Abstract
This chapter sets out and analyses the roles of NGOs in post-colonial contexts towards understanding the extent to which NGOs act as facilitators of local development ; the extent to which NGOs strengthen the local policy processes by encouraging people’s participation ; the possibilities of collaboration between NGOs and government in designing and implementing policies and programmes; and the possibilities of NGOs to act as intermediaries in networking between national, provincial and local government and the people. The chapter sets out the theoretical framework and the main arguments of the book through exploring post-colonial theory , government-NGO relations and policy network theory .
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Notes
- 1.
Large-scale construction projects include the reconstruction and infrastructure development projects such as roads, highways, bridges, airports, harbours, government buildings, tourist hotels, factories and sports complexes. These projects are mostly foreign-funded and controlled fully or partly by the central government.
- 2.
See ACDI-CIDA, “Tsunami Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Programme”.
- 3.
Kleymeyer, Cultural Expression and Grassroots Development, 4–6.
- 4.
Childs and Williams, An Introduction to Post-Colonial Theory, 1, 10.
- 5.
Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, 203.
- 6.
Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction, 57.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Ashcroft, Post-colonial Transformation, 7.
- 9.
Prasad, “The Gaze of the Other,” 5.
- 10.
Rukundwa and Aarde, “The Formation of Postcolonial Theory”.
- 11.
Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction, 66.
- 12.
Young, Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction, 3.
- 13.
Young, Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction, 45.
- 14.
Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism.
- 15.
Sarkar, NGOs and Globalization, 8.
- 16.
For examples, from Asia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, China, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand; from Africa, South Africa; and from South America, Brazil have been identified as NICs.
- 17.
See Bozyk, Globalization and the Transformation.
- 18.
Lewis and Opoku-Mensah, “Policy Arena,” 668, 670.
- 19.
See Appadurai, “Grassroots Globalization”.
- 20.
Wickramasinghe, Civil Society in Sri Lanka, 84.
- 21.
Asia Economic Institute, “Economic Impacts”.
- 22.
See Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government, Performance—2005 & Future Plans—2006 and Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils, Progress Report 2009, Future Plans 2010.
- 23.
Appadurai, “Grassroots Globalization,” 16–17.
- 24.
Fitzduff and Church, “Stepping up to the Table,” 9–10.
- 25.
Ibid., 10.
- 26.
Bratton, “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations,” World Development, 576.
- 27.
Willetts, “What is a Non-Governmental Organization”.
- 28.
Pentland, “International Organizations and Their Roles,” 244.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Bratton, “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations,” World Development, 584.
- 31.
Drabek, “Development Alternatives,” World Development, xiv.
- 32.
Willis, Theories and Practices, 98–100.
- 33.
Drabek, “Development Alternatives,” World Development, x.
- 34.
Lewis, “Individuals, Organisations and Public Action,” 202.
- 35.
Cited in Lewis, The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations, 77.
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
Kloos, The Sri Lankan Government and the NGO’s, 25–26.
- 38.
Bratton, “Non-Governmental Organizations in Africa,” Development and Change, 88.
- 39.
Seffrin, “United States Nongovernmental Organizations”.
- 40.
Fitzduff and Church, “Stepping up to the Table,” 13–14.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Lewis and Opoku-Mensah, “Policy Arena: Moving Forward,” 666–667.
- 43.
DeMars, NGOs and Transnational Networks, 60.
- 44.
Fitzduff and Church, “Stepping up to the Table,” 12–13.
- 45.
Ibid.
- 46.
Badu and Parker, “The Role of Non-governmental Organisations,” Journal of Social Development in Africa, 38.
- 47.
Bratton, “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations,” World Development, 585.
- 48.
See Hogwood and Gunn, Policy Analysis for the Real World, 7–10.
- 49.
See Howlett et al., Studying Public Policy, 46–57.
- 50.
See Birkland, An Introduction to the Policy Process, Sabatier, “Fostering the Development of Policy Theory,” and Colebatch, Policy.
- 51.
Uyangoda, “Sri Lanka Post the LTTE”.
- 52.
See Fernandez, “NGOs in South Asia,” World Development.
- 53.
Sabatier, “Fostering the Development of Policy Theory,” 3.
- 54.
Colebatch, Policy, 40.
- 55.
Ibid., 125.
- 56.
Howlett et al., Studying Public Policy, 63–64.
- 57.
Ibid., 65.
- 58.
Anderson, Public Policymaking: An Introduction, 65–67.
- 59.
Dunleavy and O’Leary, Theories of the State, 312–313.
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Colebatch, Policy, 27.
- 62.
Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People, 105.
- 63.
Bachrach and Baratz, “Decisions and Non-Decisions,” American Political Science Review, 641–651.
- 64.
Anderson, Public Policymaking: An Introduction, 94–95.
- 65.
Colebatch, Policy, 28–29.
- 66.
Howlett et al., Studying Public Policy, 76.
- 67.
Osman, “Public Policy Making”.
- 68.
Bratton, “The Politics of Government-NGO Relations,” World Development, 582–583.
- 69.
Ibid., 585.
- 70.
Bratton, “Non-Governmental Organizations in Africa,” Development and Change, 116.
- 71.
Knoke, “Policy Networks,” 210–211.
- 72.
Scharpf, Games Real Actors Play, 116–151.
- 73.
Fischer, Reframing Public Policy, 32.
- 74.
Chambers, Whose Reality Counts? 106.
- 75.
Knoke, “Policy Networks,” 215.
- 76.
DeMars, NGOs and Transnational Networks, 51–52.
- 77.
Ibid., 52.
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Akurugoda, I.R. (2018). NGOs and Their Potential in Post-colonial Societies. In: NGO Politics in Sri Lanka. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58586-4_2
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