Skip to main content

Empathy and Love: Types of Textuality and Degrees of Affectivity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism
  • 1804 Accesses

Abstract

Philosophical debates have centered on questions of why we feel for fictional others when we know that they are not real. This chapter explores instead how certain types of narratives can intensify and reshape our emotions, regardless of the factual reality of their content. Epic and novel may be more effective in inducing our empathy than journalistic reports because of how they draw upon techniques of focalization so as to create an impression of our ongoing familiarity with the suffering people they describe. Relatedly, our concept of romantic love takes shape not only as a result of biological needs but also in response to cultural expectations, which have relied on a long literary tradition of textually elicited affect within Western culture.

I am grateful to Thomas Blake and Donald Wehrs for their detailed comments and valuable editorial suggestions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Ahmed, Sara. Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. The Promise of Happiness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, Chris R. Patron Saints for Postmoderns: Ten from the Past Who Speak to Our Future. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bal, Matthijs P. and Veltkamp, Martijn “How Does Fiction Reading Influence Empathy? An Experimental Investigation on the Role of Emotional Transportation.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 1 (2013): doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055341.

  • Berlant, Lauren. Cruel Optimism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, Paul. Against Empathy. The Case for Rational Compassion. New York: Ecco, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, Wayne C. The Company We Keep: An Ethics of Fiction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botton, Alain de. The Course of Love. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Essays in Love. London: Picador, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “On How Romance Novels Can Make Us Unlucky in Love.” Penguin UK, https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/on-writing/on-writing/2016/feb/alain-de-botton-on-romantic-novels/.

  • Bouchard, S., Bernier et al. “Empathy Toward Virtual Humans Depicting a Known or Unknown Person Expressing Pain.” Cyberpsychology Behavioral Sociology Network 16, no. 1 (2013): 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, Brian. On the Origin of Stories. Evolution, Cognition and Fiction. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau, Emile, Dufour, Nicholas and Saxe, Rebecca. “How We know It Hurts: Item Analysis of Written Narratives Reveals Distinct Neuronal Responses to Others’ Physical Pain and Emotional Suffering.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 4 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063085.

  • Burke, Michael, Literary Reading, Cognition and Emotion: An Exploration of the Oceanic Mind.New York: Routledge, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carli, Silvia. “Why Poetry Is More Philosophical than History: Aristotle on Mimesis and Form.” The Review of Metaphysics 64, no. 2 (2010): 303–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombetti, Giovanna. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets Enactive Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, Antonio. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Error, and the Human Brain. London: Vintage, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene (Thirtieth Anniversary Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamantaras, Antonios. “Brain Activity in Love.” Charite Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (2004): 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald, Merlin. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensor, Josie. The Telegraph September 3, 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/01/photo-of-my-dead-son-has-changed-nothing-says-father-of-drowned/. Accessed October 18, 2016.

  • Fisher, Helen. Why We Love. The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldie, Peter. “Life, Fiction, and Narrative.” In Narrative, Emotion and Insight, edited by Noël Carroll and John Gibson, 8–22. University Park, PA: Studies of the Greater Philadelphia Consortium, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, Alvin I. “Two Routes to Empathy: Insights from Cognitive Neuroscience.” In Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, edited by Amy Coplan and Peter Goldie, 31–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottschall, Jonathan. The Storytelling Animal. How Stories Make Us Human. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Steven editor. The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, Stephen. The Aesthetic of Mimesis. Ancient Texts and Modern Problems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. The Poetics of Aristotle. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, Elaine, Lisamarie Bensman, and Richard L. Lapson, “A Brief History of Social Scientists’ Attempts to Measure Passionate Love.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationship 29, no. 2 (2012): 143–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, Patrick C. Cognitive Science, Literature, and the Arts. A Guide for Humanists. Routledge: New York, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. “Literary Universals.” Poetics Today 18, no. 2 (1997): 222–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. The Mind and Its Stories: Narrative Universals and Human Emotions. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iacoboni, Marco, Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. New York: Picador, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack, Belinda. “Goethe’s Werther and Its Effects.” The Lancet Psychiatry 1, no. 1 (2014): 18–19 KFVS Channel 12. “Marine from Paducah killed in Afghanistan.” 2014. http://www.kfvs12.com/story/24739505/marine-from-paducah-killed-in-afghanistan.

  • Kidd, David C. and Castano, Emanuele. “Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind.” Science 342 (2013): 377–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamarque, Peter. “How Can We Fear and Pity Fictions?” British Journal of Aesthetics 21, no. 4 (1981): 291–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. S. The Allegory of Love. A Study in Medieval Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matravers, Derek. Art and Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montello, Martha. “Narrative Competence.” In Stories and their Limits: Narrative Approaches to Bioethics, edited by Hilde L. Nelson, 185–197. New York: Routledge, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moya, Paula M. L. “Does Reading Literature Make You More Moral?,” Boston Review (blog). https://bostonreview.net/blog/paula-ml-moya-does-reading-literature-make-you-more-moral.

  • Munteanu, Dana L. “Qualis tandem misericordia in rebus fictis? Aesthetic and Ordinary Emotion.” Helios 36, no. 2 (2009): 117–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Tragic Pathos. Pity and Fear in Greek Philosophy and Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musa, Mark trans. Dante’s Inferno, The Indiana Classical Edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nünlist, René. The Ancient Critic at Work: Terms and Concepts of Literary Criticism in Greek Scholia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, William. The Making of the Romantic Love: Longing and Sexuality in Europe, South Asia, and Japan, 900-1200. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, Jenefer. Deeper than Reason: Emotion and Its Role in Literature, Music and Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozik, Eli. The Fictional Arts. An Inter-Art Journey from Theatre Theory to the Arts. Brighton UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Steven. “The Paradox of Fiction,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/fict-par/.

  • Schulte, Joachim. “Wittgenstein on Emotion.” In Emotions and Understanding Wittgensteinian Perspectives, edited by Ylva Gustafsson, Camilla Kronqvist and Michael McEachrane, 27–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, Tania and Grit Hein “Human Empathy through the Lens of Psychology and Social Neuro-Science.” In The Primate Mind. Built to Connect with Other Minds, edited by Frans de Waal and Pier Ferrari, 158–174. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, de Ronald. Emotional Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800. Hamondsworth UK: Penguin, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, John. “Mediazed Spaces of Intimacy.” In Culture, Space, and Power: Blurred Lines, edited by David Walton and Juan A. Suárez, 101–114. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, Kayo et al. “Imagining the Passionate Stage of Romantic Love by Dopamine Dynamics.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2015) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00191.

  • Thorson, Jan and Oberg, Per-Anne. “Was There a Suicide Epidemic After Goethe’s Werther?” Archive of Suicide Research 7, no. 1 (2003): 69–72. Published online: 30 Nov 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811110301568.

  • Tomasello, Michael et. al. “Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2005): 675–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toohey, Peter. Melancholy, Love, and Time: Boundaries of the Self in Ancient Literature. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, Kendall L. Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, Gary. “Sappho 31 and Catullus 51.” Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 8, no. 3 (1967): 167–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winerman, Lea. “The Mind’s Mirror.” American Psychological Association 36, no. 9 (2005) http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct05/mirror.aspx.

  • Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophische Untersuchungen. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Zettel (504). Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Munteanu, D.L. (2017). Empathy and Love: Types of Textuality and Degrees of Affectivity. In: Wehrs, D., Blake, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63303-9_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics