The Elements

Abstract

This chapter provides tables of the physical and physicochemical properties of the elements . Emphasis is given to properties of the elements in the condensed state. The tables are structured according to the Periodic Table of the Elements. Most of the tables deal with the properties of elements of one particular group (column) of the Periodic Table. Only the elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium), the lanthanides, and the actinides are arranged according to the periods (rows) of the Periodic Table. This synoptic representation is intended to provide an immediate overview of the trends in the data for chemically related elements.

1 How to Use this Chapter

To find properties of a specific element or group of elements, start from one of Tables 4.1–4.5 and proceed in one of the following ways:

• 1. If the name of the element is known, refer to Table 4.1, where an alphabetical list of the elements is given, together with the numbers of the pages where the properties of these elements can be found.

• 2. If you know the chemical symbol of the element, refer to Table 4.2, where an alphabetical list of element symbols is given, together with the numbers of the pages where the properties of the corresponding elements will be found.

• 3. If the atomic number Z of the element is known, refer to Table 4.3, where a list of the elements in order of atomic number is given, together with the numbers of the pages where the properties of these elements will be found.

• 4. If you know the group of the Periodic Table that contains the element of interest, refer to Table 4.4, which gives the numbers of the pages where the properties of the elements of each group will be found.

• 5. To look up the element in the Periodic Table, refer to Table 4.5, where the element symbol and the atomic number will be found. Then use Table 4.2 or Table 4.3 to find the numbers of the pages where the properties of the element of interest are tabulated.

• 6. Alternatively, one may also find the name and the chemical symbol of the element you are looking for in the alphabetic index at the end of the volume. The index again will give you the first number of those pages on which the properties of the element are described.

The data-tables corresponding to the Periodes and Groups of the Periodic Table are subdivided in the following way:

• A. Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties

• B. Materials data:

  • (a) Crystallographic properties

  • (b) Mechanical properties

  • (c) Thermal and thermodynamic properties

  • (d) Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties .

• C. Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

• D. Ionic radii .

2 Description of Properties Tabulated

2.1 Parts A of the Tables

The properties tabulated in parts A of the tables concern the atomic, ionic, and molecular properties of the elements:

• The relative atomic mass, or atomic weight, A.

• The abundance in the lithosphere and in the sea.

• The atomic radius: the radius r_cov for single covalent bonding (after Pauling) , the radius r_met for metallic bonding with a coordination number of 12 (after Pauling), the radius r_vdW for van der Waals bonding (after Bondi) , and, for some elements, the radius r_os of the outer-shell orbital are given.

• The completely and partially occupied electron shells in the atom.

• The symbol for the electronic ground state.

• The electronic configuration.

• The oxidation states.

• The electron affinity.

• The electronegativity X_A (after Allred and Rochow).

• The first, second, third, and fourth ionization energies and the standard electrode potential E⁰.

• The internuclear distance in the molecule.

• The dissociation energy of the molecule .

2.2 Parts B of the Tables

Parts B of the tables contain data on the macroscopic properties of the elements. Most of the data concern the condensed phases. If not indicated otherwise, the data in this section apply to the standard state of the element, that is, they are valid at standard temperature and pressure (GlossaryTerm

STP

, T = 298.15 K and $p={\mathrm{100}}\,{\mathrm{kPa}}={\mathrm{1}}\,{\mathrm{bar}}$). For those elements which are stable in the gas phase at STP, data are given for the macroscopic properties in the gas phase.

The quantities describing the physical and physicochemical properties of materials can be divided into two classes. The first class contains all those quantities which are not directly connected with external (generalized) forces, these quantities have well-defined values even in the absence of external forces . Some examples are the electronic ground-state configuration of the atom, the coordination number in the crystallized state and the surface tension in the liquid state. The second class contains those quantities which describe the response of the material to externally applied (generalized) forces F. Such a force might be a mechanical stress field, an electric or magnetic field, a field gradient, or a temperature gradient. The response of the material to the external force might be observed via a suitable observable O, such as a mechanical strain, an electric current density, a dielectric polarization, a magnetization, or a heat current density. Assuming homogeneous conditions, the dependence of the observable O on the force F can be used to define material-specific parameters χ, which are also called physical properties of the material. Some examples are the elastic moduli or compliance constants, the electrical conductivity, the dielectric constant, the magnetic susceptibility, and the thermal conductivity.

In the linear-response regime, that is, under weak external forces F, these parameters χ are considered as being independent of the strength of the forces. The dependence of an observable O on a force F is then the simple proportionality

$$O=\chi F\;.$$

(4.1)

For strong external fields , the dependence of the response on the strength of the forces can be expressed by a power expansion in the forces, which then – in addition to the linear parameters χ – defines nonlinear field-dependent materials properties χ^(nl)(F), where

$$\chi^{({\text{nl}})}(F)=\chi+\chi^{(1)}F+\cdots\;.$$

(4.2)

In general, the class of materials properties that describe the response to externally applied forces have tensor character. The rank of the property tensor χ depends on the rank of the external force F and that of the observable O considered. In the case of Ohm's law, j = σE, in which the current density j and the electric field strength E are vectors, the conductivity tensor σ is of rank 2; in the case of the generalized Hooke's law, ε = sσ, the strain tensor ε and the stress tensor σ both are of rank 2, so that the elastic compliance tensor s is of rank 4. A vector can be considered as a tensor of rank 1, and a scalar, correspondingly, as a tensor of rank 0. A second-rank tensor, such as the electrical conductivity σ, in general has nine components in three-dimensional (GlossaryTerm

3-D

) space; a tensor of rank n in general has 3ⁿ components in three-dimensional space. Symmetry, however, of both the underlying crystal lattice and the physical phenomenon (for example, action = reaction), may reduce the number of independent nonvanishing components in the tensor. The tensor components reflect the crystal symmetry by being invariant under those orthogonal transformations which are elements of the point group of the crystal. In cubic crystals, for example, physical properties described by tensors of rank 2 are characterized by only one nonvanishing tensor component. Therefore cubic crystals are isotropic with respect to their electrical conductivity, their heat conductivity, and their dielectric properties.

2.2.1 Subdivisions B(a) of the Tables

These parts deal with the crystallographic properties . Here you will find the crystal system and the Bravais lattice in which the element is stable in its standard state; the structure type in which the element crystallizes; the lattice constants $a,b,c,\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ (symmetry reduces the number of independent lattice constants); the space group; the Schoenflies symbol; the Strukturbericht type; the Pearson symbol; the number A of atoms per cell; the coordination number; and the shortest interatomic distance between atoms in the solid state and in the liquid state.

Basic concepts of crystallography are explained in Chap. 3.

2.2.2 Subdivisions B(b) of the Tables

These parts cover the mechanical properties . At the top of the table, you will find the density of the material in the solid state (ϱ_s) and in the liquid state (ϱ_l), and the molar volume V_mol in the solid state. Here, one mole is the amount of substance which contains as many elementary particles (atoms or molecules) as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of the carbon isotope with a relative atomic mass of 12. This number of particles is called Avogadro's number and is approximately equal to 6.022 × 10²³. The next three rows present the viscosity η , the surface tension, and its temperature dependence, in the liquid state. The next properties are the coefficient of linear thermal expansion α and the sound velocity , both in the solid and in the liquid state. A number of quantities are tabulated for the presentation of the elastic properties. For isotropic materials, we list the volume compressibility $\kappa=-(1/V)(\mathrm{d}{V}/\mathrm{d}{P})$, and in some cases also its reciprocal value, the bulk modulus (or compression modulus); the elastic modulus (or Young's modulus) E; the shear modulus G; and the Poisson number (or Poisson's ratio) μ. Hooke's law, which expresses the linear relation between the strain ε and the stress σ in terms of Young's modulus, reads σ = Eε. For monocrystalline materials, the components of the elastic compliance tensor s and the components of the elastic stiffness tensor c are given. The elastic compliance tensor s and the elastic stiffness tensor c are both defined by the generalized forms of Hooke's law, σ = cε and ε = sσ. At the end of the list, the tensile strength, the Vickers hardness, and the Mohs hardness are given for some elements.

2.2.3 Subdivisions B(c) of the Tables

The thermal and thermodynamic properties are tabulated in these subdivisions of the tables. The properties tabulated are:

• The thermal conductivity, λ.

• The molar heat capacity at constant pressure, c_p.

• The standard entropy S⁰, that is, the molar entropy of the element at 298.15 K and 100 kPa.

• The enthalpy difference H₂₉₈ − H₀, that is, the difference between the molar enthalpies of the element at 298.15 and at 0 K.

• The melting temperature, T_m.

• The molar enthalpy change ΔH_m and molar entropy change ΔS_m at the melting temperature.

• The relative volume change $\Updelta V_{\mathrm{m}}=(V_{\mathrm{l}}-V_{\mathrm{s}})/V_{\mathrm{l}}$ on melting.

• The boiling temperature, T_b.

• The molar enthalpy change ΔH_b of boiling, and, for some elements, the molar enthalpy of sublimation.

In addition, the critical temperature T_c, the critical pressure p_c, the critical density ϱ_c, the triple-point temperature T_tr, and the triple-point pressure p_tr are given for some elements. For the element helium, the table also contains data for the λ point, at which liquid helium passes from the normal-fluid phase helium I (above the λ point) to the superfluid phase helium II (below the λ point), for ⁴He and ³He.

Throughout the chapter, temperature is measured in units of Kelvin (K), the unit of thermodynamic temperature. 1 K is defined as the fraction 1 ∕ 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. To convert data given in kelvin into degrees Celsius (^∘C), the following equation can be used

$$T({\mathrm{{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}})=[T\,(\text{K})-{\mathrm{273.15}}\,{\mathrm{K}}]\ ({\mathrm{{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}/K}})\;.$$

This can be expressed in words as follows: the Celsius scale is shifted towards higher temperatures by 273.15 K relative to the kelvin scale, such that the temperature 273.15 K becomes 0^∘C and the temperature 0 K becomes $-{\mathrm{273.15}}\,{\mathrm{{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}}$. To convert data given in kelvin into degrees fahrenheit (^∘F), the following equation can be used

$$T({\mathrm{{}^{\circ}\mathrm{F}}})=\left(\frac{9}{5}\right)[T(\text{K})-{\mathrm{273.15}}\,{\mathrm{K}}]\ ({\mathrm{{}^{\circ}\mathrm{F}/K}})+{\mathrm{32}}\,{\mathrm{{}^{\circ}\mathrm{F}}}\;.$$

This can be expressed approximately in words as follows: the Fahrenheit scale is shifted relative to the kelvin scale and also differs by a scaling so that its degrees are smaller than those of the kelvin scale by nearly a factor of 2.

2.2.4 Subdivisions B(d) of the Tables

These subdivisions of the tables present data on the electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties of the elements. Data are given for:

• The electrical resistivity ρ_s in the solid state, and its temperature and pressure dependence.

• The electrical resistivity ρ_l in the liquid state, and the resistivity ratio ρ_l ∕ ρ_s at the melting temperature.

• The critical temperature T_cr and critical field strength H_cr for superconductivity.

• The electronic band gap ΔE.

• The Hall coefficient R, together with the range of magnetic field strength B over which it was measured.

• The thermoelectric coefficient.

• The electronic work function.

• The thermal work function.

• The intrinsic charge carrier concentration.

• The electron and hole mobilities.

• The static dielectric constant ε of the element in the solid state, and in some cases also in the liquid state.

• The molar magnetic susceptibility χ_mol and the mass magnetic susceptibility χ_mass of the element in the solid state, and in some cases also in the liquid state. The susceptibilities are given in the definitions of both the SI system and the cgs system (see below).

• The refractive index n in the solid and liquid states.

The magnetic susceptibility is the parameter that describes the response of the material to an externally applied magnetic field H, as measured by the observable magnetization M, in the linear regime, via M = χH. Three different forms of the term magnetization are in use, depending on the specific application:

• The volume magnetization M_vol, equal to the magnetic dipole moment divided by the volume of the sample.

• The molar magnetization, or magnetization related to the number of particles, M_mol, equal to the magnetic dipole moment divided by the number of particles measures in moles.

• The mass magnetization M_mass, equal to the magnetic dipole moment divided by the mass of the sample.

Correspondingly, there are three different magnetic susceptibilities. The volume susceptibility χ_vol is a dimensionless number because in this case M and H are both measured in the same units, namely A ∕ m in the SI system and gauss in the cgs system. The dimensionless character of χ_vol might be the reason why, in physics textbooks, mostly only this susceptibility is mentioned. The other two susceptibilities, the molar susceptibility χ_mol and the mass susceptibility χ_mass, are more useful for practical applications. In both the SI system and the cgs system, the molar susceptibility is measured in units of cm³ ∕ mol, and the mass susceptibility is measured in units of cm³ ∕ g. In this Handbook, data are given for the molar and mass susceptibilities.

Although susceptibilities have the same dimensions in the SI and cgs systems, the numerical values in the cgs system are smaller than those in the SI system by a factor of 4π. This is due to the different definitions of the quantities dipole moment and magnetization in the two systems. The difference can be seen most clearly in the general relations between the magnetization M and the field strengths B and H in the two systems. In the SI system, this relation reads $B=\mu_{0}(H+M)$, whereas in the cgs system, it reads $B=H+4\uppi M$. Because of this difference, the magnetic-susceptibility data in Sect. 4.5 are given for both the SI and the cgs definitions.

2.3 Parts C of the Tables

Parts C of the tables present crystallographic data for allotropic and high-pressure modifications of the elements. The left-hand columns contain data for allotropic modifications that are stable at a pressure of 100 kPa over the temperature ranges indicated, and the right-hand columns contain data for modifications stable at higher pressures as indicated. The modifications stable at 100 kPa are denoted by Greek letters in front of the chemical symbol of the element (normally starting with α for the modification stable over the lowest temperature range), and the high-pressure modifications are denoted by Roman numerals after the chemical symbol. In these parts of the tables, GlossaryTerm

RT

stands for room temperature, and GlossaryTerm

RTP

stands for room temperature and standard pressure, i. e., 100 kPa.

2.4 Parts D of the Tables

Parts D of the tables contain data on ionic radii determined from crystal structures. The first row lists the elements, and the second row lists the positive and negative ions for which data are given. The remaining rows give the ionic radii of these ions for the most common coordination numbers.

3 Sources

Most of the data presented here have been taken from Landolt–Börnstein [4.1]. Additional data have been taken from the D'Ans–Lax series [4.2] and the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [4.3].

4 Tables of the Elements in Different Orders

Table 4.1 The elements ordered by their names

Table 4.2 The elements ordered by their chemical symbols

Table 4.3 The elements ordered by their atomic numbers

Table 4.4 The elements ordered according to the Periodic Table

Table 4.5 Periodic Table of the elements

5 Data

5.1 Elements of the First Period

Table 4.6 Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Part A : Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties

Table 4.7 Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (for allotropic and high-pressure modifications, Table 4.11)

Table 4.8 Elements of the fist period (hydrogen and helium). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.9 Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.10 Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.11 Elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

5.2 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup I to IV

Table 4.12 Elements of Group IA (chemically active species (CAS ) notation), or Group 1 (new International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.18 for ionic radii)

Table 4.13 Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.17 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.14 Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.15 Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.16 Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.17 Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.18 Elements of Group IA (CAS notation), or Group 1 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.19 Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.24 for ionic radii)

Table 4.20 Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties

Table 4.21 Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.22 Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.23 Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties. There is no Part C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifications are known

Table 4.24 Elements of Group IB (CAS notation), or Group 11 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.25 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.31 for ionic radii)

Table 4.26 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.30 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.27 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.28 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.29 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.30 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.31 Elements of Group IIA (CAS notation), or Group 2 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.32 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.38 for ionic radii)

Table 4.33 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.37 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.34 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.35 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.36 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.37 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.38 Elements of Group IIB (CAS notation), or Group 12 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.39 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.45 for ionic radii)

Table 4.40 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.44 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.41 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.42 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.43 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.44 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.45 Elements of Group IIIA (CAS notation), or Group 13 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.46 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.52 for ionic radii)

Table 4.47 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.51 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.48 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.49 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.50 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.51 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.52 Elements of Group IIIB (CAS notation), or Group 3 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.53 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.59 for ionic radii)

Table 4.54 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.58 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.55 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.56 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.57 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.58 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.59 Elements of Group IVA (CAS notation), or Group 14 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.60 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.66 for ionic radii)

Table 4.61 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.65 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.62 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.63 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.64 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.65 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.66 Elements of Group IVB (CAS notation), or Group 4 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

5.3 Elements of the Main Groups and Subgroup V to VIII

Table 4.67 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.73 for ionic radii)

Table 4.68 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.72 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.69 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.70 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.71 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.72 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.73 Elements of Group VA (CAS notation), or Group 15 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.74 Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.79 for ionic radii)

Table 4.75 Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties

Table 4.76 Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.77 Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.78 Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties. There is no Part C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifictions are known

Table 4.79 Elements of Group VB (CAS notation), or Group 5 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.80 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAP notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic and molecular properties (see Table 4.86 for ionic radii)

Table 4.81 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.85 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.82 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.83 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.84 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.85 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.86 Elements of Group VIA (CAS notation), or Group 16 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.87 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.93 for ionic radii)

Table 4.88 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.92 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.89 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.90 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.91 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.92 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.93 Elements of Group VIB (CAS notation), or Group 6 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.94 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.100 for ionic radii)

Table 4.95 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.99 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.96 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.97 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.98 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.99 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.100 Elements of Group VIIA (CAS notation), or Group 17 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.101 Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.107 for ionic radii)

Table 4.102 Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.106 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.103 Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.104 Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.105 Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.106 Elements of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.107 Eleents of Group VIIB (CAS notation), or Group 7 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.108 Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties

Table 4.109 Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.112 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.110 Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.111 Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.112 Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.113 Elements of Group VIIIA (CAS notation), or Group 18 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications. There is no Part D, because no data on ionic radii are available

Table 4.114 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.119 for ionic radii)

Table 4.115 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.118 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.116 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.117 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.118 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.119 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.120 Elements of Group VIII(1) (CAS notation), or Group 8 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.121 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.126 for ionic radii)

Table 4.122 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.125 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.123 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.124 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.125 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.126 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.127 Elements of Group VIII(2) (CAS notation), or Group 9 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

Table 4.128 Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation) or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.132 for ionic radii)

Table 4.129 Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation) or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(a): Crystallographic properties

Table 4.130 Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.131 Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.132 Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties. There is no Part C, because no allotropic or high-pressure modifications are known

Table 4.133 Elements of Group VIII(3) (CAS notation), or Group 10 (new IUPAC notation). Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

5.4 Elements of the Lanthanides Period

Table 4.134 Lanthanides. Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.139 for ionic radii)

Table 4.135 Lanthanides. Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.138 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.136 Lanthanides. Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.137 Lanthanides. Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.138 Lanthanides. Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.139 Lanthanides. Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.140 Lanthanides. Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)

5.5 Elements of the Actinides Period

Table 4.141 Actinides. Part A: Atomic, ionic, and molecular properties (see Table 4.146 for ionic radii)

Table 4.142 Actinides. Part B(a): Crystallographic properties (see Table 4.145 for allotropic and high-pressure modifications)

Table 4.143 Actinides. Part B(b): Mechanical properties

Table 4.144 Actinides. Part B(c): Thermal and thermodynamic properties

Table 4.145 Actinides. Part B(d): Electronic, electromagnetic, and optical properties

Table 4.146 Actinides. Part C: Allotropic and high-pressure modifications

Table 4.147 Actinides. Part D: Ionic radii (determined from crystal structures)