Abstract
Philosophical debates have centered on questions of why we feel for fictional others when we know that they are not real. This chapter explores instead how certain types of narratives can intensify and reshape our emotions, regardless of the factual reality of their content. Epic and novel may be more effective in inducing our empathy than journalistic reports because of how they draw upon techniques of focalization so as to create an impression of our ongoing familiarity with the suffering people they describe. Relatedly, our concept of romantic love takes shape not only as a result of biological needs but also in response to cultural expectations, which have relied on a long literary tradition of textually elicited affect within Western culture.
I am grateful to Thomas Blake and Donald Wehrs for their detailed comments and valuable editorial suggestions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography
Ahmed, Sara. Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge, 2004.
———. The Promise of Happiness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.
Armstrong, Chris R. Patron Saints for Postmoderns: Ten from the Past Who Speak to Our Future. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 2009.
Bal, Matthijs P. and Veltkamp, Martijn “How Does Fiction Reading Influence Empathy? An Experimental Investigation on the Role of Emotional Transportation.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 1 (2013): doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055341.
Berlant, Lauren. Cruel Optimism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
Bloom, Paul. Against Empathy. The Case for Rational Compassion. New York: Ecco, 2016.
Booth, Wayne C. The Company We Keep: An Ethics of Fiction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988.
Botton, Alain de. The Course of Love. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016.
———. Essays in Love. London: Picador, 1993.
———. “On How Romance Novels Can Make Us Unlucky in Love.” Penguin UK, https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/on-writing/on-writing/2016/feb/alain-de-botton-on-romantic-novels/.
Bouchard, S., Bernier et al. “Empathy Toward Virtual Humans Depicting a Known or Unknown Person Expressing Pain.” Cyberpsychology Behavioral Sociology Network 16, no. 1 (2013): 61–71.
Boyd, Brian. On the Origin of Stories. Evolution, Cognition and Fiction. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009.
Bruneau, Emile, Dufour, Nicholas and Saxe, Rebecca. “How We know It Hurts: Item Analysis of Written Narratives Reveals Distinct Neuronal Responses to Others’ Physical Pain and Emotional Suffering.” PLOS ONE 8, no. 4 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063085.
Burke, Michael, Literary Reading, Cognition and Emotion: An Exploration of the Oceanic Mind.New York: Routledge, 2010.
Carli, Silvia. “Why Poetry Is More Philosophical than History: Aristotle on Mimesis and Form.” The Review of Metaphysics 64, no. 2 (2010): 303–336.
Colombetti, Giovanna. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets Enactive Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
Damasio, Antonio. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Error, and the Human Brain. London: Vintage, 1994.
Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene (Thirtieth Anniversary Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Diamantaras, Antonios. “Brain Activity in Love.” Charite Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (2004): 6–7.
Donald, Merlin. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.
Ensor, Josie. The Telegraph September 3, 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/01/photo-of-my-dead-son-has-changed-nothing-says-father-of-drowned/. Accessed October 18, 2016.
Fisher, Helen. Why We Love. The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.
Goldie, Peter. “Life, Fiction, and Narrative.” In Narrative, Emotion and Insight, edited by Noël Carroll and John Gibson, 8–22. University Park, PA: Studies of the Greater Philadelphia Consortium, 2011.
Goldman, Alvin I. “Two Routes to Empathy: Insights from Cognitive Neuroscience.” In Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives, edited by Amy Coplan and Peter Goldie, 31–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Gottschall, Jonathan. The Storytelling Animal. How Stories Make Us Human. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.
Green, Steven editor. The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Halliwell, Stephen. The Aesthetic of Mimesis. Ancient Texts and Modern Problems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
———. The Poetics of Aristotle. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1987.
Hatfield, Elaine, Lisamarie Bensman, and Richard L. Lapson, “A Brief History of Social Scientists’ Attempts to Measure Passionate Love.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationship 29, no. 2 (2012): 143–164.
Hogan, Patrick C. Cognitive Science, Literature, and the Arts. A Guide for Humanists. Routledge: New York, 2003.
———. “Literary Universals.” Poetics Today 18, no. 2 (1997): 222–249.
———. The Mind and Its Stories: Narrative Universals and Human Emotions. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
———. What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Iacoboni, Marco, Mirroring People: The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others. New York: Picador, 2009.
Jack, Belinda. “Goethe’s Werther and Its Effects.” The Lancet Psychiatry 1, no. 1 (2014): 18–19 KFVS Channel 12. “Marine from Paducah killed in Afghanistan.” 2014. http://www.kfvs12.com/story/24739505/marine-from-paducah-killed-in-afghanistan.
Kidd, David C. and Castano, Emanuele. “Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind.” Science 342 (2013): 377–380.
Lamarque, Peter. “How Can We Fear and Pity Fictions?” British Journal of Aesthetics 21, no. 4 (1981): 291–304.
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1951.
Lewis, C. S. The Allegory of Love. A Study in Medieval Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Matravers, Derek. Art and Emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Montello, Martha. “Narrative Competence.” In Stories and their Limits: Narrative Approaches to Bioethics, edited by Hilde L. Nelson, 185–197. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Moya, Paula M. L. “Does Reading Literature Make You More Moral?,” Boston Review (blog). https://bostonreview.net/blog/paula-ml-moya-does-reading-literature-make-you-more-moral.
Munteanu, Dana L. “Qualis tandem misericordia in rebus fictis? Aesthetic and Ordinary Emotion.” Helios 36, no. 2 (2009): 117–147.
———. Tragic Pathos. Pity and Fear in Greek Philosophy and Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Musa, Mark trans. Dante’s Inferno, The Indiana Classical Edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
Nünlist, René. The Ancient Critic at Work: Terms and Concepts of Literary Criticism in Greek Scholia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Reddy, William. The Making of the Romantic Love: Longing and Sexuality in Europe, South Asia, and Japan, 900-1200. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Robinson, Jenefer. Deeper than Reason: Emotion and Its Role in Literature, Music and Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Rozik, Eli. The Fictional Arts. An Inter-Art Journey from Theatre Theory to the Arts. Brighton UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2011.
Schneider, Steven. “The Paradox of Fiction,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/fict-par/.
Schulte, Joachim. “Wittgenstein on Emotion.” In Emotions and Understanding Wittgensteinian Perspectives, edited by Ylva Gustafsson, Camilla Kronqvist and Michael McEachrane, 27–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Singer, Tania and Grit Hein “Human Empathy through the Lens of Psychology and Social Neuro-Science.” In The Primate Mind. Built to Connect with Other Minds, edited by Frans de Waal and Pier Ferrari, 158–174. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
Sousa, de Ronald. Emotional Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800. Hamondsworth UK: Penguin, 1977.
Storey, John. “Mediazed Spaces of Intimacy.” In Culture, Space, and Power: Blurred Lines, edited by David Walton and Juan A. Suárez, 101–114. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016.
Takahashi, Kayo et al. “Imagining the Passionate Stage of Romantic Love by Dopamine Dynamics.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2015) https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00191.
Thorson, Jan and Oberg, Per-Anne. “Was There a Suicide Epidemic After Goethe’s Werther?” Archive of Suicide Research 7, no. 1 (2003): 69–72. Published online: 30 Nov 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811110301568.
Tomasello, Michael et. al. “Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2005): 675–735.
Toohey, Peter. Melancholy, Love, and Time: Boundaries of the Self in Ancient Literature. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004.
Walton, Kendall L. Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe: On the Foundations of the Representational Arts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Wills, Gary. “Sappho 31 and Catullus 51.” Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 8, no. 3 (1967): 167–197.
Winerman, Lea. “The Mind’s Mirror.” American Psychological Association 36, no. 9 (2005) http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct05/mirror.aspx.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophische Untersuchungen. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009.
———. Zettel (504). Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Munteanu, D.L. (2017). Empathy and Love: Types of Textuality and Degrees of Affectivity. In: Wehrs, D., Blake, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63303-9_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63303-9_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63302-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63303-9
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)