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Convergences and Divergences Across the Four Models

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From Mafia to Organised Crime

Part of the book series: Critical Criminological Perspectives ((CCRP))

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Abstract

The seventh chapter looks at the four national models from Italy, US, Australia and UK together to identify conceptual and procedural convergences across them. Among the conceptual convergences, the chapter highlights the “follow the money” strategy, the understanding of organised crime as involving trafficking and the glocal and transnational character of organised crime. Among procedural convergences, the chapter discusses provisions against money laundering and proceeds of crime, the criminalisation of activities of organised crime and the focus on prevention. The chapter also focuses on emerging trends such as mafia mobility, social prevention and focus on unexplained wealth as worth mentioning across the four models.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Operation Mamma Santissima, No. 9339/2009 R. G. N. R. DDA + No. 5448/2010 R.G. GIP + No. 50/2015 DDA Reggio Calabria.

  2. 2.

    Operation Bellu Lavuru, No. 1130/06 R.G.R.N. DDA. Reggio Calabria.

  3. 3.

    Nahlous v R [2010] NSWCCA 58.

  4. 4.

    Thorn v R [2009] 3 NSWCCA 294.

  5. 5.

    Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutor, Litigation Instruction no.10 May 2013.

  6. 6.

    Proposed s 6A(1) of the Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 (SA), proposed by Criminal Assets Confiscation (Prescribed Drug Offenders) Amendment Bill 2015 (SA) cl 6 (as at the first reading speech in the House of Assembly on 11 February 2015).

  7. 7.

    South Australia, Parliamentary Debates, House of Assembly, 11 February 2015, 45 (JR Rau, Deputy Premier, Attorney-General).

  8. 8.

    Senate Report. No. 617, 91st Congress, 1st session at 78–83 (1969).

  9. 9.

    Crown Prosecution Service, Legal Guidance Proceeds of Crime, http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/proceeds_of_crime_act_guidance/#a16

  10. 10.

    Operation Old Bridge, proc. no. 11059/06 RGNR DDA Palermo.

  11. 11.

    Operation Columbus, US District Court E.D.N.Y. F. #2014R00552 and Proc. No. 2082/2014 R.G.N.R. DDA Reggio Calabria.

  12. 12.

    Lawyer’s murder hints at secrets of Australia mafia, BBC News Australia, 26th March 2016 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-35858567.

  13. 13.

    Mafia strongholds found in Aberdeen and London, claims EU, 20th August 2014, http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/501585/Mafia-Stronghold-Gang-Aberdeen-Scotland-SNP-London-EU-Europe.

  14. 14.

    Durham County Council – Stronger Families Programme – http://www.durham.gov.uk/strongerfamilies.

  15. 15.

    Durham Agency Against Crime – HAGGRID Project – http://www.daac.org.uk/index.php/projects/haggrid.

  16. 16.

    “I have my foot on the necks of the criminals”: New no-nonsense police chief vows to “get in the faces” of crooks – http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mike-barton-durham-police-chief-1368130.

  17. 17.

    Genovese organized crime family associate sentenced to 28 months in prison for racketeering conspiracy – https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/genovese-organized-crime-family-associate-sentenced-to-28-months-in-prison-for-racketeering-conspiracy.

  18. 18.

    Trade Union Royal Commission – Chapter 9 – Building and Constructions 2015 – https://www.tradeunionroyalcommission.gov.au/reports/Documents/Final-Report/Volume-5/V5-CH-8.pdf § 209.

  19. 19.

    By their colours: Outlaw motorcycle gang identification guide, 10 October 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-04/bikie-gangs-by-colours/4999510.

  20. 20.

    Tribunale di Catanzaro, sezione GIP GUP – RGNR No. 4084/15 DDA + 3028/15 GIP.

  21. 21.

    Tribunale di Catanzaro, sezione GIP GUP – RGNR No. 4084/15 DDA + 3028/15 GIP, pp. 95–96.

  22. 22.

    18 U.S.C. 1956. Section 1956 outlaws four kinds of money laundering – promotional, concealment, structuring, and tax evasion laundering of the proceeds generated by designated federal, state, and foreign underlying crimes (predicate offenses) – committed or attempted under one or more of three jurisdictional conditions (i.e. laundering involving certain financial transactions, laundering involving international transfers, and stings).

  23. 23.

    The Eligo National Task Force is an Australian Crime Commission Board approved task force made up of the Australian Crime Commission, the Australian Federal Police, AUSTRAC, key Commonwealth agencies and State and Territory law enforcement.

  24. 24.

    Director of the Assets Recovery Agency v Green and others [2005] All ER (D) 261 (Dec).

  25. 25.

    R v Anwoir and others [2008] EWCA Crim 1354.

  26. 26.

    Section 179E(3)POCA Australia states: “In proceedings under this section, the burden of proving that a person’s wealth is not derived from one or more of the offenses…lies on the person”.

  27. 27.

    Law 22 May 2015, no. 68.

  28. 28.

    Ecoreati, il via libera alla legge. Il Senato approva tra gli applausi – http://www.corriere.it/politica/15_maggio_19/ecoreati-via-libera-legge-c5611c14-fe50-11e4-bed4-3ff992d01df9.shtml.

  29. 29.

    Serious Crime Act 2015. Fact Sheet – Gang Injunctions – https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/431337/Fact_sheet_-_Gang_Injunctions_-_Amendment_on_Gov-UK_-_01062015.pdf.

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  1. Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom

    Anna Sergi

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Sergi, A. (2017). Convergences and Divergences Across the Four Models. In: From Mafia to Organised Crime. Critical Criminological Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53568-5_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53568-5_7

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