Abstract
Smartphone usage directly impacts cognitive ability. In addition to promoting cognitive load, multitasking, and fragmented attention, these devices alter thought processes and memory capabilities. This cognitive shift is most evident in the differences between print and digital reading, which are often interchanged. The modality changes the way text is comprehended, interpreted, and remembered. In addition, it is argued that the use of search engines, and by extension intelligent assistants, is a reflection of user biases and existing knowledge.
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Notes
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References
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Asimov, Isaac. 1958. The feeling of power. If: Worlds of Science Fiction 8: 4–11.
Baron, Naomi. 2015. Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bol, Linda, Douglas J. Hacker, Patrick O’Shea, and Dwight Allen. 2005. The influence of overt practice, achievement level, and explanatory style on calibration accuracy and performance. The Journal of Experimental Education 73: 269–290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.73.4.269-290.
Bol, Linda, Rose Riggs, Douglas J. Hacker, Daniel L. Dickerson, and John A. Nunnery. 2010. The calibration accuracy of middle school students in math classes. Journal of Research in Education 21: 81–96.
Brown, John Seely, Allan Collins, and Paul Duguid. 1989. Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher 18: 32–42.
Bui, Dung C., Joel Myerson, and Sandra Hale. 2013. Note-taking with computers: Exploring alternative strategies for improved recall. Journal of Educational Psychology 105: 299–309.
Carr, Nicholas G. 2011. The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
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Epstein, Robert, and Ronald E. Robertson. 2015. The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112: E4512–E4521.
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Yehoshua, Tamar. 2016. Google search autocomplete. Google, June 10. Accessed January 25, 2018. https://blog.google/products/search/google-search-autocomplete/?m=1.
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Reid, A.J. (2018). Outsourcing Memory. In: The Smartphone Paradox. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94319-0_5
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