Abstract
This chapter re-examines the nature and significance of the political role played by Anna of Denmark, James I’s queen’s consort. Whilst traditional historiography has dismissed her activities as frivolous and politically irrelevant, Whitelock argues that Anna was a queen directly involved in court politics through her patronage of, and performance in, court masques; her role in her children’s marriage alliances; her promotion of particular causes and individuals; and her involvement in the factional politics around her husband’s favourites. As revisionist scholarship has now emphasized, court entertainments were an important vehicle through which political themes and identities could be developed. Moreover, by performing in the masques, Anna was able to craft an image of herself as a queen of mythic proportions and played a significant and overlooked political role at the Jacobean court and in the establishment of the Stuart monarchy in England.
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Notes
- 1.
D. H. Willson, King James VI and I (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955), 403.
- 2.
M. Lee Jr., John Maitland of Thirlestane and the foundation of Stewart despotism in Scotland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959), 204.
- 3.
Leeds J. Barroll, “The Court of the First Stuart Queen,” in The Mental World of the Jacobean Court, ed. Linda Levy Peck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 199.
- 4.
Roy Strong, Henry Prince of Wales and England’s Lost Renaissance (London: Thames & Hudson, 1986), 16.
- 5.
For recent scholarship on the political significance of masques and courtly entertainments see for example; Leeds Barroll, Anna of Denmark: Queen of England: A Cultural Biography (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001); Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, “Enacting Opposition: Queen Anne and the Subversion of Masquing,” in Writing Women in Jacobean England (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 15–43; Sophie Tomlinson, Women on Stage in Stuart Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Leeds Barroll, “Theatre as Text: The Case of Queen Anna and the Jacobean Court Masque,” The Elizabethan Theatre 14 (1996): 175–93; Leeds J. Barroll, “Inventing the Stuart Masque,” in The Politics of the Stuart Court Masque, eds. David Bevington and Peter Holbrook (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) 121–43; Martin Butler, The Stuart Court Masque and Political Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Barbara Ravelhofer, The Early Stuart Masque: Dance, Costume and Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Clare McManus, “Memoralising Anna of Denmark’s Court: Cupid’s Banishment at Greenwich Palace,” in Women and Culture at the Courts of the Stuart Queens, ed. Clare McManus (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) 81–101; Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (1590–1619) (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
- 6.
CSP Ven XV, 392.
- 7.
Susan Frye, “Anne of Denmark and the Historical Contextualisation of Shakespeare and Fletcher’s Henry VIII,” in Women and Politics in Early Modern England, 1450–1700, ed. James Daybell (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), 182, 188. Cynthia Fry, “Perception of Influence: The Catholic Diplomacy of Queen Anna and Her Ladies, 1601–1604,” in The Politics of Female Households: Ladies in Waiting across Early Modern Europe, eds. Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 260.
- 8.
King James VI and I, Basilikon Doron: Or His Maiesties Instructions to his Dearest Sonne Henry the Prince (Edinburgh, 1599).
- 9.
See Maureen Meikle, “Queen Anna of Denmark: new perspectives on a consort’s diplomacy, 1588–1619,” Women’s History Review: Special Edition (forthcoming) for discussion of Anna’s political activities in Scotland and in England.
- 10.
Albert J. Loomie, “King James I’s Catholic Consort,” Huntington Library Quarterly 34 (1971): 303–16.
- 11.
Bevington and Holbrook, Politics of the Stuart Court Masque, 11.
- 12.
Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, Writing Women in Jacobean England (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993) 15–41; Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (1590–1619) (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002); Albert J. Loomie, “Spanish Secret Diplomacy at the Court of James,” in Politics, Religion and Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of de Lamar Jensen, eds. Malcolm R. Thorp and Arthur Joseph Slavin (Kirksville: Truman State University Press, 1994), 231–45.
- 13.
HMC, Salisbury, vi., 512. See Albert J. Loomie, “King James I’s Catholic Consort,” Huntington Library Quarterly 34 (1971): 303–16 and “Toleration and Diplomacy: The Relgious Issue in Anglo-Spanish Relations, 1603–1605,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 53, New Series (1963): 1–60. See Maureen Meikle and Helen Payne, “From Lutheranism to Catholicism: The Faith of Anna of Denmark (1574–1619),” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 64 no.1 (2013): 45–69; Albert J Loomie, “Spanish Secret Diplomacy,” 231–45; G.F. Warner, “James VI and Rome,” English Historical Review 20 no.77 (1905): 126 and A.W. Ward, “James VI and the Papacy,” Scottish Historical Review 2 (1905): 249–52.
- 14.
This was first argued by A. O. Meyer, “Clemens VIII und Jakob I von England,” Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken. 7.2 (1904) vii, 273–82. See also J.D. Mackie, “The Secret Diplomacy of King James VI in Italy Prior to His Accession to the English Throne,” Scottish Historical Review 21 no.84 (1924). Anne’s letters to the Pope are lost but one she wrote to Cardinal Borghese on 31 July 1601 is in the British Library, Add. MS 37021, 25.
- 15.
Lambeth Palace Library MS Talbot papers vol K fol. 83 as printed in Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, Biography and Manner … &c (London, 1791) 3 vols: III, 163–5.
- 16.
J. Nichols, The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First (London, 1828) 4 vols, III, 161.
- 17.
Sarah Gristwood, Arbella: England’s Lost Queen (London: Bantam, 2003).
- 18.
The Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart, ed. Sara Jayne Steen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 236, 237.
- 19.
Ibid., 101.
- 20.
Thomas Birch, The Court and Times of James the First, 2 vols (London, 1848) II, 97.
- 21.
Louis H. Roper, “Unmasquing the Connections Between Jacobean Politics and Policy: +e Circle of Anna of Denmark and the Beginning of the English Empire, 1614–18,” in High and Mighty Queens of Early Modern England, eds. Carole Levin, Jo Eldridge Carney and Debra Barrett (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 48.
- 22.
The Diary of the Lady Anne Clifford 1616–1619. A Critical Edition, ed. Katherine O.Acheson (London: Garland, 1995), 65–6.
- 23.
See W.B. Patterson, King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 87.
- 24.
“Relation d’Angleterre, par monsieur Marc-Anthoine Correr” (c.1610), quoted in W.B. Rye, England as seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James I (London: John Russell Smith, 1865), 272.
- 25.
Salisbury MSS 172–3 See the Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable Marquis of Salisbury (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1976), 24 volumes.
- 26.
Abbot narrative as recalled in 1627 printed in J. Nichols, The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First (London, 1828) 4 vols, III, 80–1.
- 27.
See Roy E Schreiber, “The First Carlisle Sir James May, First Earl of Carlisle as Courtier, Diplomat and Entrepreneur, 1580–1636,” in Transactions of the American Philiosophical Society 74 (1984), 7.
- 28.
For the rise of Villiers see Roger Lockyer, Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628 (London: Longman, 1981).
- 29.
CSP Ven XIV, 58.
- 30.
Nichols, Progresses and Processions III, 80–1.
- 31.
CSP Ven XV, 393.
- 32.
Butler, Stuart Court Masque, 134. Linda Levy Peck, Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 68–72.
- 33.
BL, Stowe MS 176, fol. 116.
- 34.
See Albert J. Loomie, “Spanish Secret Diplomacy at the Court of James,” 231–45 and see Loomie, “Toleration and Diplomacy,” 1–60. See also Cynthia Fry, “Perceptions of Influence: The Catholic Diplomacy of Queen Anna and her Ladies, 1601–1604,” 267–86.
- 35.
Nichols, Progresses and Processions, III, 48.
- 36.
CSP Ven X, 341.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
As reported by John Chamberlain. See The Letters of John Chamberlain, ed. Norman Egbert McClure (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1939) 2 vols, I, 245.
- 39.
CSP Ven X, 518. See Loomie, “Spanish Secret Diplomacy,” 231–45.
- 40.
Richard Mackenney, “‘A Plot Discover’d?’ Myth, Legend and the ‘Spanish’ Conspiracy Against Venice in 1618,” in Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilisation of an Italian City State, 1297–1797, eds. John Martin and Dennis Romano (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 185–9, 195–7; H. R. Trevor-Roper, ‘Spain and Europe 1598–1621,’ in The New Cambridge Modern History, ed. J. P. Cooper (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 275–6.
- 41.
CSP Ven XV, 183.
- 42.
CSP Ven XV, 307.
- 43.
CSP Ven XI, 508.
- 44.
CSP Ven XIV, 96–7.
- 45.
Susan Frye, “Anna of Denmark and the Historical Contextualisation of Shakespeare and Fletcher’s Henry VIII,” in Women and Politics in Early Modern England, 1450–1700, ed. James Daybell (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), 187–8.
- 46.
CSP Ven XI, 14, 87; Susan Frye, “Anna of Denmark,” 187–8.
- 47.
CSP Ven XI, 430–2.
- 48.
CSP Ven, X, 208. Samuel Rawson Gardiner, ed., Narrative of the Spanish Marriage Treaty (London: Camden Society, 1869) old ser. 101, 103.
- 49.
CSP Ven, X, 208.
- 50.
Lettres missives de Henri IV, ed., Jules Berger de Xivrey (Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1853), VI, 830.
- 51.
CSP Ven, XII, 73–4.
- 52.
The Letters of John Chamberlain, I, 404.
- 53.
CSP Ven XII, 312.
- 54.
James D. Mackie, Negotiations between James VI and I and Ferdinand, Duke of Tuscany (St. Andrews: St Andrews University, 1927), 72; The original letter is not extant. See also J. D Mackie, “The Secret Diplomacy of King James VI in Italy Prior to His Accession to the English Throne,” Scottish Historical Review 21 (1924): 267–82, 282.
- 55.
Van Male to Isabella Oct 2 1615 in Loomie, “King James I’s Catholic Consort,” 311.
- 56.
CSP Ven, XIII, 92–3.
- 57.
Loomie, “King James I’s Catholic Consort,” 312.
- 58.
CSP Ven XV, 206.
- 59.
CSP Ven XV, 206–7.
- 60.
Csp Ven XV, 392–3.
- 61.
See Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (1590–1619) (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), and her edited collection, Women and Culture at the Courts of the Stuart Queens (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
- 62.
See Peter Holbrook, “Jacobean Masques and Jacobean peace,” in Politics of the Stuart Court Masque, 67–87.
- 63.
CSP Ven XI, 86.
- 64.
Butler, Stuart Court Masque, 132.
- 65.
Kiefer Lewalski, “Anne of Denmark and the Subversions of Masquing,” 15–44.
- 66.
CSP Ven X, 403–4, 408–9.
- 67.
Martin Butler, “The Invention of Britain and the Early Stuart Masque,” in The Stuart Court and Europe: Essays in Politics and Political Culture, ed. Malcolm Smuts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) 65–85. Peter Holbrook, “Jacobean Masques and the Jacobean Peace,” 72–8.
- 68.
TNA SP 14/6 fols. 53–6.
- 69.
Mark Hutchings and Berta Caño-Echevarría, “Between Courts: Female Masquers and Anglo-Spanish Diplomacy, 1603–5,” Early Theatre 15: 1 Special Issue. Access and Contestation: Women’s Performance in Early Modern England, Italy, France and Spain (2012): 92.
- 70.
Sir John Chamberlain to Dudley Carleton, 4 January 1617 in The Letters of John Chamberlain, II, 47.
- 71.
Nichols, Progresses and Processions, 474.
- 72.
Ralph Winwood, Memorials of the Affairs of State in the Reigns of Q.Elizabeth and K.James.I (London: W. B. for T. Ward, 1725) II, 44.
- 73.
See Loomie, “King James I’s Catholic Consort,” 309.
- 74.
CSP Ven XIV, 412.
- 75.
Letters of John Chamberlain, II, 76.
- 76.
CSP Ven XIV, 495.
- 77.
See Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage.
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Whitelock, A. (2018). Reconsidering the Political Role of Anna of Denmark. In: Matheson-Pollock, H., Paul, J., Fletcher, C. (eds) Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76974-5_11
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