Skip to main content

Feminist Ethnographic Research: Excavating Narratives of Wartime Rape

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ethnographic Peace Research

Abstract

This chapter reflects upon our feminist approach to narrative ethnographic research and how we explore the production and circulation of gendered stories in post-war societies. The illustrative case is wartime rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the 1992–1995 war. For ethical reasons we rely on women survivors’ accounts of their experiences in order to study how they narratively construct their social worlds and their positions within them. We discuss the practice of “enquiry-as-bricolage” and how narratives produced at diverse sites and by various agents can be put in dialogue with each other—courtroom narratives produced at the ICTY, published life stories, narratives produced at the Women’s Court, interviews with “gatekeepers”, and narratives collected through “being-in-place”—and reflected upon from the positionality of “the vulnerable observer”.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    An overview is available on the ICTY website: http://www.icty.org/en/in-focus/crimes-sexual-violence

  2. 2.

    Balija—a derogatory term for a Bosnian person of Muslim faith.

  3. 3.

    It is a regional civil society initiative from the successor states of SFR Yugoslavia. According to its statue, it is not to be institutionalised nor merged with any state institution.

  4. 4.

    While the long-term, lasting impact that the Women’s Court may have on societal discourses remains to be seen, it seems clear that this initiative helped individual women survivors express their agency as narrators of their own life story. The politics of the Women’s Court is about women survivors , not about women victims. It opposes the meta-narrative of women as victims because when such narrative is thought and applied it reduces women’s agency.

References

  • Ackerly, Brooke, Maria Stern, and Jacqui True, eds. 2006. Feminist Methodologies for International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, Paul, and Sara Delamont. 2006. Rescuing Narratives from Qualitative Research. Narrative Inquiry 16 (1): 164–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baines, Erine, and Beth Stewart. 2011. I Cannot Accept What I Have Not Done’: Storytelling, Gender and Transitional Justice. Journal of Human Rights Practice 3 (3): 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behar, Ruth. 1996. The Vulnerable Observer. Anthropology that Breaks Your Heart. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Björkdahl, Annika, and Johanna Mannergren Selimovic. 2016a. A Tale of Three Bridges: Agency and Agonism in Peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly 37 (2): 321–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. Gender: The Missing Piece in the Peace Puzzle. In The Palgrave Handbook of Regional Approaches to Peace, ed. Oliver P. Richmond, Sandra Pogodda, and Jasmin Ramovic. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. Feeling Silences in a Place of Pain. International Feminist Journal of Politics 19: 383–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2017.1324093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, Janine Natalya. 2016. Transitional Justice as Recognition: An Analysis of the Women’s Court in Sarajevo. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 10 (1): 67–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 2 (Spring): 118–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, George. 1987. Socialists of Rural Andalusia. Unacknowledged Revolutionaries of the Second Republic. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastmond, Marita, and Johanna Mannergren Selimovic. 2012. Silence as Possibility in Post-War Everyday Life. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 6 (3): 502–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enloe, Cynthia. 2010. Nimo’s War, Emma’s War. Making Feminist Sense of the Iraq War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etherington, Kate. 2000. Narrative Approaches to Working with Adult Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, Harold. 1984. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Culture. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubrium, Jaber F., and James A. Holstein. 2008. Narrative Ethnography. In Handbook of Emergent Methods, ed. Sharlene Nagy Hesse-Bieber and Patricia Leavy, 241–256. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halilovich, Hariz. 2013. Places of Pain. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, Martyn. 2008. Questioning Qualitative Inquiry: Critical Essays. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hasečić, Bakira. 2004. Author’s Interview, Sarajevo, December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, Nicola. 2009. Witness to Rape: The Limits and Potential of International War Crimes Trials for Victims of War time Sexual Violence. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 3 (2): 114–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. The Impossibility of Bearing Witness: Wartime Rape and the Promise of Justice. Violence Against Women 16 (10): 1098–1119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICTY. 1997. Case It-96-21 Prosecutor Vs. Mucić Et.Al. (“Čelebići”). Accessed June 6, 2016. http://www.icty.org/en/sid/196.

  • Kappler, Stefanie. 2014. Local Agency and Peacebuilding: EU and International Engagement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus and South Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krasniki, Vjollca. 2015. Women’s Court for the Former Yugoslavia: Seeking Justice, Truth and Active Remembering. Accessed March 3, 2017. http://www.zenskisud.org/en/pdf/Vjollca_Krasniqi_eng.pdf

  • Mac Ginty, Roger, and Oliver Richmond. 2013. The Local Turn in Peace Building: A Critical Agenda for Peace. Third World Quarterly 34 (5): 763–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malkki, Lisa. 1995. Purity and Exile. Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannergren Selimovic, Johanna. 2015. Remembering and Forgetting after War. Narratives of Truth and Justice in a Bosnian town. Political Psychology 36 (2): 231–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Marle, Karin, Isolde de Villiers, and Eunette Beukes. 2012. Memory, Space and Gender: Re-imagining the law. South African Public Law 27 (2): 559–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medica Mondiale. 2009. ‘…and that it does not happen to anyone anywhere in the world.’ The Trouble with Rape Trials—Views of Witnesses, Prosecutors and Judges on Prosecuting Sexualised Violence during the War in the former Yugoslavia. Accessed February 27, 2015. http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/redaktion/5_ Service/Mediathek/Dokumente/English/Documentations_studies/medica_mondiale_and_that_it_does_not_happen_to_anyone_anywhere_in_the_world_english_complete_version_dec_2009.pdf

  • Mertus, Julie. 2000. The Truth in a Box: The Limits of Justice through Judicial Mechanisms. In The Politics of Memory, Truth, Healing and Social Justice, ed. Ifi Amadiume and Abdullah An-Na’im, 142–161. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Shouting from the Bottom of the Well. The Impact of International Trials for Wartime Rape on Women’s Agency. International Feminist Journal of Politics 6 (1): 110–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mibenge, Chiseche. 2013. Sex and International Tribunals: The Erasure of Gender from the War narrative—A story. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mojzes, Paul. 2011. Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the 20th Century. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, Jenny. 2011. If this is ‘Peace’, When does it Start for Women? Open Democracy. Accessed September 9, 2015. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/jenny-morgan/if-this-is-peace-when-does-it-start-for-women

  • Morrison, Tracy, and Catriona Macleod. 2014. When Veiled Silences Speak: Reflexivity, Trouble and Repair as Methodological Tools for Interpreting the Unspoken in Discourse-Based Data. Qualitative Research 14 (6): 694–711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortner, Sherry B. 1995. Resistance and the Problem of Ethnographic Refusal. Comparative Studies in Society and History 37 (1): 173–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. Anthropology and Social Theory: Culture, Power, and the Acting Subject. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorne, Donald E. 1995. Narrative Configuration in Qualitative Analysis. The International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 8 (1): 5–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, Elisabeth. 2016. Gendered Narratives: Stories and Silences in Transitional Justice. Human Rights Review 17 (1): 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Arnd. 2008. Three Modes of Experimentation with Art and Ethnography. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14 (1): 171–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrock, Richelle. 2013. The Methodological Imperatives of Feminist Ethnography. Journal of Feminist Scholarship 5 (Fall): 48–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simic, Olivera. 2015. Wartime Rape and its Shunned Victims. In Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Survey, ed. Amy Randall, 237–257. London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, Judith. 1988. Can There Be a Feminist Ethnography? Women’s Studies International Forum 11 (1): 21–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvester, Christine. 2012. War as Experience: Contributions from International Relations and Feminist Analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrling, Janine. 2015. The Return of British Born Cypriots to Cyprus: A Narrative Ethnography. Sussex: Sussex Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tickner, J. Ann. 1992. Gender in International Relations. In Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of North Texas (UNT) and the Victims and Witnesses Section (VWS) at ICTY. 2016. Echoes of testimonies. A Pilot study into the long-term impact of bearing witness before the ICTY, June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vulliamy, Edward. 1998. Bosnia: The Crime of Appeasement. International Affairs 74 (1): 73–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vušković, Lina, and Zorica Trifunović. 2008. Women’s Side of War. Belgrade: Women in Black.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanat, Carolyn N. 2008. Getting Past the Gatekeepers: Differences between Access and Cooperation in Public School Research. Field Methods 20 (2): 191–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wibben, Annick. 2011. Feminist Security Studies. A Narrative Approach. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witness I at the Women’s Court Sarajevo. 2015. May. Accessed 15 June, 2016. http://vipa.kvinnatillkvinna.se/regioner/balkan/unforgettable-testimonies-at-court-for-women-survivors

  • Witness II at the Women’s Court Sarajevo. 2015. May. Accessed 15 June, 2016. https://zcomm.org/zmagazine/the-womens-court/

  • Women’s Court, Sarajevo. 2015. Women in Black. Belgrade. Accessed the 16 June, 2016. http://www.zenskisud.org/en/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Björkdahl, A., Mannergren Selimovic, J. (2018). Feminist Ethnographic Research: Excavating Narratives of Wartime Rape. In: Millar, G. (eds) Ethnographic Peace Research. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65563-5_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics