Abstract
BREXIT has created a new situation in the field on free movement of workers within the EU. It was the change introduced by Lisbon Treaty that gives the EU Member States the right to exit from the European Union. On 29 March 2017, Theresa May send a letter to President of the European Council Donald Dusk a letter with a wish to use the Art. 50 of TEU to exit from the EU, and from European Atomic Energy Community. Europe and Britain are now facing a new situation that has never happened before and therefore any decision of the further collaboration and co-existence gives precedents to potential new “dissociates“ from the EU. The current situation affects also the EU citizens living in Great Britain and British citizens living in other EU countries, as the principles of free movement of persons will no longer automatically apply to either of those groups of people and new agreements need to be imposed.
This chapter analyses the application of Art. 50 of TEU and its impact on free movement rights of the EU citizens who are workers, from both perspectives the British citizens abroad and the other EU citizens living in the United Kingdom. What would be the options for further cooperation after Brexit to maintain the rights of workers? It elaborates on five different post Brexit solutions that can be introduced to resolve the questions of workers’ rights that were created by EU legislation.
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Notes
- 1.
Case C-6/64 Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L, Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66.
- 2.
- 3.
Art. 50 (3) TEU.
- 4.
Letter avaialble from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/29_03_17_article50.pdf; Accessed 31.03.2017.
- 5.
Art. 50 (2) TEU.
- 6.
See more about the role of the Parliament of EU.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_2.1.1.html; 22.03.2017.
- 7.
See more on mixed agreements in Cremona (2006).
- 8.
- 9.
Articles 24 and 227, 228 TFEU, decisions 94/114, 94/262 and 2002/262 Citizens must be aware of their rights, to be able to defend them when they think that a Member State is not respecting them. EU citizens are entitled to defend their rights acquired through European law. They can take their case to the national courts, which can either issue a ruling or turn to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling or by simply and inexpensively lodging a complaint with the Commission or a petition with the European Parliament. The Parliament has a Committee on Petitions that examines the complaints of citizens. In case the complaint concerns instance of mismanagement in the activities of the European institutions or bodies, the citizen may address himself or herself to the Ombudsman appointed by the European Parliament.
- 10.
See also Roots (2012).
- 11.
Craig and De Búrca (2011), p. 819.
- 12.
OJL 158/77.
- 13.
Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union, OJL 141/1.
- 14.
Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the coordination of social security systems, OJL 166/1.
- 15.
Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems OJL L 284/1.
- 16.
C-292/89 - The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Antonissen.
- 17.
Barnard (2013), p. 230.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
See also in Roots and Dumbrava (2016).
- 20.
BBC News, Brexit: EU says no compromise on freedom of movement http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36659900; 22.03.2017; See also Bratislava Summit 2016, Statement of Informal meeting of 27 EU Informal meeting at 27 Brussels, 29 June 2016.
- 21.
Foster (2014), p. 31.
- 22.
Art. 13 of Directive 2004/38/EC.
- 23.
Doherty (2016), p. 376.
- 24.
Case C-6/85, Lawrie-Blum v. Land Baden-Wurttemberg.
- 25.
Case C-53/81, Levin v. Staatssecretaris van justitie.
- 26.
ibid.
- 27.
ibid.
- 28.
Ford (2016), p. 399.
- 29.
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-uk-leaves-the-eu-36745584, Accessed 29.03.2017.
- 30.
https://fullfact.org/immigration/does-immigration-reduce-wages/, Accessed 29.03.2017.
- 31.
Somervill (2016).
- 32.
Furley (2016).
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
Johnston (2017).
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
Ford (2016), p. 404.
- 37.
Ibid. p. 405.
- 38.
Migration Observatory, What would UK immigration policy look like after Brexit?, Published 09th June 2016, http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/commentaries/uk-immigration-policy-look-like-brexit/ Accessed 29.03.2017.
- 39.
Ibid.
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
The Migration Observatory, What would UK immigration look like after BREXIT? University of Oxford 09.06.2016 http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/commentaries/uk-immigration-policy-look-like-brexit/, 08.03.2017.
- 42.
May’s letter will be delivered at 12:20 BST on Wednesday by the British ambassador to the EU, Sir Tim Barrow. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-39422353; Accessed 29.03.2017.
- 43.
See more http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/29/article-50-brexit-letter-read-full/, Accessed 29.03.2017.
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Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the coordination of social security systems, OJL 166/1
Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems OJL L 284/1
Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union, OJL 141/1
Cases
Case C-6/64, Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L, Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964, ECLI:EU:C:1964:66
Case C-292/89, The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Antonissen
Case C-6/85, Lawrie-Blum v. Land Baden-Wurttemberg
Case C-53/81, Levin v. Staatssecretaris van justitie
Websites
http://openeurope.org.uk/today/blog/the-mechanics-of-leaving-the-eu-explaining-article-50/; 08.03.2017
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/29_03_17_article50.pdf; Accessed 31.03.2017
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36659900; 22.03.2017;
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-uk-leaves-the-eu-36745584, Accessed 29.03.2017
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-39422353; Accessed 29.03.2017
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_2.1.1.html; 22.03.2017
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/03/29/article-50-brexit-letter-read-full/, Accessed 29.03.2017
https://fullfact.org/immigration/does-immigration-reduce-wages/, Accessed 29.03.2017
http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/commentaries/uk-immigration-policy-look-like-brexit/. Accessed 08.03.2017
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Roots, L. (2018). Impact of the Article 50 of TEU on Migration of the EU Workers in Case of Brexit. In: Ramiro Troitiño, D., Kerikmäe, T., Chochia, A. (eds) Brexit. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73414-9_15
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