Abstract
The resource of soil is finite. It is the basis for life and nutrition of all human life. It was Rousseau who stated in his thesis about the root and the basis of inequality among human individuals that many of the worldwide conflicts occur because few people accumulate huge amounts of soil at the cost of the many. That being said, Rousseau, in principle, was not an advocate of collective property. He did, however, notice that those who have the ownership over the finite amounts of soil and water would be able to enforce power over those who, without owning the actual resources, were in need of their usage. In this context, Aristotle is of interest. According to him, there was a sound proportion of property. He vowed for a global order of economy and the law that would grant humans property as a means to the free expression of their individuality and security—the latter in the nutritional-scientific sense of food safety and food sovereignty—that would, however, not be granted as a means to unlimited growth of possession nor as a means to a way of power over others. This thesis sheds light onto whether our global and national law system of today is capable of providing a solution for the aforementioned conflict that has spanned the centuries.
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Notes
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Rudloff (2012), p. 7. http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2012_S19_rff.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 5.
Rudloff (2012), p. 7. http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2012_S19_rff.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 6.
Geiger (2013), p. 27.
- 7.
Geiger (2013), pp. 27 f.
- 8.
International Monetary Fund (2009), pp. 118 ff. recital 6.4 ff. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/bpm6.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 9.
OECD (2008), p. 19 recital 1.4. http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investmentstatisticsandanalysis/40193734.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 10.
European Commission KOM (2010) 343 final.
- 11.
European Parliament (2011).
- 12.
Case C-112/05 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany [2007] ECR I-8995—VW-Gesetz, para 18; Case C-326/07 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic [2009] ECR I-2291, para 35; Case C-543/08 European Commission v Portuguese Republic [2010] ECR I-1124, para 42.
- 13.
Case C-112/05 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of Germany [2007] ECR I-8995—VW-Gesetz, para 54.
- 14.
Foreign investors conclude long-term lease agreements over a period of many decades or less frequently purchase agreements about large-scaled plots, especially located in the African, Latin-America, Asian or East-European states; Krajewski (2012), recital 538.
- 15.
Rudloff (2012), p. 7. http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2012_S19_rff.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 16.
Anseeuw et al. (2012), p. 24. https://www.oxfam.de/system/files/20120427_report_land_matrix.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (2009). http://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/Fachexpertise/giz2010-en-foreign-direct-investment-dc.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 17.
Anseeuw et al. (2012), p. 24. https://www.oxfam.de/system/files/20120427_report_land_matrix.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 18.
Merian Research and CRBM (2010), p. 5. http://farmlandgrab.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/VULTURES-completo.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 19.
Rudloff (2012), p. 7. http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2012_S19_rff.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 20.
The term is derived from the English term “to grab” (in German: grabschen, an sich reißen, raffen). The term means the irresponsible acquisition of agricultural plots mainly to the detriment of the individual farmers in the developing countries. The starting point is mostly an investor-state-contract relating to the agricultural plots which are used by the local and indigenous people. Its use is recognized in legal practice. The enforcement of the investor-state-contract has as result the expulsion of the local farmers; for the definition see also Infoletter Wissenschaftlicher Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages (2011), p. 4; Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (2012), p. 5. http://farmlandgrab.org/uploads/attachment/Strategiepapier316_2_2012.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 21.
Chemnitz and Weigelt (2015), p. 26. https://www.bund.net/fileadmin/user_upload_bund/publikationen/landwirtschaft/landwirtschaft_bodenatlas_2015.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017; Rullia et al. (2013), p. 892. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/3/892?tab=author-info. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 22.
The “soil matrix”, called in German Land Matrix, is an independent initiative that is observing large-scaled investments. Based on the observation, the initiative is collecting and evaluated the data concerned. The information is linked and published on the Open-Data-Platform www.landmatrix.org. The platform serves to achieve transparency about the acquisition process. The initiative is being coordinated by several international research groups and organizations inter alia by the German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA). Currently, on the platform there are listed about 956 transactions effected including about 36 millions of hectare with international participation.
- 23.
Land Matrix (2014), p. 5. http://www.landmatrix.org/media/filer_public/b2/48/b24869d1-ff17-4cb2-8bc3-5c55ef6a3e0c/lm_newsletter_3-4.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017; Anseeuw et al. (2012), p. 21. https://www.oxfam.de/system/files/20120427_report_land_matrix.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017; in contrast, the study of the Spanish NGO Genetic Resources Action International (GRAIN) indicated China as the most active investor with 2.6 millions of hectare, followed by the EU with 2.2 millions of hectare for the period from 2007 to 2010. Both investors together account for 90% of the total purchase procedures, http://farmlandgrab.org/. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 24.
Land Matrix (2014), p. 5.
- 25.
Land Matrix Database. http://www.landmatrix.org/en/get-the-detail/by-investor-country/germany/?order_by=&starts_with=G. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 26.
FIAN. http://www.fian.de/fallarbeit/kaweriuganda/. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 27.
Land Matrix Database. http://www.landmatrix.org/en/get-the-detail/by-investor-country/germany/?order_by=&starts_with=G. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 28.
Enders (2012). http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2012-04/land-matrix. Accessed 21 June 2017; GRAIN (2012). https://www.grain.org/article/entries/4479-grain-releases-data-set-with-over-400-global-land-grabs. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 29.
Giesen (2013). http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/ringen-um-nahrungsmittel-china-pachtet-gigantische-ackerflaeche-in-der-ukraine-1.1777437. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 30.
Giesen (2013). http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/ringen-um-nahrungsmittel-china-pachtet-gigantische-ackerflaeche-in-der-ukraine-1.1777437. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 31.
Giesen (2013). http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/ringen-um-nahrungsmittel-china-pachtet-gigantische-ackerflaeche-in-der-ukraine-1.1777437. Accessed 21 June 2017; Wälterlin (2010). http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/australien-chinesen-kaufen-farmen-auf/3520116.html. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 32.
Zoll (2016). https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/australiens-groesste-farm-verkauft-die-chinesen-duerfen-doch-ein-bisschen-ld.133657. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 33.
Leugermann (2015). http://www.finanzen.net/nachricht/aktien/Frankfurt-intern-KTG-Agrar-Chinesen-hoffen-auf-reiche-Ernte-4414353. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 34.
Agra-Europe (2015a), p. 4.
- 35.
DGAP-News, Handelsblatt (29 June 2015). http://ircenter.handelsblatt.com/websites/ircenter_handelsblatt10/German/9020/news.html?newsID=1492149&companyDirectoryName=ktgagrar. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 36.
Handelsblatt (1 September 2016). http://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/handel-konsumgueter/ktg-agrar-ueberschuldete-aktiengesellschaft-soll-verkauft-werden/14488106.html. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
Doubting Herdegen (2016), § 27 recital 11, according to whom a subjective right to the respective individual can be claimed by the home state in its own name on the individual’s behalf (so-called representative action).
- 40.
- 41.
On the importance of investor-state-contracts: Dolzer and Schreuer (2012), pp. 79 ff.
- 42.
De Schutter (2011), pp. 249, 265.
- 43.
De Schutter (2011), pp. 249, 266.
- 44.
Concerning the violation of Article XI GATT: De Schutter (2011), pp. 249, 266.
- 45.
Concerning the interdiction of the so-called “Performance Requirements”: De Schutter (2011), pp. 249, 266.
- 46.
Dolzer and Schreuer (2012), p. 81.
- 47.
Ipsen (2014), § 34 recital 82 ff.; while the International Court of Justice rejects the attribution of such contracts to the public international law, the arbitration believes during some years that the investor-state-contracts can be considered as partly restricted international treaties, concerning this: IGH, Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Case (jurisdiction), Judgement of 22 July 1952, ICJ Reports 1952, S. 93. 111 ff.; Arbitral Tribunal, Texas Overseas Petroleum Co. & California Asiatic Oil Co. v. Libyan Arab Republic, Award on the Merits of 19 January 1977, ILM 1978, 1, Ziff. 22 ff. rejecting Ipsen concerning the opinion to consider the investor-state-contracts as partly restricted international treaties due to the provision of internationalization and to affirm the partial international personality of private investors, Ipsen (2014) § 34 recital 84.
- 48.
- 49.
- 50.
Cotula (2011), pp. 39 f. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/12568IIED.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 51.
- 52.
Burkard (2012), p. 44.
- 53.
Jacob (2012), p. 317.
- 54.
See the listing of the UNCTAD. http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/IiasByCountry#iiaInnerMenu. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 55.
Model agreement of the German-Chinese bilateral investment treaty of the year 2003, Griebel (2008), pp. 167, 168, BGBl. 2005 II p. 733.
- 56.
Comparing Article 1 number 2 of the German-Chinese BIT of the year 2003.
- 57.
Schill (2006), p. 78.
- 58.
Schill (2006), p. 78.
- 59.
Schill (2006), p. 78; See Article 2 (1) of the German-Chinese investment treaty: “Each Contracting Party shall encourage investors of the other Contracting Party to make investments in its territory and admit such investments in accordance with its laws and regulations.”
- 60.
Reinisch (2015), p. 410 recital 39.
- 61.
Schill (2014), p. 17; Comparing Article 11 of the German model contract 2005, AVR 45 (2007), 276; Article 10 of the German model contract 2009. http://www.iilcc.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/institute/iilcc/Dokumente/matrechtinvest/VIS_Mustervertrag.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017; Griebel (2010), p. 414.
- 62.
Lörcher and Ober (2011), p. 111; Dolzer (2013), p. 465 recital 42; the codification can be explained by the fact that the existence of the obligations created by the law of nations on foreigners were disclaimed by the representatives of the Calvo-Doctrine and therefore the obligations needed a urgent clarification.
- 63.
For an example of this clause see Article 4 (2) of the German-Chinese bilateral investment treaty of the year 2003.
- 64.
According to the Hull formula named after the U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull, the compensation has to be “prompt, adequate and effective”. On the contrary, the Calvo Doctrine named after the Argentinian diplomat Carlos Calvo, provided that foreigners and theirs assets enjoyed no absolute level of protection; but they can only invoke the national treatment principle, concerning this: Krajewski (2012), recital 611–612.
- 65.
- 66.
Referred to Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of March 29, 2006, Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community/Paraguay, whereby the tribunal instructs the government of Paraguay to return the agricultural plots concerned to the indigenous community of Sawhoyamaxa. On 21th may 2014 the parliament has adopted the draft law providing that the government returns the farmland by expropriating the German investor and by paying him a compensation. Concerning the German-Paraguayan bilateral investment treaty, the tribunal noticed that the treaty can’t be a justification for a violation of the obligations providing by the American Convention of Human Rights; referring to Ghelli (2012). http://www.zeit.de/politik/2012-07/paraguay-sawhoyamaxa. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 67.
Primarily both terms are applied synonymously; therefor also Ipsen (2014), p. 768 recital 50.
- 68.
Gao (2013), pp. 88, 89.
- 69.
Ipsen (2014), p. 768 recital 51.
- 70.
- 71.
Dolzer and Schreuer (2012), pp. 122 ff., von Bernstorff (2012), p. 14. http://www.humanrights-business.org/files/landgrabbing_final_1.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 72.
- 73.
Police powers doctrine confirmed by the following arbitration procedures: Saluka Investments BV (The Netherlands)/Czech Republic, Partial Award, 17 March 2006, UNCITRAL, recital 255: “It is now established in international law that States are not liable to pay compensation to a foreign investor when, in the normal exercise of their regulatory powers, they adopt in a non-discriminatory manner bona fide regulations that are aimed at the general welfare.”; Methanex Corporation/United States of America, Final Award, 3 August 2005, UNCITRAL, Part IV, Chapter D, recital 7.
- 74.
Saluka Investments BV (The Netherlands)/Czech Republic, Partial Award, 17 March 2006, UNCITRAL, recital 255, 262.
- 75.
Krugmann (2004).
- 76.
Tecmed/Mexiko, Award, May 29, 2003, Case No. ARB (AF)/00/2, Arbitration under International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, Rn. 122: “After establishing that regulatory actions and measures will not be initially excluded from the definition of expropriatory acts, in addition to the negative financial impact of such actions and measures, the Arbitral Tribunal will consider, in order to determine it they are to be characterized as expropriatory, whether such actions or measures are proportional to the public interest presumably protected thereby and to the protection legally granted to investments, taking into account that the significance of such impact has a key role upon deciding the proportionality.”
- 77.
Griebel (2008), p. 70.
- 78.
- 79.
Noble Ventures/Romania, Award, October 12, 2005, ICSID, Case No. ARB/01/11 recital 182.
- 80.
S.D. Myers/Government of Canada, Partial Award, UNCITRAL Arbitration, recital 263: The arbitral tribunal demands a treatment “in such an unjust or arbitrary manner that the treatment rises to the level that is unacceptable from the international perspective.”; Genin/The Republic of Estonia, Award, June 25, 2001, ICSID, Case No. ARB/99/2 recital 367: In this case the imperative was specified as follows: “willful neglect of duty, an unsufficiency of action falling far below international standards or even subjective bad faith”.; Waste Management/United Mexican States, Award, April 30, 2004, ICSID, Case N° ARB(AF)/00/3, recital 98: The arbitral tribunal considered a violation, “if the conduct is arbitrary, grossly, unfair, unjust or indiosyncratic, is discriminatory and exposes the claimant to sectorial or racial prejudice, or involves a lack of due process leading to an outcome which offends judicial propriety – as might be the case with a manifest failure of natural justice in judicial proceedings or a complete lack of transparency and candour in an administrative process.”.
- 81.
Tecmed/United Mexican States, Award, May 29, 2003, ICSID, CASE No. ARB (AF)/00/2, recital 154: “The foreign investor expects the host state to act in a consistent manner, free from ambiguity and totally transparently in its relations with the foreign investor, so that it may know beforehand any and all rules and regulations that will govern its investments, as well as the goals of the relevant policies and administrative practices and directives, to be able to plan its investment and comply with such regulations.”.
- 82.
Saluka, Investments BV (The Netherlands)/Czech Republic, Partial Award, 17 March 2006, UNCITRAL, Rn. 305: “No investor may reasonably expect that the circumstances prevailing at the time the investment is made remain totally unchanged. In order to determine whether frustration of the foreign investor’s expectations was justified and reasonable, the host State’s legitimate right subsequently to regulate domestic matters in the public interest must be taken into consideration as well.”.
- 83.
Griebel (2008), p. 70; Article 1105 para. 1 NAFTA (Minimum Standard of Treatment): 1. Each party shall accord to investments of another Party treatment in accordance with international law, including fair and equitable treatment (…). Article 3 of the German-Chinese BIT: “Investments of Investors of each Contracting Party shall all times be accorded fair and equitable treatment in the territory of the other Contracting Party.”
- 84.
Standard being regulated in Article 2 (2) of the German-Chinese BIT.
- 85.
Griebel (2008), p. 75.
- 86.
Griebel (2008), p. 75.
- 87.
Refer to the example in Article 10 (2) of the German-Chinese BIT; the counterpart to the umbrella clauses are the stabilization clauses and provisions of internationalization of the investor-state-contracts.
- 88.
Reinisch (2015), p. 429 recital 85; SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A./Philippines, ICSID, Case No ARB/02/6, Decision on Jurisdiction 29 January 2004, para 128.
- 89.
The citation Reinisch (2015), p. 429 recital 85; SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A./Islamic Republic of Pakistan, ICSID, Case No ARB/01/13, Decision on Jurisdiction 6 August 2003, para. 172.
- 90.
Reinisch (2015), p. 429 recital 84.
- 91.
Gao (2013), pp. 85, 86.
- 92.
Concerning the FDI in China, three important Chinese regulations can be emphasized: “Law about joint venture companies with Chinese and Foreign shareholders”, “Law about Chinese and Foreign joint ventures” and “Law about companies with wholly foreign capital acquisition”.
- 93.
Gao (2013), pp. 85, 86.
- 94.
Griebel (2008), pp. 79 ff.
- 95.
Concerning the design options see also Griebel (2008), p. 94; Jacob (2010), p. 24. http://www.humanrights-business.org/files/international_investment_agreements_and_human_rights.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 96.
Article 9 para. 3 of the German-Chinese BIT regulates that ligitations shall be decided by the set of rules of the ICSID Convention, unless the parties have agreed on a ad hoc arbitration tribunal established in accordance with the arbitration rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) or in accordance with the arbitration standards of a private arbitral tribunal such as the Court of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris.
- 97.
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, BGBl. 1969 II p. 371.
- 98.
Bungenberg and Chi (2015), p. 225.
- 99.
Bungenberg and Chi (2015), p. 225: For instance, in the past few years, several ICSID arbitration cases have been initiated by Chinese investors, such as Tza Yap Shum v. Peru, ICSID, Case No. ARB/07/6 and Ping An v. Belgium, ICSID, Case No. ARB/12/29.
- 100.
Jacob (2010), pp. 11, 19. http://www.humanrights-business.org/files/international_investment_agreements_and_human_rights.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 101.
ICSID Caseload—Statistics, (Issue 2015-1). https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Documents/resources/ICSID%20Web%20Stats%202015-1%20(English)%20(2)_Redacted.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 102.
Kahl (1998), p. 432.
- 103.
Dolzer (2013), p. 468 recital 49.
- 104.
Stöbener de Mora (2016a), p. 165.
- 105.
Stöbener de Mora (2016b), p. 203.
- 106.
Kerkemeyer (2016), p. 10.
- 107.
Mayr (2015), p. 588.
- 108.
Mayr (2015), p. 599.
- 109.
Cirlig (2013), p. 1. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/eplibrary/130642REV1-EU-China-bilateral-investment-agreement-DE.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 110.
Härtel (2015a), pp. 25 ff.
- 111.
The so-called human rights of the third generation: In the year 1989 already, the World Commission on Environment and Development, also called Brundtlandt-Commission, promoted for the principle of sustainable development. The Commission defined the principle as the “development which fulfils the current requirements without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs”. In the year 1992 the Declaration of the world conference on the environment in Rio de Janeiro provided: “Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.” According to the Draft of Principles of Human Rights and the Environment of the year 1994 a segment of the worldwide society claimed: “Everybody has the right to a secure, healthy and ecologically sound environment. This right and the further human rights including the civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights are universal, indivisible and determine each other.”.
- 112.
For instance Article 24 of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights or Article 11 para. 1 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In contrast, Article 37 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is dedicated to the states and does not create a subjective right.
- 113.
Hannum (1996), p. 318.
- 114.
Burkard (2012), p. 112.
- 115.
- 116.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 117.
The so-called three-dimensional concept of obligations respect, protect and fulfil see also von Bernstorff (2010), p. 8; Schneider (2004), p. 6. http://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/uploads/tx_commerce/studie_die_justiziabilitaet_wirtschaftlicher_sozialer_u_kultureller_menschenrechte.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017; United Nations (1999); Kattau (2015), pp. 390 ff. Kanalan (2015), p. 388.
- 118.
- 119.
Kattau (2015), p. 320.
- 120.
Kattau (2015), p. 320.
- 121.
Reimann (2012), p. 170.
- 122.
Particularly instructive Ehm (2013), p. 395.
- 123.
Kattau (2015), p. 399.
- 124.
- 125.
De Schutter et al. (2012), p. 1084.
- 126.
Concerning the obligation of the enforcement of the right to food in the national—especially in the national constitutional—Knuth and Vidar (2011), pp. 3 f. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap554e/ap554e.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017; Bultrini (2009), p. 2. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/righttofood/documents/RTF_publications/EN/1_toolbox_Guide_on_Legislating.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 127.
Glienicke (2007), p. 326.
- 128.
Burkard (2012), p. 97.
- 129.
von Senger (2006), pp. 119 140.
- 130.
Article 13 of the Chinese Constitution provides: The state protects the right of citizens to own lawfully earned income, savings, houses and other lawful property. The state protects by law the right of citizens to inherit private property.
- 131.
De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the right to food, statement. http://www.srfood.org/en/first-visit-to-china-by-un-special-rapporteur-on-right-to-food. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 132.
De Schutter (2010), p. 8.
- 133.
Zhong and Qian (2014). http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/focus/section3/2014/06/merging-business-and-human-rights-in-china-still-a-long-way-to-go.html. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 134.
Text of the plan available at http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7156850.html. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 135.
Text available at http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/text/. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 136.
- 137.
Concerning the UN Global Compact. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 138.
Norms of the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights. http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/PUBLIKATIONEN/Blaue_Reihe/BL_88.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 139.
UN Doc. A/HRC/4/035, 09.02.007; UN Doc. A/HRC/4/74; 05.02.2007; UN Doc. A/HRC/4/35, 19.02.2007.
- 140.
Burkard (2012), pp. 246 f.
- 141.
UN Doc. A/HRC/8/5, 07.04.2008.
- 142.
UN Doc. A/HRC/8/5, 07.04.2008, no. 7 f.
- 143.
FAO, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, adopted by the 127th Session on the FAO Council November 2004. http://www.fao.org/3/a-y7937e.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 144.
FAO, Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (FAO 2012). http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2801e/i2801e.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.
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- 146.
Press release http://www.bmelv.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/2012/131-AI-Annahme-der-VN-Leitlinien.html. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 147.
Instructive Monien (2014), § 34, p. 795.
- 148.
Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources (FAO, IFAD, UNCTAD, World Bank Group 2010) available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/214574-1111138388661/22453321/Principles_Extended.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 149.
- 150.
Principles for responsible investment in agriculture and food systems, endorsed by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) at its 41st Session on October 2014 available at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1314/rai/CFS_Principles_Oct_2014_EN.pdf. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 151.
See to the listing of the legal proceedings. http://www.escr-net.org/caselaw-database/view/filter?search=right+of+food&field_forum_value=&field_country_tid=All&field_thematic_focus_tid=All. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 152.
- 153.
Oellers-Frahm (2002), pp. 385, 408, 409.
- 154.
Deutscher Bundestag (2012) BT-Drucksache 17/8461: The German Parliament calls upon the Federal Government to sign and ratify the optional protocol of the ICESCR; Mahler (2015). http://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/publikationen/show/aktuell-52015-das-fakultativprotokoll-zum-un-sozialpakt-endlich-annehmen/. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 155.
Concerning the dogmatical connection of the right to food in the German Constitution Härtel (2015a), p. 28.
- 156.
Dolzer (2003), p. 71.
- 157.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), p. 3 recital 1.13.
- 158.
Kommer (2016), p. 39.
- 159.
Härtel (2016), pp. 15, 27.
- 160.
Kommer (2016), p. 39.
- 161.
In German: Grundstücksverkehrsgesetz (GrdstVG) in the revised version published in the Federal Law Gazette part III, section 7810-1, last amended by art. 108 of the statute of 17 December 2008 (Federal Law Gazette part I, section 2586).
- 162.
In German: Landpachtverkehrsgesetz (LPachtVG), in the revised version of 8 November 1985 published in the Federal Law Gazette part I, page 2075, last amended by art. 15 of the statute of 13 April 2006 (Federal Law Gazette part I, page 855).
- 163.
In German: Reichssiedlungsgesetz (RSG), in the revised version published in the Federal Law Gazette part III, section 2331-1, last amended by art. 8 para. 2 of the statute of 29 July 2009.
- 164.
Depenheuer and Froese (2012), p. 60 recital 56.
- 165.
Kay et al. (2015), pp. 17 ff. https://www.google.de/search?q=Extend+of+Farmland+Grabbing+in+the+EU.+IP%2FB%2FAGRI%2FIC%2F2014-069&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-ab&gfe_rd=cr&ei=ZrI_WcaHApHVXoaXuJgB. Accessed 21 June 2017; European Economic and Social Committee (2015).
- 166.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), p. 3 recital 6.9.
- 167.
- 168.
For an instructive overview, refer to Härtel (2015b), p. 228.
- 169.
In German: Agrarstrukturverbesserungsgesetz (ASVG): in the version of 10 November 2009 published in the Gazette of Land Baden-Württemberg 2009, p. 645 section 781.
- 170.
Bayerisches Agrarstrukturgesetz dated 13.12.2016, GVBl, p. 347, BayRS 7810-1-L.
- 171.
Instructive see the following Report: Forstner et al. (2011). https://www.thuenen.de/media/publikationen/landbauforschung-sonderhefte/lbf_sh352.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 172.
For the controversial differentiation of the freedom of unrestricted movement of capital and freedom of establishment refer to Herz (2014), pp. 231 ff., 261ff.; Hubatsch (2006), pp. 141 f.; further referrals at Knapp (1999), p. 412; Ress and Ukrow in Grabitz et al. (2014), Art 65 TFEU recital 69; Tiedje in von der Groeben et al. (2015), Art 49 TFEU recital 23; with regard to the prior procedures, the ECJ has exclusively decided on the freedom of unlimited movement of capital.
- 173.
In order to determine the restriction and its justification, the judicial practice developed by the ECJ in the context of its case-law relating to the free movement of goods should be applied: Bröhmer in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art 63 TFEU recital 43; Referring to Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoit and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 837—Dassonville; Case 120/78 [1979] Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Federal Monopoly Administration for Spirits) ECR 649—Cassis de Dijon; Case C 267/91 and C 268/91 Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard ECR I-6097—Keck.
- 174.
Streinz and Dietz (2015), p. 50.
- 175.
- 176.
Case C-452/01 Ospelt and Schlössle Weissenberg [2003] ECR I-9743, para 50 ff.; Case C-370/05 Festersen [2007] ECR I-1129, para 40.
- 177.
Case C-370/05 Festersen [2007] ECR I-1129, paras 28, 40.
- 178.
Case C 452/01 Ospelt and Schlössle Weissenberg [2003] ECR I-9743, para 34.
- 179.
European Commission COM (2004) 686 final.
- 180.
European Commission COM (2004) 686 final, pp. 5–6.
- 181.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 1.4.
- 182.
Also criticized by Heubuch (2015), p. 8.
- 183.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.2.
- 184.
Axer in Epping and Hillgruber (2015), art. 14 GG recital 19.
- 185.
Schmidt-Jortzig (2015), p. 42.
- 186.
Schmidt-Jortzig (2015), p. 43.
- 187.
BVerfG, Beschluss vom 12.01.1967—1 BvR 169/63, BVerfGE 21, 73, 83; Dieterich and Voß in Ernst et al. (2014), Vorbemerkung recital 25.
- 188.
Depenheuer and Froese (2012), p. 60 recital 35.
- 189.
- 190.
BVerfG, Beschluss vom 23.02.2010—1 BvR 2736/08 (2010) NVwZ, pp. 512 ff.
- 191.
BVerfG, Urteil vom 17.12.2013—1 BvR 3139 and 3386/08, BVerfGE 134, 242.
- 192.
BVerfG, Urteil vom 17.12.2013—1 BvR 3139 und 3386/08, BVerfGE 134, 242.
- 193.
Schmidt-Jortzig (2015), p. 44.
- 194.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.3.
- 195.
In German: the so-called Bodenverwertungs- und –verwaltungs GmbH (BVVG).
- 196.
Vorholz (2015). http://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2015-03/flaechenverbrauch-nachhaltigkeit-umweltschutz. Accessed 21 June 2017; more Information available at the website of the Federal Environment Agency: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/flaechennutzung/instrumente-massnahmen-flaechenschutzpolitik. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 197.
In German: Raumordnungsgesetz, in the revised version of 22 December 2008, published in the Federal Law Gazette part I, p. 2986, last amended by Article 124 of the statute of 31 August 2015, published in the Federal Law Gazette part I, p. 1474.
- 198.
In German: Baugesetzbuch, in the version of the publication of the 23 September 2004, published in the Federal Law Gazette part I, p. 2414.
- 199.
Hangst (2015), p. 43.
- 200.
Rasso (2011), p. 51.
- 201.
Deichmöller (2004), pp. 177 f.
- 202.
Rasso (2011), p. 49.
- 203.
- 204.
- 205.
Erbguth and Schubert (2015), § 3 recital 41.
- 206.
Schrödter (2015), § 1a recital 24.
- 207.
Battis in Battis et al. (2014), § 1a recital 10a.
- 208.
Against the so-called requirement of optimization, BVerwG, Beschluss vom 28.05.2008—BVerwG 4 BN 48.07 (2008) ZfBR, p. 689.
- 209.
In German: Bundesbodenschutzgesetz as promulgated on 17 March 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 502), as amended by Article 101 of the ordinance.
- 210.
Battis in Battis et al. (2014), § 1a recital 3.
- 211.
Rasso (2011), p. 93.
- 212.
BT-Drs. 3/2635.
- 213.
- 214.
See also Martinez (2014), p. 165.
- 215.
These prior notification and registration procedures are regulated in other legal fields of the public economic law such as energy law, telecommunication law or the foreign trade law; Schmid and Wollenschläger (2015).
- 216.
- 217.
Netz (2015), p. 991 recital 3072.
- 218.
Netz (2015), p. 991 recital 3073.
- 219.
Netz (2015), p. 991 recital 3072.
- 220.
BT-Drs. 3/119.
- 221.
Netz (2011), p. 178.
- 222.
Peterson (1997). http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/13411/1/p97-02.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 223.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 4.6.
- 224.
BVerfG, Beschluss vom 12.01.1967—1 BvR 169/63, BVerfGE 21, 73, 80.
- 225.
BT-Drs. 3/2636, p. 2.
- 226.
- 227.
Netz (2015), p. 303 recital 405.
- 228.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.18.
- 229.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.16.
- 230.
Consistent jurisdiction: OLG Brandenburg, Beschluss vom 30.05.2013—5 W (Lw) 6/12, recital 64.
- 231.
Agra-Europe (2015a).
- 232.
Refers to the “Mietpreisbremse” in Berlin, Verordnung zur zulässigen Miethöhe bei Mietbeginn in accordance to § 556d (2) BGB (Mietenbegrenzungsverordnung) of the 28 April 2015, GVBl. 2015, 101.
- 233.
BGH, Beschluss vom 11.07.1961—V BLw 20/60 (1961) RdL, pp. 229, 230; BGH, Beschluss vom 06.07.1990—BLw 8/88, BGHZ 112, 86, 93; BVerfG, Beschluss vom 19.06.1969—1 BvR 353/67, BVerfGE 26, 215, 223.
- 234.
BGH, Beschluss vom 26.04.2002—BLw 36/01 (2002) NJW-RR, pp. 1169, 1170 (relating to limited company); BGH, Beschluss vom 28.04.2006—BLw 32/05, recital 2 (2006) NJW-RR, p. 1245 (relating to registered cooperative); BGH, Beschluss vom 26.11.2010—BLw 14/09, recital 18; OLG Brandenburg, Beschluss vom 26.04.2012—5 W (Lw) 5/11 (2012) AUR 2012, p. 397.
- 235.
OLG München, Beschluss vom 04.08.2011—W XV 2754/10 Lw (2011) RdL, pp. 268, 269.
- 236.
OLG Thüringen, Beschluss vom 09.12.2009—Lw U 640/09 (2010) AUR, p. 87; OLG Dresden, Beschluss vom 14.09.1996—WLw 0973/94 (1996) AgrarR, p. 222; BGH, Beschluss vom 26.11.2010—V BLw 14/09 (2011) RdL 2011, p. 97.
- 237.
Netz (2015), p. 563.
- 238.
BGH, Beschluss vom 25.04.2014—BLw 5/13, recital 28 (2014) NJW-RR, p. 1168.
- 239.
Stresemann (2014), p. 416.
- 240.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.3.
- 241.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.15.
- 242.
European Economic and Social Committee (2015), recital 6.17.
- 243.
Agra-Europe (2015b), p. 21.
- 244.
Stresemann (2014), p. 421.
- 245.
Agra-Europe (2015c), p. 1.
- 246.
For an instructive overview, refer to Härtel (2015b), p. 228.
- 247.
Landtag Sachsen, Drs. 5/10554, 14.11.2012; Landtag Sachsen-Anhalt, Drs. 6/4199, 25.06.2015; Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Drs. 6/5309, 06.04.2016; Landtag Niedersachsen, Drs. 17/8003, 09.05.2017.
- 248.
Huang et al. (2012), pp. 7, 16. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/16515IIED.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 249.
Luo et al. (2011), pp. 289–310. http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2343&context=soss_research. Accessed 21 June 2017; Jiang (2015). https://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/913-chinese-agricultural-investment-in-africa-motives-actors-and-modalities/file. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 250.
Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Announcement of the National People’s Congress on December 4, 1982, amended in accordance with the Amendments to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China adopted respectively at the First Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress on April 12, 1988, the First Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress on March 29, 1993, the Second Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress on March 15, 1999 and the Second Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress on March 14, 2004.
- 251.
Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People’s Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987.
- 252.
Adopted at the 5th session of the Tenth National People’s Congress on March 16, 2007.
- 253.
Adopted at the 29th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People’s Congress on August 29, 2002.
- 254.
Adopted at the 20th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the seventh National People’s Congress on June 29, 1991. Revised at the 18th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the eleventh National People’s Congress on December 25, 2010.
- 255.
Promulgated by Decree No. 73 of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on January 4, 1991, effective on February 1, 1991.
- 256.
Promulgated by Decree No. 257 of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on December 27, 1998.
- 257.
Adopted at the 45th Meeting of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on February 22.
- 258.
Adopted at the 9th Meeting of the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China on May 1, 2009.
- 259.
Adopted at the 66th Meeting of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on December 6, 2002.
- 260.
Adopted at the 66th Meeting of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China on December 6, 2002.
- 261.
Adopted at the 1th session of the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China on May 22, 2012.
- 262.
Adopted at the 5th session of the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China on November 28, 2007.
- 263.
Adopted at the 9th session of the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China on May 31, 2009.
- 264.
Adopted at the 4th session of the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China on December 11, 2012.
- 265.
Adopted at the 2th session of the Ministry of Aagricultural of the People’s Republic of China on January 7, 2005.
- 266.
Adopted at the Meeting of the Standing Committee of Beijing Congress on May 21, 1994.
- 267.
Adopted at the 26th Meeting of the Standing Committee of Beijing Congress on March 15, 1991.
- 268.
Appeals case of Yang Mourong v. Yang Mouhua for land contract management right dispute. Kunming intermediate people’s Court, civil judgment, 2009-Kunming-intermediate court-final-36. Case point: the circulation of house sites which are belonged by the collectives and which can be used forever by the peasants, is also adjusted by the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China and by the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Land Contract in Rural Areas.
- 269.
www.china.org.cn/english/features/Q&A/160352.htm. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 270.
Adopted at the 29th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People’s Congress on August 29, 2002 and promulgated by Order No. 73 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on August 29, 2002.
- 271.
Luo et al. (2011), pp. 289–310. http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2343&context=soss_research. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 272.
Zhang and Donaldson (2010), pp. 458–489. http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/1020/. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 273.
Luo et al. (2011), pp. 289–310. http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2343&context=soss_research. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 274.
About the termination of the contract land in rural areas, see appeal case: Case of zhang Mou v. Mou county’s Land and Resources Bureau for Administrative penalty disputes. Yinchuan intermediate people’s Court of Ningxia province civil judgment, 2010-Yinchuan of Ningxia province-intermediate court-final-1. Case point: without approval by the land administration department at or above the county level, Zhang Mou occupies collective land to build kilns without authorization, and his behavior violates the second paragraph of Article 36th of the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China—“It is forbidden to use cultivated land for building kilns and graves and to build houses, dig sand, quarry, mine or collect earth on or from cultivated land without authorization”, and it is illegal. Although Zhang Mou makes an application to the village committee to build kilns, the village committee has no right to approval; Zhang Mou signs the kiln productive land resource management fees paid compensation agreement with Land and Resources Bureau, and that Land and Resources Bureau charges reclamation bond is compliance with the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China and Mineral Resources Law of the People’s Republic of China, but this behavior can’t prove building-kilns license for Zhang Mou. That county’s Land and Resources Bureau penalizes Zhang Mou is in line with the relevant provisions, legal procedures, and correctly applies the law.
- 275.
Article 14th of Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China: “Agricultural economic collectives or villagers committees shall provide production services to individuals or collectives that have contracted for the lands, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed lands, beaches or water surfaces.”.
- 276.
Article 15th of Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China: “he units or individuals that contract to operate the land shall have the obligation to protect such land and make rational use of it in conformity with the purposes of use provided for in the contract.”.
- 277.
The first paragraph of the Article 7th of Forest Law of The People’s Republic of China: “The State protects the legitimate rights and interests of forest farmers, lightens forest farmers’ burden in accordance with law, prohibits illegal collection of fees and fines from forest farmers and prohibits apportionment and compulsory fund-raising from forest farmers.” The Article 26th of Forest Law of The People’s Republic of China it says: “On barren hills and waste lands suitable for afforestation that belong to collectives, afforestation shall be organized by collective economic organizations.”.
- 278.
The Article 12th of Grassland Law of The People’s Republic of China: “The right of ownership and the right of use of the grasslands registered in accordance with law shall be protected by law, and no unit or individual may infringe upon such ownership or right.” The first paragraph of the Article 13th of Grassland Law of The People’s Republic of China: “No adjustment may be made to the grasslands used by the contractors within the term of contractual management of the grasslands; where appropriate adjustments need be made to a few pieces of grasslands, the matter shall be subject to agreement by two-thirds or more members of the villagers (herdsmen) assembly, or two-thirds or more villagers’ (herdsmen’s) representatives, of the collective economic organization concerned and shall be reported for approval to the township (town) people’s government and the competent administrative department for grasslands under the people’s government at the county level.”.
- 279.
Appeals case of Mou villagers’ groups of Mou village committee in Lingao County Bohou Town v. Wang Mou for land contract management right dispute. Hainan intermediate people’s Court of Hainan province, civil judgment, 2006-Hainan-intermediate court-final-207. Case point: Wang Mou leases his contracted land to Bohou Town people’s government with compensation. According to the law, 12000 yuan which is contract payments in the contract period should be all owned by Wang Mou, and villagers’ groups shall not violate, intercept without authorization, and withhold contract payments.
- 280.
Chen (2015), p. 57. http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/7618. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 281.
Appeal Case of He Mou v. Guan Mou for contract of the Right to Land Contractual Management disputes: Qiqihaer intermediate people’s Court of Heilongjiang province, civil judgment, 2010—Qiqihaer of Heilonhjiang province-intermediate court-final-302. Case point: The performance period of subcontract shall be the end of the second round of land contracts, but land contract signed between the parties involved in the agreement for the fulfillment of a lifetime, so the two sides agreed on the term of the contract is invalid.
- 282.
Appeal Case of Yang Moumou v. Zhou Moumou for Circulation of the Right to Land Contractual Management disputes.:Chongqing 4th intermediate people’s Court of Chongqing province, civil judgment, 2005-Chongqing province-intermediate court-final-252. Case point: Law of the People’s Republic of China on Land Contract in Rural Areas provide, swap should be submitted to the employer for the record, and record only for publicity, and the swap in the contract between the parties is the fact village six groups know and recognized it. So the swap has been publicize, but for the record or not, cannot become a necessary condition for the validity of the contract of land contracting right of management circulation. Therefore, the land agreement of swap is effective.
- 283.
Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People’s Congress on April 12, 1986 and promulgated by Order No. 39 of the President of the People’s Republic of China in April 12, 1986.
- 284.
Adopted at the First Session of the Seventh National People’s Congress on April 13, 1988.
- 285.
Adopted by the Second Session of the fifth National People’s Congress on July 1, 1979.
- 286.
Promulgated by the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce on December 24, 2011, amended by the Order of the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce No. 22 in 2015 and promulgated on April 10, 2015.
- 287.
- 288.
Appeals case of Xia Moumou v. Zhou Moumou for Housing sale contract disputes. Chengdu intermediate people’s Court of Sichuan province, civil judgment, 2008-Chegndu of Sichuan province-intermediate court-final-434. Case point: the subject of the house sites in rural only belongs to the member of the collective economic organizations transferring the house site to the person of the outside of the collective economic organization shall be deemed null and void. Xia moumou is the member of rural economic organization when he bought Zhou Moumou’s house, but Xia Moumou is not the member of the rural economic organization of Zhou Moumou. The contract which was signed by the appellant and appellee was the true intention of the parties, but it shall be null and void because it violated of mandatory provisions of law.
- 289.
Case of Li Mouguo v.Li Mouyuan for Housing sale contract disputes. Ningbo intermediate people’s Court of Zhejiang province, civil judgment, 2007-Ningbo of Zhejiang province-intermediate court-final-983. Case point: Rural residents due to land acquisition and still living in rural areas should be treated as peasant of the village. The contract of buying house in the rural area is effective. The rule of “one rural household can only own a house” is the restrictive regulations of rural residents applying for housing, but it does not limit rural residents the get house site by way of sale, lease, if the transaction does not violate the mandatory of provisions of laws and regulations.
- 290.
Appeal Case of Liu Moumou v. Mou county people’s government for Land registration certification disputes. Anyang intermediate people’s Court of Henan province civil judgment, 2009-Anyang of Henan province-intermediate court-final-74. Case point: according to the second paragraph of Article 11th of Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China, “Land owned by peasant collectives to be lawfully used for non-agricultural construction shall be registered with and recorded by people’s governments at the county level, which shall, upon verification, issue certificates to confirm the right to the use of the land for such construction”, Mou county people’s government has the legitimate authority to register and issue certificates to the house site in its county area.
- 291.
Huang and Liji (2005), p. 33.
- 292.
The Article 19th of the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China.
- 293.
The Article 26th of the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China.
- 294.
The Ministry of Land and Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission issues the Catalogue of Items for which the Land Use is restricted and the Catalogue of Items for which the Land Use is prohibited once every 3 years in China.
- 295.
The Ministry of Land and Resources issues Control Index of Industrial Projects Construction Land once every 4 years in China.
- 296.
Signed by the Ministry of Land and Resources [2013] No. 3.
- 297.
See “Retrospect of major land policies introduced by the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2013”, from the official news website of Information Office of the State Council.
- 298.
Signed by the Ministry of Land and Resources [2010] No. 218.
- 299.
Signed by the Ministry of Land and Resources [2004] No. 128.
- 300.
Signed by the Ministry of Land and Resources [2015] No. 14.
- 301.
See Notice on Issues Concerning the Establishment of a National Landinspectorate System, Signed by General Office of the State Council [2016] No. 50. Work Norm of sending out Commissioners of State Land Supervision (Trial), Signed by General Office of State Land Supervision [2009] No. 2. By the end of 2015, Notice on supervision of State land has been issued twelve times since 2009.
- 302.
Bölinger (2011). http://www.dw.com/de/die-weltmacht-china-und-der-hunger/a-15469352. Accessed 21 June 2017; Stukenberg (2014). http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/technik/landwirtschaft-bauern-in-china-decken-steigenden-nahrungsbedarf-a-989571.html. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 303.
See also van der Meulen (2010), p. 81: “The problem of this world is not a shortage of food but a shortage of justice.”
- 304.
Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, volume 3, p. 364.
- 305.
See Communique of China’s Land Resources each year. http://www.mlr.gov.cn/sjpd/gtzygb/. Accessed 6 June 2017.
- 306.
Chen (2015), pp. 55–59. http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/7618. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 307.
Chen (2015), p. 55. http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/7618. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 308.
Chen (2015), p. 57. http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/7618. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 309.
He (2011), pp. 45–51.
- 310.
Chen (2015), p. 58. http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/ibm/article/view/7618. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 311.
Li (2015), pp. 253–274. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eplj.2015.4.issue-3/eplj-2015-0011/eplj-2015-0011.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 312.
Weiguo (2013), p. 73. http://shlx.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=qikan&Gid=1510132709&EncodingName=. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 313.
Li (2015), pp. 253–274. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eplj.2015.4.issue-3/eplj-2015-0011/eplj-2015-0011.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017.
- 314.
Liu and Wu (2015), p. 11.
- 315.
Kant (1900), p. 421.
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Hollwitz, H., Yang, S. (2018). Land Resources Law. In: Härtel, I. (eds) Handbook of Agri-Food Law in China, Germany, European Union. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67666-1_3
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