Abstract
International criminal law, which creates state obligations, lies within public international law—the law of the political system of nation states. International criminal law covers acts criminalised by treaty, custom or a combination of the two and creates treaty obligations binding States to treat breaches as criminal, namely, aut dedere aut judicare, the duty to extradite or prosecute.
David Re is the Presiding Judge of the Trial Chamber of the Judge at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, The Hague, Netherlands, and formerly an international judge of the court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a prosecuting trial and senior trial attorney at the ICTY. Judge at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, The Hague, the Netherlands.
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Notes
- 1.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, Article 5.
- 2.
UN Security Council, S.C. Res. 827, U.N. Doc. S/Res/827 (1993).
- 3.
UN Security Council, S.C. Res. 955, U.N. Doc. S/Res/955 (1994).
- 4.
UN Security Council, S.C. Res. 1757, U.N. Doc. S/Res/1757 (2007).
- 5.
‘Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone’, 16 January 2002.
- 6.
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Security Council briefed on establishment of War Crimes Chamber within State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina’, 8 October 2003 (SC/7888); ICTY Press Release, ‘Statement of Theodor Meron, President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Delivered at the Inauguration of the War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia And Herzegovina’, 9 March 2005 (TM/MOW/945 e).
- 7.
‘Accord entre le gouvernement de la republique du senegal et l'union africaine sur la creation de chambres africaines extraordinaires au sein des juridictions senegalaises’, 22 August 2012.
- 8.
Sean D. Murphy, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission, ‘First Report on Crimes Against Humanity’, 17 February 2015 (A/CH.4/680). In August 2017 the ILC adapted the Third Report (A/CN.4/704) containing draft articles including a definition of crimes against humanity, and decided to submit it to the UN secretary-general.
- 9.
‘Comprehensive Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Sri Lanka’, 28 September 2015 (A/HRC/30/61) 1, 16, 18.
- 10.
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Referral of Syria to International Criminal Court Fails as Negative Votes Prevent Security Council from Adopting Draft Report’, 22 May 2014 (SC/11407).
- 11.
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Security Council Fails to Adopt Resolution on Tribunal for Malaysia Airlines Crash in Ukraine, Amid Calls for Accountability, Justice for Victims’, 29 July 2015 (SC/11990).
- 12.
ICC, Côte d'Ivoire, https://www.icc-cpi.int/cdi.
- 13.
Office of the Prosecutor (International Criminal Court), ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities,’ 12 November 2015, para 156.
- 14.
‘Joint Communiqué # 60 Regarding the Agreement for the Creation of a Special Jurisdiction for Peace’, Havana, Cuba, 23 September 2015, para 7.
- 15.
Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (n 13) paras 168, 175, 177.
- 16.
Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (n 13), para 195.
- 17.
ibid, para 221.
- 18.
International Commission on Missing Persons, ‘Facts and Figures on Srebrenica’, 31 July 2015 <http://www.icmp.int/news/facts-and-figures-on-srebrenica/>.
- 19.
ICTY, ‘Achievements’ <http://www.icty.org/en/about/tribunal/achievements>.
- 20.
Council Joint Action 2008/124/CFSP of 4 February 2008 on the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, EULEX KOSOVO, Official Journal of the European Union, L 42/92, 16 February 2008.
- 21.
UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, ‘The ICTR in Brief’ <http://unictr.unmict.org/en/tribunal>.
- 22.
Judgment, 6 September 2011, Case No. IT-04-81-T. Paras 1451–1454, 1465–1473, 1480, 1487, 1496, 1500–1501, 1514, 1518, 1634–1636.
- 23.
Judgment, 23 February 2011, Case No. IT-05-87/1-T. Paras 339, 1900, 1996–1999, 2003.
- 24.
Judgment, 10 July 2008, Case No IT-04-82-T para 451. And see generally, David Re ‘Fact-Finding in the Former Yugoslavia: What the Courts Did’ in Quality Control in Fact-Finding, Morten Bergsmo (ed) Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Florence, 2013.
- 25.
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States, Maximizing the Legacy of Hybrid Courts’, 2008 (HR/PUB/08/2) 1.
- 26.
‘Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the prosecution under Cambodian law of crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea’, 6 June 2003.
- 27.
Law on the court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 49/09.
- 28.
War Crimes Chamber Press Releases (n 6).
- 29.
Accord entre le gouvernement de la republique du senegal et l'union africaine (n 7).
- 30.
UN Secretary General, ‘Letter dated 11 March 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council’, 11 March 2005 (S/2005/158).
- 31.
African Union, ‘Report of the African Union: High Level Panel on Darfur (AUPD)’, 29 October 2009 (PSC/AHG/2(CCVII)) para 320(b).
- 32.
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Security Council Press Statement on Sudan’, 21 December 2009 (SC/9831-AFR/1925).
- 33.
African Union, ‘Communiqué of the 207th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council’, 29 October 2009 (PSC/AHG/COMM.1(CCVII)).
- 34.
Intergovernmental Authority on Development, Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17 August 2015, Chapter V(3).
- 35.
Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Consolidated Final Report’, 30 June 2009, 349, 426-59.
- 36.
The Commission of Inquiry on Post Election Violence (CIPEV), Report, 15 October 2008 <http://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads/Reports/Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Post_Election_Violence.pdf>.
- 37.
Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to Article 15, 26 November 2009, ICC-01/09-3.
- 38.
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Report of the Mapping Exercise documenting the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed within the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003’, August 2010, paras 1035-55.
- 39.
Regulation No. 2000/15, 6 June 2000 (UNTAET/REG/2000/15).
- 40.
Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 48, ‘Delegation of Authority Regarding an Iraqi Special Tribunal’, 10 December 2003 (CPA/ORD/9 Dec 2003/48).
- 41.
International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 (Act No. XIX of 1973).
- 42.
The High Court (International Crimes Division) Practice Directions, Legal Notice No. 10 of 2011, s 6.
- 43.
Uganda v Kwoyelo (Constitutional Appeal No. 01 of 2012) [2015] UGSC 5 (8 April 2015).
- 44.
AS/Jur (2010) 46.
- 45.
see Article 162 of the Kosovo Constitution and the Law on Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s office, 3 August 2015, Law No. 05/L-053. ‘Agreement between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Kosovo Concerning the Hosting of the Kosovo Relocated Specialist Judicial Institution in the Netherlands’, 15 February 2016.
- 46.
UN Security Council, S.C. Res. 1192, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1192 (1998).
- 47.
see generally Sarah Williams, Hybrid and internationalised criminal tribunals. Selected jurisdictional issues. Hart Publishing Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2012.
- 48.
UN General Assembly, Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary), 22nd Meeting, 13 December 2011 (GA/AB/4018).
- 49.
ICTY, ‘The Cost of Justice’ <www.icty.org/en/about/tribunal/the-cost-of-justice>.
- 50.
UN General Assembly, ‘Budget for the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals for the biennium 2014-2015’, 27 September 2013 (A/68/491).
- 51.
David Re, ‘The Special Tribunal for Lebanon and National Reconciliation’ (FICHL Policy Brief Series No. 32 2015) <http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5e0e0d/>.
References
African Union, ‘Communiqué of the 207th Meeting of the Peace and Security Council’, 29 October 2009 (PSC/AHG/COMM.1(CCVII))
African Union, ‘Report of the African Union: High Level Panel on Darfur (AUPD)’, 29 October 2009 (PSC/AHG/2(CCVII))
ICC, Côte d'Ivoire, https://www.icc-cpi.int/cdi
ICTY, ‘Achievements’, www.icty.org/en/about/tribunal/achievements
ICTY, ‘The Cost of Justice’, www.icty.org/en/about/tribunal/the-cost-of-justice
ICTY Press Release, ‘Statement of Theodor Meron, President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Delivered at the Inauguration of the War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia And Herzegovina’, 9 March 2005 (TM/MOW/945 e)
International Commission on Missing Persons, ‘Facts and Figures on Srebrenica’, 31 July 2015., www.icmp.int/news/facts-and-figures-on-srebrenica
Joint Communiqué #60 Regarding the Agreement for the Creation of a Special Jurisdiction for Peace, Havana, Cuba, 23 September 2015
Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Consolidated Final Report’, 30 June 2009
Murphy SD, Special Rapporteur, International Law Commission, ‘First Report on Crimes Against Humanity’, 17 February 2015 (A/CH.4/680)
Office of the Prosecutor (International Criminal Court), ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities,’ 12 November 2015
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States, Maximizing the Legacy of Hybrid Courts’, 2008 (HR/PUB/08/2)
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Report of the Mapping Exercise documenting the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed within the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003’, August 2010
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on Sri Lanka ‘Comprehensive Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Sri Lanka’, 28 September 2015 (A/HRC/30/61)
Re D (2013) Fact-finding In the Former Yugoslavia: what the courts did. In: Bergsmo M (ed) Quality control in fact-finding. Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Florence
Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to Article 15, 26 November 2009, ICC-01/09-3
The Commission of Inquiry on Post Election Violence (CIPEV), Report, 15 October 2008., http://www.kenyalaw.org/Downloads/Reports/Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Post_Election_Violence.pdf
UN General Assembly, Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary), 22nd Meeting, 13 December 2011 (GA/AB/4018)
UN General Assembly, ‘Budget for the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals for the biennium 2014-2015’, 27 September 2013 (A/68/491)
UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, ‘The ICTR in Brief’, http://unictr.unmict.org/en/tribunal
UN Secretary General, ‘Letter dated 11 March 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council’, 11 March 2005 (S/2005/158)
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Security Council briefed on establishment of War Crimes Chamber within State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina’, 8 October 2003 (SC/7888)
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Security Council Press Statement on Sudan’, 21 December 2009 (SC/9831-AFR/1925)
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Referral of Syria to International Criminal Court Fails as Negative Votes Prevent Security Council from Adopting Draft Report’, 22 May 2014 (SC/11407)
UN Security Council Press Release, ‘Security Council Fails to Adopt Resolution on Tribunal for Malaysia Airlines Crash in Ukraine, Amid Calls for Accountability, Justice for Victims’, 29 July 2015 (SC/11990)
Williams S (2012) Hybrid and internationalised criminal tribunals. Selected jurisdictional issues. Hart, Oxford
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Re, D. (2018). International Crimes: A Hybrid Future?. In: Eboe-Osuji, C., Emeseh, E. (eds) Nigerian Yearbook of International Law 2017. Nigerian Yearbook of International Law , vol 2017. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71476-9_8
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