron. 2014. What people like and dislike about Facebook. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/03/6-new-facts-about-facebook/. Accessed 13 Mar 2018.
- 32.
Tamir, Dina I. and Jason P. Mitchell. 2012. Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 8038–8043.
- 33.
Shakya, Holly and Nicholas A. Christakis. 2016. Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology 185: 203–211.
- 34.
Morrison Catriona and Helen Gore. 2010. The relationship between excessive Internet use and depression: A questionnaire-based study of 1319 young people and adults. Psychopathology 43: 121–126.
- 35.
Feinstein Brian, Rachel Hershenberg, Vickie Bhatia, Jessica Latack, Nathalie Meuwly and Joanne Davila. 2013. Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2: 161–170.
- 36.
Park, Sun Young and Young Min Baek. 2018. Two faces of social comparison on Facebook: The interplay between social comparison orientation, emotions, and psychological well-being. Computers in Human Behavior 79: 83–93.
- 37.
Shaban, Hamza. 2017. What is TBH? Facebook’s newly acquired anonymous teen compliment app? The Washington Post, October 1. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/17/tbh-facebooks-new-anonymous-teen-compliment-app-explained/?utm_term=.a61a862c1433. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.
- 38.
Kramer, Adam D.I., Jamie E. Guillory and Jeffrey T. Hancock. 2014. Emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: 8788–8790.
- 39.
Levin, Sam. 2017. Facebook told advertisers it can identify teens feeling ‘insecure’ and ‘worthless.’ The Guardian, May 1. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/01/facebook-advertising-data-insecure-teens. 2 May 2018.
- 40.
Williams, Alex. 2015. Move over, Millennials, here comes Generation Z. The New York Times, September 18. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html. Accessed 4 May 2018.
- 41.
Williams, Alex. 2015. Move over, Millennials, here comes Generation Z. The New York Times, September 18. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html. Accessed 4 May 2018.
- 42.
Kardaras, Nicholas. 2016. Generation Z: Online and at risk? Scientific American, September 1. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/generation-z-online-and-at-risk/. Accessed 1 May 2018.
- 43.
Twenge, Jean. 2017. Have smartphones destroyed a generation? The Atlantic, September 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/. Accessed 2 May 2018.
- 44.
Schwarz, Hunter. 2017. Obama’s Charlottesville tweet is most liked in Twitter history. CNN, August 16. http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/obamas-charlottesville-tweet/index.html. Accessed 3 May 2018.
- 45.
Bartholomew, James. 2015. The awful rise of ‘virtue signalling.’ The Spectator, April 18. https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/04/hating-the-daily-mail-is-a-substitute-for-doing-good/. Accessed 2 May 2018.
- 46.
Dookhoo, Sasha R. 2015. How millennials engage in social media activism: A uses and gratifications approach. http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0005941/SDookhoo_Thesis_Final_Submission.pdf. Accessed 2 May 2018.
- 47.
Lane, Daniel S. and Sonya Dal Cin. 2018. Sharing beyond Slacktivism: The effect of socially observable prosocial media sharing on subsequent offline helping behavior. Information, Communication & Society 21: 1523–1540.
- 48.
Ronson, Jon. 2015. So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed. New York: Riverhead Books.
- 49.
Bartlett, Jamie. 2015. Why do we feel compelled to tweet after a tragedy? The Telegraph, January 14. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/11341683/Why-do-we-all-feel-compelled-to-tweet-after-a-tragedy.html. Accessed 27 Feb 2018.
- 50.
Eisenberg, Ophira. 2014. Anthony Jeselnik: The dark prince of comedy. Ask Me Another, April 14. https://www.npr.org/2014/08/14/340113255/anthony-jeselnik-the-dark-prince-of-comedy. Accessed 13 May 2018.
- 51.
NP Source. 2018. The ultimate list of online giving statistics. https://nonprofitssource.com/online-giving-statistics/. Accessed 14 Apr 2018.
- 52.
Mobile Giving Foundation. 2018. For donors. http://www.mobilegiving.org/donors/. Accessed 28 Mar 2018.
- 53.
Stephen, Bijan. 2015. Get up, stand up. Wired, November 2015. https://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/. Accessed 1 May 2018.
- 54.
Black Lives Matter. 2018. Herstory. https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/herstory/. Accessed 1 Feb 2018.
- 55.
Adams, Kimberly. 2016. Smartphones play crucial role for Black Lives Matter. Marketplace, July 11. https://www.marketplace.org/2016/07/11/wealth-poverty/smartphones-play-crucial-role-black-lives-matter. Accessed 1 Feb 2018.
- 56.
Stephen, Bijan. 2015. Get up, stand up. Wired, November 2015. https://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/. Accessed 1 Feb 2018.
- 57.
Tufekci, Zeynep. 2017. Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- 58.
Stone, Biz. 2010. Exclusive: Biz Stone on Twitter and activism. The Atlantic, October 19. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/10/exclusive-biz-stone-on-twitter-and-activism/64772/. Accessed 1 May 2018.
References
Adams, Kimberly. 2016. Smartphones play crucial role for Black Lives Matter. Marketplace, July 11. Accessed February 1, 2018. https://www.marketplace.org/2016/07/11/wealth-poverty/smartphones-play-crucial-role-black-lives-matter.
Allen, Mike. 2017. Sean Parker unloads on Facebook: ‘God only knows what it’s doing to our children’s brains.’ Axios, November 9. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.axios.com/sean-parker-unloads-on-facebook-god-only-knows-what-its-doing-to-our-childrens-brains-1513306792-f855e7b4-4e99-4d60-8d51-2775559c2671.html.
Bartholomew, James. 2015. The awful rise of ‘virtue signalling.’ The Spectator, April 18. Accessed May 2, 2018. https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/04/hating-the-daily-mail-is-a-substitute-for-doing-good/.
Bartlett, Jamie. 2015. Why do we feel compelled to tweet after a tragedy? The Telegraph, January 14. Accessed February 27, 2018. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/11341683/Why-do-we-all-feel-compelled-to-tweet-after-a-tragedy.html.
Black Lives Matter. 2018. Herstory. Accessed February 1, 2018. https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/herstory/.
Clayson, Dennis E., and Debra A. Haley. 2012. An introduction to multitasking and texting: Prevalence and impact on grades and GPA in Marketing classes. Journal of Marketing Education 35: 26–40.
Division of Motor Vehicles. 2018. Texting and driving. Accessed March 24, 2018. https://www.dmv.org/distracted-driving/texting-and-driving.php.
Dookhoo, Sasha R. 2015. How millennials engage in social media activism: A uses and gratifications approach. Accessed May 2, 2018. http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0005941/SDookhoo_Thesis_Final_Submission.pdf.
Eisenberg, Ophira. 2014. Anthony Jeselnik: The dark prince of comedy. Ask Me Another, April 14. Accessed May 13, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2014/08/14/340113255/anthony-jeselnik-the-dark-prince-of-comedy.
Feinstein, Brian, Rachel Hershenberg, Vickie Bhatia, Jessica Latack, Nathalie Meuwly, and Joanne Davila. 2013. Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2: 161–170.
Governors Highway Safety Association. 2017. Pedestrian traffic by state. Accessed March 24, 2018. https://www.ghsa.org/resources/spotlight-peds17.
Hwang, Yoori, HyoungJee Kim, and Se-Hoon Jeong. 2014. Why do media users multitask?: Motives for general, medium-specific, and content-specific types of multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior 36: 542–548.
Jeong, Se-Hoon, Hyoung Kim, Jung-Yoon Yum, and Yoori Hwang. 2016. What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers and Human Behavior 54: 10–17.
Junco, Reynol, and Shelia R. Cotton. 2011. Perceived academic effects of instant message use. Computers & Education 56: 370–378.
Kardaras, Nicholas. 2016. Generation Z: Online and at risk? Scientific American, September 1. Accessed May 1, 2018. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/generation-z-online-and-at-risk/.
Kramer, Adam D.I., Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock. 2014. Emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: 8788–8790.
Krasnova, Hanna, Olga Abramova, Isabelle Notter, and Annika Baumann. 2016. Why phubbing is toxic for your relationship: Understanding the role of smartphone jealousy among Generation Y users. Research Papers 109. https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2016_rp/109.
Kreps, Daniel. 2014. Watch Bob Dylan perform private concert for one lucky superfan. Rolling Stone, December 13. Accessed March 14, 2018. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/watch-bob-dylan-perform-private-concert-one-lucky-superfan-20141213.
Lane, Daniel S., and Sonya Dal Cin. 2018. Sharing beyond Slacktivism: The effect of socially observable prosocial media sharing on subsequent offline helping behavior. Information, Communication & Society 21: 1523–1540.
Lapierre, Matthew A., and Meleah N. Lewis. 2016. Should it stay or should it go now? Smartphones and relational health. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000119.
Leroy, Sophie. 2009. Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 109: 168–181.
Levin, Sam. 2017. Facebook told advertisers it can identify teens feeling ‘insecure’ and ‘worthless.’ The Guardian, May 1. Accessed May 2, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/01/facebook-advertising-data-insecure-teens.
Loh, Kep Kee, and Ryota Kanai. 2014. Higher media multi-tasking activity is associated with smaller gray-matter density in the anterior cingulate cortex. PLoS One 9: e106698.
Mannering, Lindsay. 2015. Now playing in your headphones: Nothing. The New York Times, December 22. Accessed March 4, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/fashion/headphones-now-playing-nothing.html?mcubz=3.
McCann Worldgroup. 2013. Introducing ‘phubbing.’ Accessed March 13, 2018. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/introducing-phubbing-227230861.html.
McDaniel, Brandon T., and Sarah M. Coyne. 2016. ‘Technoference’: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5: 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000065.
McKee, Maralee. 2018. The 7 most annoying cell phone habits and how to avoid them. Manners Mentor. Accessed March 29, 2018. https://www.mannersmentor.com/only-at-work/how-to-avoid-the-seven-most-common-cell-phone-sins.
Misra, Shalini, Lulu Cheng, Jamie Genevie, and Miao Yuan. 2014. The iPhone effect: The quality of in-person social interactions in the presence of mobile devices. Environment and Behavior: 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514539755.
Mobile Giving Foundation. 2018. For donors. Accessed March 28, 2018. http://www.mobilegiving.org/donors/.
Morrison, Catriona, and Helen Gore. 2010. The relationship between excessive Internet use and depression: A questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults. Psychopathology 43: 121–126.
NP Source. 2018. The ultimate list of online giving statistics. Accessed April 14, 2018. https://nonprofitssource.com/online-giving-statistics/.
Park, Sun Young, and Young Min Baek. 2018. Two faces of social comparison on Facebook: The interplay between social comparison orientation, emotions, and psychological well-being. Computers in Human Behavior 79: 83–93.
Pashler, Harold. 1998. The Psychology of Attention. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Rettberg, Jill W. 2014. Seeing Ourselves through Technology: How We Use Selfies, Blogs and Wearable Devices to See and Shape Ourselves. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Roberts, James A., and Meredith E. David. 2016. My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior 54: 134–141.
Roberts, James A., Ben H. Williams, and Meredith E. David. 2017. Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior 75: 206–217.
Ronson, Jon. 2015. So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed. New York: Riverhead Books.
Samavati, Shaheen. 2004. Web site network ‘pokes’ strangers. The Lantern, November 7. Accessed January 14, 2018. https://www.thelantern.com/2004/11/web-site-network-pokes-strangers/.
Sanbonmatsu, David M., David L. Strayer, Nathan Medeiros-Ward, and Jason M. Watson. 2013. Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS One 8: e54402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.
Schwarz, Hunter. 2017. Obama’s Charlottesville tweet is most liked in Twitter history. CNN, August 16. Accessed May 3, 2018. http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/obamas-charlottesville-tweet/index.html.
Shaban, Hamza. 2017. What is TBH? Facebook’s newly acquired anonymous teen compliment app? The Washington Post, October 1. Accessed November 1, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/10/17/tbh-facebooks-new-anonymous-teen-compliment-app-explained/?utm_term=.a61a862c1433.
Shakya, Holly, and Nicholas A. Christakis. 2016. Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology 185: 203–211.
Silverman, Jacob. 2015. ‘Pics or it didn’t happen’—The mantra of the Instagram era. The Guardian, February 26. Accessed March 14, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/feb/26/pics-or-it-didnt-happen-mantra-instagram-era-facebook-twitter.
Smith, Aaron. 2014. What people like and dislike about Facebook. Pew Research Center. Accessed March 13, 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/03/6-new-facts-about-facebook/.
Stephen, Bijan. 2015. Get up, stand up. Wired, November 2015. Accessed May 1, 2018. https://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/.
Stone, Biz. 2010. Exclusive: Biz Stone on Twitter and activism. The Atlantic, October 19. Accessed May 1, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/10/exclusive-biz-stone-on-twitter-and-activism/64772/.
Tamir, Dina I., and Jason P. Mitchell. 2012. Disclosing information about the self is intrinsically rewarding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 8038–8043.
Technology.org. 2018. People with a heightened risk for social media addiction have a distorted perception of time. Accessed March 16, 2018. https://www.technology.org/2018/01/16/people-with-a-heightened-risk-for-social-media-addiction-have-a-distorted-perception-of-time/.
Tufekci, Zeynep. 2017. Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Turkle, Sherry. 2012. The flight from conversation. The New York Times, April 21. Accessed April 4, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-conversation.html.
———. 2015. Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. New York: Penguin Press.
Twenge, Jean. 2017. Have smartphones destroyed a generation? The Atlantic, September. Accessed May 2, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/.
van Eeden, Frederik. 1913. A study of dreams. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 26: 431–461.
Williams, Alex. 2015. Move over, Millennials, here comes Generation Z. The New York Times, September 18. Accessed May 4, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html.
Xu, Shan, and Prabu David. 2018. Distortions in time perceptions during task switching. Computers in Human Behavior 80: 362–369.
Zephoria. 2018. The top 20 valuable Facebook statistics. Accessed April 20, 2018. https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/.
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Reid, A.J. (2018). Digital Socialites. In: The Smartphone Paradox. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94319-0_6
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