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Conclusion: Towards a Transnational History of Youth in Justice Systems

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Youth and Justice in Western States, 1815-1950

Part of the book series: World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence ((WHCCV))

Abstract

By way of conclusion, this chapter summarises some general trends from the various case studies of the book from 1815 to 1950. It addresses the long-term trend from punishment to welfare, discusses the institutional diversity masked by a similar terminology, and underlines the new social actors, their roles played in the juvenile justice arena, focusing on the issues of gender. Finally, the editors highlight three main contributions of the period under investigation to a future transnational history of juvenile justice: the complex roles of the state, the specific experience of wartime and the ambiguous functions of theories in the everyday practice of the juvenile courts and institutions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a comparative survey see Dupont-Bouchat et al. (2001). See Peukert (1986) and Malmede (2002) for Germany; Gibson (2003) for Italy; Schmidt (2005) for France; Dupont-Bouchat (1996) for Belgium; Livie (2010) for Great Britain; and Mill (2010) for Russia.

  2. 2.

    In Chap. 3, Peter King adds nuances that bring to light the complexities of the situation. On the one hand, institutions that displayed many of the characteristics of reform institutions existed before the expression juvenile reformatory came into use. On the other, it is not always clear how juvenile reformatories were different from juvenile prisons or juvenile penitentiaries.

  3. 3.

    Garland (2001: 3).

  4. 4.

    Garland (2001: 22).

  5. 5.

    Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966).

  6. 6.

    Radzinowicz and Hood (1986: 630–631).

  7. 7.

    Oberwittler (2000).

  8. 8.

    See Leonards (2002, 2004), Niget (in press), Périssol (2014).

  9. 9.

    Spierenburg (1984, 2007). See also Chap. 3 by King; Lis and Soly (1996) and Bretschneider (2008).

  10. 10.

    Bost and François (2009: 34).

  11. 11.

    Report for the year 1916, page 5. National Archives of Quebec, Correspondance du procureur général, E17, file 871/1917. The method used to reach this conclusion obviously lacks rigour. Yet the quotation is interesting in that it shows the enthusiasm with which probation was welcomed.

  12. 12.

    Odem (1995: 158).

  13. 13.

    François and Niget (2011: 12).

  14. 14.

    Ibid.

  15. 15.

    De Koster and Niget (2015).

  16. 16.

    François and Niget (2011: 15).

  17. 17.

    About the process that led to the adoption of this dual system, see Fecteau et al. (1998).

  18. 18.

    See Ménard (2003: 106–110).

  19. 19.

    See Dupont-Bouchat et al. (2001) and Dekker (2001).

  20. 20.

    On the Magdalene laundries, see Finnegan (2004) and Smith (2007).

  21. 21.

    See the Independent Experts Commission on Internments http://www.uek-administrative-versorgungen.ch [accessed 8 July 2017].

  22. 22.

    Heynssens (2012).

  23. 23.

    See remarks by Ellis (2014) on the state as playing a central role in the construction of ideas on juvenile delinquency.

  24. 24.

    Fishman (2002), Bornhorst (2010, 2014), and François (2011).

  25. 25.

    Snodgrass (1984: 337). See also Healy (1915). The article by Snodgrass provides interesting information about Healy, his life and work. On the judicial change in Progressive America, see Willrich (2003).

  26. 26.

    François and Niget (2011), De Koster and Niget (2015), Golliard (2014), Périssol (2014).

  27. 27.

    Jenneke Christiaens, Chap. 9.

  28. 28.

    David Meeres, Chap. 8.

  29. 29.

    Cicourel (1976: 24).

  30. 30.

    Cicourel (1976: 113).

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    On this point, see Chap. 2 by Jean Trépanier.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada

    Jean Trépanier

  2. FRS-FNRS, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Xavier Rousseaux

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  1. Jean Trépanier
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  2. Xavier Rousseaux
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Correspondence to Jean Trépanier .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Jean Trépanier

  2. Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    Xavier Rousseaux

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Trépanier, J., Rousseaux, X. (2018). Conclusion: Towards a Transnational History of Youth in Justice Systems. In: Trépanier, J., Rousseaux, X. (eds) Youth and Justice in Western States, 1815-1950. World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66245-9_14

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