Abstract
The recent deployment of highly sensitive seafloor magnetometers coinciding with the deep solar minimum has provided excellent opportunities for observing tsunami electromagnetic signals. These fluctuating signals (periods ranging from 10–20 min) are generally found to be within \(\pm\) \(\sim\)1 nT and coincide with the arrival of the tsunami waves. Previous studies focused on tsunami electromagnetic characteristics, as well as modeling the signal for individual events. This study instead aims to provide the time–frequency characteristics for a range of tsunami signals and a method to separate the data’s noise using additional data from a remote observatory. We focus on four Pacific Ocean events of varying tsunami signal amplitude: (1) the 2011 Tohoku, Japan event (M9.0), (2) the 2010 Chile event (M8.8), (3) the 2009 Samoa event (M8.0) and, (4) the 2007 Kuril Islands event (M8.1). We find possible tsunami signals in high-pass filtered data and successfully isolate the signals from noise using a cross-wavelet analysis. The cross-wavelet analysis reveals that the longer period signals precede the stronger, shorter period signals. Our results are very encouraging for using tsunami magnetic signals in warning systems.
Access provided by CONRICYT-eBooks. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
References
An, C. (2015). Inversion of tsunami waveforms and tsunami warning. PhD thesis, Cornell University
Baba, K., Utada, H., Goto, T. N., Kasaya, T., Shimizu, H., & Tada, N. (2010). Electrical conductivity imaging of the Philippine Sea upper mantle using seafloor magnetotelluric data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 183(1–2), 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2010.09.010. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031920110001949
Chave, A. D., & Thomson, D. J. (2004). Bounded influence magnetotelluric response function estimation. Geophysical Journal International, 157, 988–1006. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02203.x.
Chave, A. D., Filloux, J. H., & Luther, D. S. (1989). Electromagnetic induction by ocean currents: BEMPEX. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 53(3–4), 350–359. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(89)90021-6. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031920189900216
Cox, C. S., Filloux, J. H., & Larsen, J. C. (1971). Electromagnetic studies of ocean currents and electrical conductivity below the ocean-floor (pp. 637–693). In The sea
Daubechies, I. (1992). Ten lectures on wavelets. In CBMSNSF regional conference series in applied mathematics (61st ed.). Philadelphia: SIAM
Denig, W. F. (2015). Geomagnetic kp and ap indices. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/GEOMAG/kp_ap.html
Fujii, Y., & Satake, K. (2008). Tsunami sources of the November 2006 and January 2007 Great Kuril Earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(3), 1559–1571. doi:10.1785/0120070221. http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/
Fujii, Y., & Satake, K. (2009). Samoa Islands Tsunami on Sep. 29, 2009. http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/staff/fujii/Samoa/tsunami.html
GEBCO (2013) The GEBCO_08 grid, version 20100927. Tech. rep., general bathymetric chart of the oceans. http://www.gebco.net
González, F. I., & Kulikov, Y. A. (1993). Tsunami dispersion observed in the deep-ocean. In S. Tinti (Ed.), Tsunamis in the world (pp. 7–16). The Netherlands: Kluwer.
González, F. I., Satake, K., Boss, E. F., & Mofjeld, H. O. (1995). Edge wave and non-trapped modes of the 25 April 1992 Cape Mendocino Tsunami. Pageoph, 144, 18.
Grossmann, A., & Morlet, J. (1984). Decomposition of hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 15(4), 723–736.
Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1956). Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration. Annals of Geophysics, 9(1), 15.
Ichihara, H., Hamano, Y., Baba, K., & Kasaya, T. (2013). Tsunami source of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake detected by an ocean-bottom magnetometer. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 382, 117–124. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.015
Klausner, V., Mendes, O., Domingues, M. O., Papa, A. R. R., Tyler, R. H., Frick, P., et al. (2014). Advantage of wavelet technique to highlight the observed geomagnetic perturbations linked to the Chilean tsunami (2010). Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 119(2010), 1–17. doi:10.1002/2013JA019398.
Larsen, J. C. (1968). Electric and magnetic fields induced by deep sea tides. The Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 16, 47–70.
Larsen, J. C. (1991). Transport measurements from in-service undersea telephone cables. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 16(4), 313–318. doi:10.1109/48.90893. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=90893
Larsen, J. C., & Sanford, T. B. (1985). Florida current volume transports from voltage measurements. Science, 227(4684), 302–304.
Liu, P. C. (2000). Wavelet transform and new perspective on coastal and ocean engineering data analysis. In Advances in coastal and ocean engineering (pp 57–99) Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co
Liu, P. L. F., Cho, Y. S., Briggs, M. J., Kanoglu, U., & Synolakis, C. E. (1995). Runup of solitary waves on a circular island. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 302, 259–285.
Malin, S. R. C. (1970). Separation of lunar daily geomagnetic variations into parts of ionospheric and oceanic origin. The Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 21, 447–455.
Manoj, C., Maus, S., & Chulliat, A. (2011). Observation of magnetic fields generated by tsunamis. Eos, 92(2), 13–14. doi:10.1126/science.
Maus, S., & Kuvshinov, A. (2004). Ocean tidal signals in observatory and satellite magnetic measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L15313. doi:10.1029/2004GL020090. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004GL020090.shtml
McKnight, J. D. (1995). Lunar daily geomagnetic variations in New Zealand. Geophysical Journal International, 122, 889–898.
Mendes, O., Domingues, M. O., Mendes da Costa, A., & Clua de Gonzalez, A. L. (2005). Wavelet analysis applied to magnetograms: Singularity detections related to geomagnetic storms. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 67, 1827–1836. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.07.004.
Minami, T., Toh, H., & Tyler, R. H. (2015). Properties of electromagnetic fields generated by tsunami first arrivals: Classification based on the ocean depth. 30, 1092 42:2171–2178. doi:10.1002/2015GL063055
Mofjeld, H. O., González, F. I., & Newman, J. C. (1997). Short-term forecasts of inundation during teletsunamis in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. In G. Hebenstreit (Ed.), Perspectives on tsunami hazard reduction (pp. 145–155). Amsterdsam: Kluwer Acad.
Nagarajan, B., Suresh, I., Sundar, D., Sharma, R., Lal, A. K., Neetu, S., et al. (2006). The great tsunami of 26 December 2004: A description based on tide-gauge data from the Indian subcontinent and surrounding areas. Earth Planets Space, 58, 211–215.
Newland, D. E. (1993). Harmonic wavelet analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 443(1917), 203–225. doi:10.1098/rspa.1993.0140. http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/
NOAA (2015) Global historical tsunami database. Tech. rep., National Geophysical Data Center / World Data System (NGDC/WDS), Boulder. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml
Okada, Y. (1985). Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 75(4), 1135–1154.
Rabinovich, A. B., & Thomson, R. E. (2007). The 26 December 2004 Sumatra Tsunami: Analysis of tide gauge data from the world ocean Part 1. Indian Ocean and South Africa. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164(2–3), 261–308. doi:10.1007/s00024-006-0164-5. http://springerlink.bibliotecabuap.elogim.com/
Rabinovich, A. B., Thomson, R. E., & Stephenson, F. E. (2006). The Sumatra tsunami of 26 December 2004 as observed in the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans. In Surveys in geophysics (vol. 27, pp. 647–677). doi:10.1007/s10712-006-9000-9. http://springerlink.bibliotecabuap.elogim.com/10.1007/s10712-006-9000-9
Sanford, T. B. (1971). Motionally induced electric and magnetic fields in the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76(15). doi:10.1029/JC076i015p03476. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1971/JC076i015p03476.shtml
Schnepf, N. R., Manoj, C., Kuvshinov, A., Toh, H., & Maus, S. (2014). Tidal signals in ocean bottom magnetic measurements of the Northwestern Pacific: Observation versus prediction. Geophysical Journal International, 198(2), 1096–1110.
Suetsugu, D., Shiobara, H., Sugioka, H., Ito, A., Isse, T., Kasaya, T., Tada, N., Baba, K., Abe, N., Hamano, Y., Tarits, P., Barriot, J. P., & Reymond, D. (2012). TIARES project—Tomographic investigation by seafloor array experiment for the Society hotspot. Earth, Planets and Space64(4), i–iv. doi:10.5047/eps.2011.11.002
Sugioka, H., Hamano, Y., Baba, K., Kasaya, T., Tada, N., & Suetsugu, D. (2014). Tsunami: Ocean dynamo generator. Nature Scientific reports 4. doi:10.1038/srep03596. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3884372&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
Tang, L., Titov, V. V., Wei, Y., Mofjeld, H. O., Spillane, M., Arcas, D., et al. (2008). Tsunami forecast analysis for the May 2006 Tonga tsunami. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(C12), C12015. doi:10.1029/2008JC004922
Tatehata, H., Ichihara, H., & Hamano, Y. (2015). Tsunami-induced magnetic fields detected at Chichijima Island before the arrival of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami. Earth, Planets and Space, 67(185). doi:10.1186/s40623-015-0347-3
Thomson, D. J., Lanzerotti, L. J., Maclennan, C. G., & Medford, L. V. (1995). Ocean cable measurements of the tsunami signal from the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 144(3–4), 427–440. doi:10.1007/BF00874376. http://www.springerlink.com/index/
Titov, V., Rabinovich, A. B., Mofjeld, H. O., Thomson, R. E., & González, F. I. (2005). The global reach of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra Tsunami. Science, 309(5743), 2045–2048.
Toh, H., Hamano, Y., & Ichiki, M. (2006). Long-term seafloor geomagnetic station in the northwest Pacific : A possible candidate for a seafloor geomagnetic observatory. Earth Planets Space, 58, 697–705.
Toh, H., Satake, K., Hamano, Y., Fujii, Y., & Goto, T. (2011). Tsunami signals from the 2006 and 2007 Kuril earthquakes detected at a seafloor geomagnetic observatory. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116(B2), B02104. doi:10.1029/2010JB007873. http://doi.wiley.com/
Tyler, R. H. (2005). A simple formula for estimating the magnetic fields generated by tsunami flow. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(9), 1–4. doi:10.1029/2005GL022429. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2005GL022429.shtml
Tyler, R. H., Maus, S., & Lühr, H. (2003). Satellite observations of magnetic fields due to ocean tidal flow. Science, 299(5604), 239–241. doi:10.1126/science.1078074. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522247
Utada, H., Shimizu, H., Ogawa, T., Maeda, T., Furumura, T., Yamamoto, T., et al. (2011). Geomagnetic field changes in response to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 311(1–2), 11–27.
Wang, X., & Liu, P. L. F. (2006). An analysis of 2004 Sumatra earthquake fault plane mechanisms and Indian Ocean tsunami. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 44(2), 147–154.
Wang, X. M., & Liu, P. L. F. (2005). A numerical investigation of Boumerdes–Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake and tsunami. CMES—Computer Modeling In Engineering & Sciences, 10(2), 171–183.
Yue, H., Lay, T., Rivera, L., An, C., Vigny, C., & Tong, X. (2014). Localized fault slip to the trench in the 2010 Maule, Chile Mw=8.8 earthquake from joint inversion of high-rate GPS, teleseismic body waves, InSAR, campaign GPS, and tsunami observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 119, 7786–7804. doi:10.1002/2014JB011340.Received.
Zhang, L., Baba, K., Liang, P., Shimizu, H., & Utada, H. (2014). The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami observed by an array of ocean bottom electromagnetometers. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 4937–4944. doi:10.1002/2014GL060850.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schnepf, N.R., Manoj, C., An, C., Sugioka, H., Toh, H. (2016). Time–Frequency Characteristics of Tsunami Magnetic Signals from Four Pacific Ocean Events. In: Geist, E.L., Fritz, H.M., Rabinovich, A.B., Tanioka, Y. (eds) Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume I. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55480-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55480-8_14
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55479-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55480-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)