Keywords

1 Satisfaction with Life in the Community

The study of life satisfaction in the community has been developing since the 1980 s, showing a display from the twenty-first century.

Whorton and Moore (1984) in their study Summative scales for measuring community satisfaction developed a welfare measure based on six dimensions community. The dimensions were chosen from a wider range of issues related to the community, a panel of experts who are actively involved in EU research and implementation of technical assistance to communities whole. These dimensions included: concern about crime, concerns about the availability of jobs, concerns about access to adequate health care; concern about available housing, satisfaction with public education, and community satisfaction.

Zumbo and Michalos (1998) conducted a study entitled Quality of life in Jasper Alberta—Canada, which explored and explained the beliefs and attitudes of citizens’ satisfaction in a wide variety of aspects of their community and their lives. This extensive research employed open-ended questions about the best and worst things about living in Jasper, and that would change things to improve the quality of life. Health, hospitals and clinics, recreational opportunities, social services, shopping centers, personal courage, sanitation and taxes, child care, services for the elderly and disabled. In the present study the following indicators were taken into account waste disposal, finance, home and neighborhood, work, government, educational opportunities and relationships.

Sirgy and Cornwell (2001), the study Further validation of the Sirgy et al.’s measure of quality of life community. They proposed a measure of the quality of community life (QOL). This measure reflects satisfaction with services based on the way these services contribute to the overall community satisfaction and satisfaction with life in general community. Whereas satisfaction with the services provided by the government (police, fire, library, etc.), with business services (banking/ savings, insurance, department stores, etc.), with nonprofit services (assistance abuse drugs and alcohol, crisis intervention, religious services, etc.) and satisfaction with other aspects of the community and the quality of the environment, the change in the natural landscape, the cost of living, crime, relationships with people, neighborhood and housing.

Later Sirgy (2001) have performed a study method Measurement and evaluation of the quality of life of the community, based on the theoretical concept which states that the satisfaction of the members of a community in relation to public service individual (police, fire protection, rescue services and libraries), business services (banks and savings, insurance, and trade) and non-profit services (care services for drug addicts, the crisis intervention and religious) influence mood overall satisfaction with the community (general community satisfaction). The author suggests that the overall community satisfaction, with satisfaction with other relevant areas of life (work, family, leisure, etc.) influences overall life satisfaction , and use the theory Bottom-up-spillover, firmly established theory in the investigation of quality of life to explain the theoretical concepts

Christakopoulou et al. (2001) in their research, entitled The community well-being questionnaire: theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity, developed a community welfare measure, based on a review of the research literature regarding the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction of the community. The authors identified six dimensions that captures the concept of welfare of the community: a good place to live (the degree of satisfaction of residents with housing and environmental conditions), a social community (the residents feel there is a sense of community, formal and informal social networks within the area provide access to resources, social support, moral, and assistance in dealing with problems of life), an economic community (the relative strength of the local economy, the relative appeal of commercial areas), a political community (degree to which residents are involved in receiving information about future developments in the area and the degree of participation in decision -making regarding with local development projects), a community that provides residents personal space (sense of belonging compared to live there) and a community that is part of a larger geographical entity (perception that the community is linked economically and socially with access to a larger urban area that provides access to the facilities and services which are beyond the local community).

Tonon, since 2002, has conducted research with young people, using different questionnaires considered, the level of satisfaction with life as a whole, the level of satisfaction with being part of the community, the level of perception of neighborhood safety, the evaluation of life and having a life project.

Royuela et al. (2003) developed a model study of the quality of life in the community based on three pillars: advancement opportunities (leads to the study of the possibilities of social mobility of individuals, the possibilities of improving infrastructure and equipment of housing opportunities and promotions for subjects in the employment and education) level, the existence of social inequalities, and the study of living conditions in the community (housing, equipment and building structure; public transit, educational services, schools for education, libraries, health care system, hospitals, clinics and nursing homes, private practices, community care health, pharmacy, environment and climate, cultural centers, cinemas, theaters, houses of culture, libraries, art galleries, museums, spaces for the enjoyment of leisure and sports, clubs, sports fields, gymnasiums, squares.

Another relevant study about quality of life indictors are included in the Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well- Being and Ill -Being, conducted by Diener in 2005 in the Journal of Happiness Studies, considering: health care, public health, social services, parks and recreation, work life, transportation, family, and the environment.

Sirgy et al. (2008) developed a study that argued that satisfaction with community services plays an important role in community well-being, understand as overall satisfaction with the community, the perception of quality of life in the community and perceived quality of life. The hypothesis was that the level of satisfaction with the community in which the subjects was determined largely by government services it will provide businesses that can be developed and non-profit services. The axes analyzed were: satisfaction with: housing, education, local government, health care, the possibility of finding employment, public safety, the existence of places to religious worship, the existence and availability of shopping, public transportation, the existence of places to enjoy leisure time. The study also showed that satisfaction with the community led people to commit to it and that greater satisfaction with community services (eg. police) and the conditions of life in the community (eg. ethnic relations), potentiated greater satisfaction with life in the community (Sirgy et al. 2008).

In the research Developing a Measure of Community Well -Being Base on Perceptions of Impact in Various Life Domains conducted by Sirgy et al. (2009) in Flint, Michigan, United States, the authors proposed a new measure of community well-developed based on the notion that residents have concerning their perception of their quality of life, the impact of community services and conditions in various areas of life (fourteen specified areas: welfare social, leisure and recreation, health, safety, family and home, politics, spirituality, neighborhood, environment, transport, education, work, economy and consumer satisfaction). These perceptions influence the general level residents on the welfare of the community, their commitment to the community, and satisfaction with life in general.

The level of satisfaction with life in the community of a person is a report of how he/she considers the level of life satisfaction in community-dwelling. Likewise refer to construct raised by Tonon (2010) positive community when being part of it, allows its members to develop a good life or at least a better life if they inhabit another community, and argues that situations forwarded to feel satisfied in the community would be: in public safety, social services, interaction among neighbors, infrastructure and equipment, public transportation, ability to work, enjoy leisure time, possibility of meeting in public spaces with community members to exchange ideas and discuss common problems and concerns.

Sirgy and Cornwell (2001) indicate that satisfaction with community services and community conditions predict a significant portion of the variance in satisfaction with the community, the authors suggest that satisfaction with the community was a predictor of satisfaction with life, the premise was that it is functionally relates satisfaction with all areas of life.

In a study conducted by Sirgy et al. (2008) on how to influence the community services on the quality of life for residents, revealed that satisfaction with community services tend to have an impact on the welfare of the community directly or through life satisfaction in several areas, education, health, availability of labor, government, public safety, transport and shopping. Importantly, almost all of these indicators were used in this investigation except for shopping.

Royuela et al. (2003) presented the Quality of Life Index (CQLI) applied to 314 municipalities in the province of Barcelona (Spain) during the 90s. The CQLI considers three main components of quality of life : (a) individual opportunities of progress in terms of wealth, work, education, health, (b) opportunities for mobility, social balance index that considers social, whether sexual inequality, migration, housing, access to services for seniors (c) conditions of life of the community, considers housing, public transit, educational services, health care, environment, culture and local taxes. Yet it is an instrument to be used by local policy makers as it presents an overview of the quality of life in local communities and focused on each dimension of the same vision.

The results of the study conducted by Tonon (2005) on quality of life of young people showed that the level of satisfaction of being a member of the community has an average of 6.04 which is below the overall average obtained in other studies this trend is also observed in other countries. Only 17.8 % of participants reported participating in an organization or community institution. The author said that actually the participation of young people is more connected to virtual communities than to the socio- geographical spaces in which they live.

With the foregoing and in accordance with Tonon (2009) one of the objectives of democratic societies is to promote the good life of citizens, thereby achieving a society in which people feel happy, healthy, able to have a high level of welfare. That is why public policy should make you feel happier and more committed to the lives of citizens, so could not think targeting public policies, only to grow the economy, being necessary to enhance the lives of local communities. It is in this sense that the present investigation seeks to recognize dimensions that promote life satisfaction in community for young people that live in different types of communities.

2 Urban and Rural

2.1 The Neighborhood as Urban Community

In methodological terms, the definition of urban and rural has not been without problems, since it is complex compatibility criteria of different types (numeric, political-administrative, landscape, functional, etc.) and, in general, the researchers there has been a heated debate on the definition of both terms.

The world not so long ago was primarily rural, the industrial revolution brought about by the emergence of technological development, created favorable economic conditions that profoundly affected the configuration of cities, significantly increasing its size. The changes throughout the twentieth century, generated a set of changes in transport, production, organization, and migration accelerated in the urban centers, generating some urban revolution, as a result of the above paper of cities in the direction of the economy, politics, culture became stronger; ran parallel giving a quantitative growth of cities and urban centers of different order, hence the development is part of the most visible transformations and deepest of modern society, rapidly in the twentieth century, urban centers are turning into places whose demographic weight is dominant. One hundred years ago 9 % of the world population lived in cities, and by the end of the last century and beginning of this, 50 % of people living in an urban environment, in the case of Latin America has experienced strong population growth in recent decades, a process associated with severe and uncontrolled urbanization between 1995 and 2009, the total population of the region increased from 472 to 575 million people, representing an increase of 103 million (CEPAL (2008).

The traits most often been considered to characterize the urban reality are essentially the size and population density, construction, life lines, road networks, nonfarm activity, higher education (compared with the rural environment), more specialization of labor and mode of life, as well as certain social characteristics, such as the heterogeneity, urban culture and the degree of social interaction of urban areas.

Urban areas include large concentrated masses that are not interested, at least immediately, by obtaining raw materials, food, textile and general comfort, but are linked to the transport industries, the trade and the education of the population, the state administration or simply to live in the city. The general characteristics of urban communities include social density, spatial density, different degrees of pollution and are pollution by different means of transport as well as its volume, visual, auditory, olfactory pollution, high levels of educational endowments, sanitation cultural infrastructure, sports, parks, public spaces, social connections, entertainment, etc.

Urban communities are the set of individuals organized and established in the same territory, for its size and shape, development of cities. For methodological purposes of the investigation, the term urban community is taken, similar to the neighborhood given by Buraglia (1999) who defines it as an identifiable unit planning, an organized system of relationships at a certain scale of the city and the seat of a particular urban community and relates this communicability features, sociability, sustainability, variety, recursion, rooting, security control, tolerance, solidarity and prospecting. The neighborhood is a space familiar to the subjects involved known social and cultural practices and, by the same author and from a socio- spatial position, the neighborhood is container components such as territory, centrality, social facilities and common references, the neighborhood treated as coordinator between the various scales of urban social life, family life integrator, spatial reference, identity generator, coordinator between various degrees of privacy and inclusive social networks of solidarity and support.

About the location, Saraví (2004) states that this can be understood as that portion of the public space in general (anonymous for everyone) where creeps slowly particularized private space due to their everyday practical use. As a result of this closeness and immediacy, the neighborhood public space assumes a particular relevance in the experiences and lives of those involved (the neighbors), and can be attributed a direct effect on the local community to the extent that gives rise to various practices of sociability, in fact, the public space is fundamental to the very existence of the community ingredient, but its effects on the community as a whole and neighbors in particular, can be positive or negative (in terms of an advantage or a disadvantage).

2.2 The Rural Community

At present the rural areas cannot be considered independently, but high interdependence relationship with urban space, relationship materialized through migration, displacement for service provisioning, food, education or uses should be established recreational, residential, and strong changes that wins the rural economy today by multiple sectors and diversified, producing a rural —urban continuum (Espindola 2002). This dynamic has led to a reconceptualization of rural areas in the scientific community called “new rurality” in which it is no longer possible to refer to the backward versus modern, or at agricultural versus industrial.

Actually numerous features exist showing multidirectional process of linking urban and rural, in this case the strong boundaries between urban and rural are blurred and require a more dynamic concept of rural young people definition, so some authors emphasize its heterogeneity, according to various characteristics of each geography where articulate differently the local culture itself and the strong influence of global culture (Romero 2003). Added to that, Camos (1995) reports that rurality, in advanced industrial societies is undoubtedly heterogeneous and changing, there is a homogeneous rural world: the difference between coastal towns, mountain villages and towns of the interior is very important, but above all, each located rurality consists of many children, adults, young people, immigrants, neo-rurals (revalued people, rural areas), tourist homes which receive live and have very different attitudes of the rural world around them.

In relation to psychology, the emphasis of study and research occurred in urban populations, leaving out rural, especially the specifics of the populations living in these areas, it is therefore important to recognize the profound differences between life contexts .

In 2010, Mexico published in the journal Contributions from Psychology and Sociology at Rurality (Rojo 2010), it issues facing psychosocial analysis of subjective well-being and quality are addressed life in rural Mexico and Brazil, the conceptual problems of the new paradigm of rurality and the factors associated with social capital raises. In the conclusions on life satisfaction, it is found strongly related to social support networks, following this association levels and finally the expectations of education, in the same order of importance as food. In a study conducted by Browne (2004) found that the social group in which the individual is determined by your state of health and quality of life. The rural area averages presented in all assessments of quality of life including: general health, vitality, mental health, general physical functioning scale and, by tapping low only in social functioning. There seems to be agreement that the low level of community participation in family groups and generates a perception of poor social functioning (Browne 2004; Chamblas and Godoy 2007; Mikkelsen and Velázquez 2010).

In the case of Argentina, most of its economy revolves around agricultural production. The concept of rurality currently used in the country, was coined in nineteenth-century, and the main measure of rural -urban differentiation is a threshold determining the size of agglomerated population (number of inhabitants per city). We have generalized the consideration of the rural and sparsely populated spaces or localized in concentrations of no more than 2500 inhabitants, this approach provides an approximate and useful reference for empirical research, which was considered in this investigation.

On rural concept, we can say that it is a socially and historically specific construction, which defines a portion of territory different from other (eg urban), with certain attributes, physical, geographical, administrative, political, demographic characteristics and economic functions and social. It can be defined as a socioeconomic institution in a geographical area with four basic components: a territory that works as a source of natural resources and raw materials, receiver and support economic activities, a population , based on a certain cultural pattern, practice activities very various production, consumption and social relationship, forming a complex socio-economic fabric, a set of settlements that relate to each other and to the outside through the exchange of people, goods and information through channels relationship, a set of public institutions and private organization and co- operation of the system, operating within a certain legal framework (Ramos and Romero 1993, cited in Perez 2001). Rojo and Martínez (2010) describe the rural social space as a network of social relations characterized by a set of features (particular but not exclusive) among them, a particular relationship with the land and nature as a resource, proximity, given by the coexistence around a common space, a high frequency of interactions and exchanges made possible by neighborhood relations, the relative stability over time of associative links, and overlapping relationships and kinship, which tend to narrow ties such as personalized treatment.

The more or less pronounced presence of these features is associated with the production of two types of main effects that grant some autonomy and specificity to rural social space, the first of these effects is given by the production of what Coleman (1990) calls the phenomenon of closure (closure) office, which has a special strength in the contexts of sociability own rural areas, this effect in thick lines denote the emergence of reciprocal control in social interactions that occurs as a result of the multiplication obligations and expectations that are established among close circles of people based on their interdependence, bounded territorial dimension of rural communities, clearly favors this type of closure. Second, a type of effect that is expressed in a low density of social relations in the rural area feature commonly represented by the dominance of strong ties (close with a great emotional charge involved and producers trust networks appears) over weak ties (distant, impersonal and networking opportunities producer) (Durston 2000).

3 Methodology

3.1 Design

We developed a qualitative study with young people . The qualitative approach involves an interpretive approach to the world, seeking to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of meanings people give them (Denzin and Lincoln 2005). The main objective in qualitative research is the understanding of the phenomena, the internal relations capture investigating the intentionality of actions. In qualitative research designs have a pop character as it is constructed as it progresses in the research process and therefore often assume via an inductive approach, starting from a concrete reality and specific data and then theorize (Vieytes 2004).

3.2 Sample

The total sample was 30 selected young people, males and females, between 18 and 25 years old. 15 live in the rural community and 15 in the urban community. The process to select them was organized according to the snowball technique (Taylor and Bogdan 1998) by the natural social networks, friends, relatives, personal contacts, etc. The selection criteria was the age (between 18 and 25 years) and being residents over 3 years in the community. Then the principle of belonging (Morse and Field 1995), which is derived from the identification and consideration of participants who can make greater contributions to research according to the theoretical requirements of the study was applied.

Key informants were chosen in the same way taking into account the criteria set by Morse (1988) who said that the best informants are those who have the knowledge and experience on the subject and willing to answer an interview they must also have the ability to reflect and articulate, time for questioning and should be ready to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

3.3.1 Technique

For data collection the semi -structured interview, considered by Tonon (2009) as an encounter between subject and as a technique that enables reading, comprehension and analysis of subjects, contexts, social situations, being the generator once used situations and events communication.

3.3.1.1 Themes

Through research technique (semi -structured interview), the investigative work has been organized around themes of reflection and from guiding questions (script) in order to generate an interactive process circular and incremental. The script was constructed taking into account the objectives of the investigation but is not organized in a sequential structure since what matters is that the respondents produce information about each of the topics considered.

The list of axes and/or questions about this study verified that the same information has been collected from each of the interviewees. The axes have built the script seek to recognize and define dimensions and measures that promote life satisfaction in perceived community young people from different communities.

The thematic axes are:

  1. 1.

    Spaces of public action

  2. 2.

    Environment

  3. 3.

    Social Opportunities: work, education and health

  4. 4.

    Public services in the community

  5. 5.

    Community safety

  6. 6.

    Social organizations in the community

  7. 7.

    Belonging, identification and trust

  8. 8.

    Social support, participation and collaboration

  9. 9.

    Equity and equality in the community

  10. 10.

    Solidarity in the community

  11. 11.

    Spirituality and Religiosity in the community

  12. 12.

    Celebrating festivities or social activities in the community

  13. 13.

    The best of living in the community

3.3.2 Data Logging

A recorder and audio tape audio file assigned to each interview, a sheet with the script of the interview, notebook, pen, a computer for transcribing were used for data logging, interviews Word 2010 document, the same were printed in A4 format to start with the analysis. The researcher personally takes the interviews with each of the participants, consent agreement and acceptance by young people with permission to use the information was obtained.

3.3.3 Validity

Castillo and Vasquez (2003) state that there are some criteria for assessing the quality and scientific rigor of qualitative studies, these are, credibility, confirm ability and transferability. Credibility is achieved when the study findings are recognized as true or certain by research participants and those who have experienced or been in contact with the phenomenon investigated. Confirm ability neutrality refers to the interpretation or analysis of data, which is achieved when another researcher can follow the path followed by the original researcher and reach similar findings. Transferability is the ability to apply the results to other settings or groups.

For this research, in order to bring to the credibility and support that what is reported is consistent with the reality studied, the interviews were recorded and then the art of counter—check or feedback to informants was used. This requires that participants become to verify if the researcher understood things right. This is to say that the participants verify the accuracy of reproduction by the researcher of the information provided in interviews and constructions or interpretations made by the researcher, through reproduction, summary or paraphrase (Yanow and Schwartz-Shea 2006). Thus respondents could correct, expand and/or delete information in this process there was no change or correction by minors.

3.4 Data Analysis

3.4.1 Thematic Analysis

It is an analysis method used to encode qualitative information that allows the construction of social meanings. In this study thematic analysis is used in the version of Braun and Clarke (2006), this allows the researcher to analyze, identify and report issues and structures, and can thus reveal both experiences as the meanings and realities of the subject, and examine the ways in which events, realities, meanings and experiences are the effects of the discourse of a society. The authors argue that the thematic analysis has the flexibility to be used with a wide range of theoretical frameworks. Hence the relevance of the conceptual framework of the research and some assumptions of the researcher explained clearly.

3.4.1.1 Phase 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Your Data

This phase involves transcribing, reading and rereading the material and annotation of generating ideas. In the study, the researcher starts taking interviews and transcribed them immediately after (as the same were taken). The transcript is given through the computer program Microsoft Office Word 2010, for each recorded audio of the interview. The aim of this quick transcript is not losing any relevant detail that is left in the memory of the researcher. On this theme, Krista (2010, cited in Tonon 2012) notes that those researchers who decided to make them the transcriptions of their fieldwork, take a decision that is more ethical, prudent and allows new opportunities for analysis.

It is important to note that at all times the confidentiality of respondents to this key (initials of their names) and numbers (in order of interview), gender, age and the community to which they belong is used ensured. Subsequently already completed all interviews with their respective transcription the researcher had to detailed and repeated reading of the information, whether printed transcripts, personal notes recorded during the process and those arising thereafter. In this way we sought to enhance familiarity with the data, some initial insights about the topics were generated, also began to see the first possible categories to be developed later.

In each interview the following elements were identified:

  1. a)

    The name of the interviewee (using the initials of his name), are used to identify each respondent when the appointment in the written report of the final results of the investigation.

  2. b)

    The number of order in which the interviews took, this helps to easily locate and take notes as appropriate.

  3. c)

    Age and gender of the respondent

  4. d)

    Community to which belongs: Urban—Rural

Subsequently, the pages of each interview as well as the lines of the printed interview continuously throughout the text are numbered. This allows faster identifying data extracts during analysis of the interviews. It also allows the reader to locate context of gender, age and community, compared to the quotations of the words of the interviewees with whom the results are illustrated.

Results such as: ………………… (SS, female, 23 years, Urban C.)

3.4.1.2 Phase 2: Generating Initial Codes

This phase involves the encoding of the interesting features of the data consistently throughout the data set, collecting data relevant to each code (Braun and Clarke 2006). In the present investigation is meant by code segment or more basic information or raw data can be considered as significant in relation to the topic under study (Boyaztis 1998) element. The way of coding is used to link the data with the ideas on that data. In qualitative studies the goal is to rearrange fracture data into categories that facilitate internal comparison in each category and between categories, allowing the development of theoretical concepts (Maxwell 1996, cited in Tonon 2012).

Braun and Clarke (2006) raise a number of guidelines to follow in this phase, which were used in the first place the greatest possible amount of information patterns were coded, secondly, he joined in each code sufficient information to not lose sight of the context, thirdly, it was felt that a single abstract data can be encoded more than once. At this stage the researcher worked with each of the separate interviews began by identifying the interview paragraphs corresponding to each thematic area of study: spaces of public action, environment, social opportunities: jobs, education and health; public services, safety, social organizations, belonging, identification and trust, support, participation and collaboration, equity and equality, solidarity, spirituality, religiosity, holiday celebrations, the best of community living. Subsequently worked with paragraphs of each particular axis, marking them all code, performed the above, all the data obtained for each interview in a Word file with a table of two columns they turned, in the first were placed the initial codes identified for each axis and the second line number to determine the location of each initial code identified in the interview, and thus as an initial code mentioned at the beginning could be found in various positions, as shown in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1 Sample prepared in the initial code generation
Full size table

Then the researcher made the tables and armed then, proceeded to find that in every interview they are included all codes axle. The final 30 files (one for each interview), with 13 tables each file corresponding to the axis 13 of the script of the interview was obtained. Counting each table with two columns one for the identified initial code and the other for location in the interview. Each table holds the number of lines as the initial code is identified. Each file includes the initials of the name of the respondent as well as gender, age and community.

3.4.1.3 Phase 3: Searching for Themes

It relates to interleaving codes possible topics gathering all data relevant to each potential theme (Braun and Clarke 2006). One theme that captures something relevant information relating to the research question, representing a response rate is considered structured or meaning. Also as a part of the information found at least describes and organizes information, and performs maximum aspects of a phenomenon (Boyatzys 1998).

This phase proceeded to build 30 tables in total (including the two communities), a table for each thematic area (that is 13), but the axis III Social opportunities, includes three issues, work, education and health, so they were 30. Within each table codes all interviews within the same axis is included. In these tables the codes were transcribed, even when they were repeated, without differentiating the interview and where they come from, resulting in a long list of codes. Subsequently ordered and grouped according to topics that cover or prospects looking to establish relationships between codes and themes to generate a first organizing thematic map of topics and subtopics. Colors were used to group the codes associated with the same theme. In Table 8.2, a sample of codes grouped into potential issues in reference to the environment of the rural community sample.

Table 8.2 Extract grouped into potential issues in reference to the environment in the rural community codes
Full size table

At this stage some initial codes can reach large form themes, or may form sub-themes, and other discarded be, however may occur topics that do not fit candidates main themes, for them the authors advise using a broad subject called several. At this level is already beginning to have a sense of the importance of individual issues, but at this stage not abandoned anything, this is perhaps the biggest part of the thematic analysis and reflection and flexibility needed by the researcher for not including codes on a similar topic or otherwise not open to a multitude of issues that can be part of one.

3.4.1.4 Phase 4: Reviewing Themes

In this phase re- codification and discovery of new threads is done, being necessary to define the limits of the search to not be exceeded. When there are potential issues, continuously refining issues. At this stage it becomes clear whether any of the candidate topics are not really, whether there are insufficient data to support or are very different, or could two topics merge into one or more topics broken down into data. Regard Patton (1990) notes that each topic is considered in relation to its internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity. So in this process was essential that each item possesses consistency and that was easily identifiable. This phase includes two levels (Braun and Clarke 2006) and refined the review in the first was necessary to read all the extracts collected for each subject and see if they seem to form a coherent pattern, exceeding this level, the following involves a process similarly, but in connection with the complete data set. As in the previous phase of the investigator the flexibility required to debug themes.

3.4.1.5 Phase 5: Defining and Naming Themes

This phase requires a clear definition and the names of each item submitted for analysis. It starts when you are satisfied with the thematic map of the data obtained in the previous phase, this is necessary to consider the themes in itself and in relation to other themes. The names of the subjects should be concise, establishing the essential, not very large or complex, should give the reader a sense of what the topic is about. This phase required a thorough analysis searching for the scheme that best reflects the perceptions of young people.

3.4.1.6 Phase 6: Producing the Final Report

This phase begins when the subjects were taken full analysis and writing, (Tonon 2012) thus generating an analytical narrative that goes beyond complying information not as a mere summation of data. Braun and Clarke (2006) recommend that what is sought is to tell the story of the data obtained convincingly about the validity of the analysis. This requires that the analysis provides a concise, coherent, and logical, without repetitions and interesting description, covering every theme itself and flirting with each other, adding to its extracts information showing the various items provided by young people (in this case).

Among the evaluation criteria to establish the consistency of thematic analysis are identified: the potential usefulness of the code and research findings that allow the project to be replicated, the fact that different researchers, working on the same data, detect the same issues, the possibility that one researcher made a similar observation at two different times or different scenarios, two researchers working with the same information by encoding each by double – side code, and can then compare their codes with each other.

4 Analysis of Results

4.1 Urban Community

Young people in the community perceive various areas of public action; outdoor public spaces, highly accessible where you can find and interact freely and spontaneously. With which, you can confirm the existence of third places (Oldenburg 1989), taking the characteristics of informal meetings are voluntary and spaces frequented regularly present, fun, good company and conversation. They positively affect the subjective experience of belonging to a larger community, becoming a cohesive element that gives rise to the development of sense of community, allowing social interaction, sharing stories and common experiences, relationships and emotional connection between the members to recognize the identity, common destinations (Sánchez 1996) and territorial roots.

They identified the young, two geographical areas defined in relation to the environment, the center portion having damage caused by humans; key elements that support your vision about are important transportation generating lots of people daily, noise accumulation waste, etc. This is an indicator but a negative influence on satisfaction with life in the community, in the case of the young people interviewed, their daily life is given in the residential area which has no such characteristics.

Regarding Social Opportunities, young people interviewed perceive that there are social opportunities and access to them in their community, the above states through the results: specifically the issue of health, young people express that their community has services accessible public health perceive a hospital especially as important and representative of their community, recognizing the quality of health, but consider that there are deficiencies in the health sector (saturation of patients seeking treatment for immigrants, shortage of supplies and tools, lack of staff, etc.). In turn consider the poor services provided are not in relation to the community itself but in relation to the general situation of the country in this regard differ young people act good doctors and poor infrastructure hospital

In the education area, perceptions of young people are positive, have various learning centers; public and private, primary and secondary levels are easily accessible, with access for residents of the community and in turn provide a good service, some young people point to the absence of higher-level educational services in their community.

On work, the young people interviewed perceive that there are job opportunities and access to them in their communities, point to a growing community of new construction at the creation and opening of several businesses, which shows an increase in jobs, the comparison made with previous years, likewise often consider obtaining a job of personal will and not aware of the situation of the country, thus reflecting optimism in relation to work.

Young asserts that utilities (electricity, water, gas, garbage collection) are there in your community satisfied continuously and uniformly regulate the needs of the citizens, the perceived general and efficient level and recognize that the quality of thereof, are related to the services provided throughout the great city that is part of your community.

On the safety theme, although young people identify two distinct geographical areas in your community center a related area, described as insecure with the existence of crime, on the other hand, perceived as safe residential area. However, in further analysis, dominated perceptions of insecurity in the community that relate to the risks that come rising, get hurt or worse getting killed by a result of assault, robbery or rape. Relate such uncertainty as a feature macro level, installed in society, in the current situation and feel that is has been increasing.

Young people identify various social organizations in the community; said many of them are formed on the initiative of the neighbors, not the state. Overall existing organizations seek to solve their own community needs, help children, workshops for seniors and as is the quirky and interesting football club community representative case, that beyond the sporting aspect, supports different activities, settling into real support networks and community containment.

Young perceive that there is sense of belonging, identification and trust in your community and appreciates the significant place in the community soccer club in the development of the same in this regard we note that neighborhoods with high sense of community made more social activities with their neighbors (the club being a generator of it) and show a greater quality of life , in this sense Tonon (2009) reports that community membership, contains not only a sense of rootedness, but involves a sense of responsibility and loyalty, as is explicit in the interviews.

Young people perceived low social support, participation and collaboration. To be sure young people understand what this axis as the social support of the entire community, especially of older generations that they, in interviews identified the predominant model adult individualism of modern society and observe in their own community, why that this is also an important issue for them, they have very present in their daily activities and about performing from their places to edit at some point, have the willingness and motivation to support, participate and collaborate.

From the perspective of young people, we can say that there are attitudes of fairness and equality, which leads us to also review previous axes, as equal opportunities to start educational cycles and paths, and employment, equal opportunities to access the good material, participation in the public space and health, support networks. See in the community as predominantly middle class, without great contrasts, which are more similarities than differences, equality and balance.

Regarding solidarity in the community, young people perceive in their community, as there are help centers and volunteering and events are held to support different causes, centers to provide help to others, highlighting the role of the Church and Maya Jariego (2005), describes when he says that people are turning to a variety of reasons to explain their voluntary actions, among which is one of the most common religious faith. In the case of the young people interviewed can be identified among the most common reasons, personal satisfaction and political option for active citizenship (which also says the same author), allowing to develop ways to collaborate with others, willingness to participate, serve, value work, commitments and in relation to the virtues that are promoted, justice, humanity and transcendence. The results in all the interviews allow us to say that there is freedom of worship and religious expression in the community, having respect for different religions and religious practices.

Young people perceive social activities and festivities are held in the community, although they believe are still few recognize that are increasing and that on several occasions they themselves that encourage and conduct.

Finally, mostly young people value their community, the friendliness of the people who are involved in the essence of neighborhood they express about Michalos (1993) argues that this outcome (friendly people) is what most people in almost every city in the world consider as the best to live in their communities. And also appreciate the quiet, still young for an issue of paramount importance is however necessary to clarify that relate with the residential area, as they mention essence of neighborhood that even perceive and appreciate (affective evaluation) in the area residential, where young people live their daily lives, separating it from the downtown area.

Young people’ perceptions of satisfaction with life in urban community (Summary)

Codes

Sub-themes

Themes

General characteristics of the community

Axis I: spaces of public action

Restaurants, cafes, clubs

Different places to meet

Various areas of public action in the community

Plaza, bars, cafes, pizzerias

Plaza, a cultural center, parks, football clubs

Several plazas, shopping, bingo halls, bars

Axis II environment

Dirty and dangerous center area for many people and the presence of brothels

Downtown area: pollution, conglomerate, dangerous, immigrants, trains and bus terminal

In general attitudes prevalent contamination in the community

Centro, dirty, noisy

The downtown area is a mess, traffic, people cars, dirt

Station-area center is terrible

Middle Area immigrants came

And here’s all good no problem

Residential District: no contamination, clean, safe, without immigrants

What is the neighborhood if (clean)

Towards better neighborhood within the

Axis III: social opportunities

Hospital S. very good and doctors

Health-Hospital S. good, but there are good medical infrastructure deficiencies

There are many diagnostic centers

Easy access, supplies, public health has good doctors

There are more jobs than in other years

Work-Existence of Labor job opportunities in the community

Many stores that are opening

It’s growing Liniers at work

Signs are seen, people are needed, many businesses are personal

Raising awareness young first job

Very good, very comfortable, you comply

Education-A good general level of educational services in the community.

Foul higher level of education.

Gardens, primary and secondary public and private

Public and private schools, you get basic

Access brothers and neighborhood priority

Missing universities, west zone is forgotten

Codes

Sub-themes

Themes

Axis IV: public services in the community

I see quite well, electricity, water, gas

Electricity, water, gas, waste collection, public transport good service

A good general level of public services in the community

Light garbage collection, water, gas well

Infinite number of collective

All services reach all

They work all right if

Services are being met

Axis V: community safety

I suffered my family has suffered assaults

Downtown area: insecurity, crime

Dominated perceptions of insecurity in the community in the downtown area

Divided into two parts crime center

Mas pickpocketing in the downtown area, shopping

Walking at night through the dangerous passages

Far from the low center insecurity

Residential district:

safe

The residential part well, I see no great

Because my neighborhood, I feel re quiet

I had a problem in 10 years

Axis VI: social organizations in the community

Chess Organizations neighborhood taekwondo, painting, building societies

Various social organizations

Existence of social organizations in the community

Cultural centers for senior citizens and neighbors

It helps the football club

Cultural center (workshops)

Specific features of the communityAxis VII: Belonging, identification and trust

Football Club captures the sense of belonging

Belonging, identification and trust

There is a sense of belonging and confidence in identifying community

I love my neighborhood and I identify trusted

I feel quite comfortable, quiet, I identified if

I’m glad my neighborhood

Axis VIII: social support, participation and collaboration

I do not see support

Low social support participation and collaboration

Attitudes predominate little social support, collaboration and community involvement

Very little, miss more uniting people

Everyone thinks of himself not only here

You start to see a little more drive

Social support, participation and collaboration

No, if the Club would not be, it would be much less than it is

New Year Festival, people like to meet

Axis IX: equity and equality in the community

It is a balanced neighborhood (economically)

Equity and equality

Predominant attitudes of fairness and equality in the community

It is almost his great average middle class

A typical middle-class neighborhood

No, not a part is very poor

Inequality

The difference is very marked

Some have a good life, economic and social

Axis X: solidarity in the community

Churches useful if you are well

Solidarity

Solidarity in the community

Dining and church to volunteer

It’s about helping the other between neighboring community

Axis XI: spirituality and religiosity in the community

There are several churches, I see places

Existence of various churches and conducting religious activities

There is freedom of worship and religious expression

Being atheist went to a Catholic school, either

Religious Activities of all kinds

In the district gets one pants comes out walks, does not want to do

If there are respected religious freedom

Axis XII: celebrating festivities or social activities in the community

Summers, murga in the square

Various celebrations

Celebrate festivals and community activities

Murgas, rock, christmas, new year

Related to football, anniversary

Feature, organize and celebrate in the square, I do not think of it in other neighborhoods

Axis XIII: the best of community living

’People/ kindness

Quiet, friendly people, mobility, football club

Friendly people and quiet are the best of the community

Tranquility (essence of neighborhood)

Miscellaneous: Transportation, Club Soccer, and friends

4.2 Rural Community

Young people see in the community, the Hall sports as the only public action space, but this is not permanently open to the public only when activities are performed either sports and/ or social, which is why we can say that the residents do not have spaces for public action and third places.

Young people agreed identified as a positive feature of their community, no contamination at a general level, the issue of the environment to the young people as part of their national life context (continuous contact with nature).

The community has a health center public free access, but has shortcomings of human and material resources, in cases of emergencies depend on surrounding communities with the highest population density. This directly influences the satisfaction with life in their community, as regards Sirgy et al. (2008) when they point out, the effect it has on quality of life, satisfaction with health care in the community, the greater is the success of the health system in their own community, the greater the satisfaction with the health system and the greater the satisfaction with personal and family health.

Young people perceive that basic education caters to the population, so does the access is open and free, yet lack in the community the opportunity to continue with higher education and/ or technical, generating its absence, forced migration, this is mostly seen when finishing high school, young people who want and can perform these studies leave their homes (migrate), often permanently by the lack of facilities that provide these capabilities, these results are consistent with those found in the work of Caputo (2002) and Román (2003) on rural Argentina really is relevant to note that migration is considered as one of the central issues related to rural young people (Caputo 2002; Román 2003; Kessler 2005; Dirven 2003; Durston 2000).

Employment is one of the issues that is of interest to young people, taking into account the life cycle traverse, they perceive serious problems that brings the lack of job opportunities and sources of employment, generating voltages (greater degree than their peers urban), as noted by Kessler (2005) between migrating or staying, between local and global identities, between seeking to study or work to survive; during interviews is perceived in them, anxiety and frustration, not only from having to and leave their land and families, but because it directly affects the identity (with themselves, with their habitat), self-concept, self-efficacy and the enormous uncertainty involved from a place you do not know if they found what they are looking for (purposes changes, opportunities, hopes, personal fulfillment, among many others), and the situation is further complicated if one takes into account the level of education they have (given the distance with their urban counterparts) and because their experiences are very different from skills demanded by urban or suburban markets work (Caputo 2000)

They perceive waste collection services, electricity services and police services as satisfactory. On the issue of drinking water, its lack is perceived as a serious problem in your community that creates conditions unsuitable life.

Young people perceive safety in their community and the tranquility characteristic related to their community, almost no crimes committed, you can move freely and with confidence throughout the community at all times.

Important valuation represents the Scout group for young people in the community is appreciated, involved young people aged 13 to about 25 years, this group allows them their own space, as it promotes interaction, support, responsibility, solidarity, entertainment within their activities can travel to other places thereby establish new links, there are also many children and young people from other nearby villages are mobilized to attend its meetings. We can say that next to the church group, are the most numerous in terms of young people participation and acceptance, with the above noted that young people perceive the presence of social organizations in your community that provide various forms of support for habitants.

The results show that young people perceive that there is a sense of belonging, identification and trust, most analyzed interviews show a deep appreciation for their community (emotional and affective valuation connection), identify with it and trust, agreeing with those reported by Tajfel (1984) on the social identity, as that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of belonging to a social group, together with the evaluative and emotional meaning associated with it. Therefore, in accordance with Maya Jariego (2009), identification with the community regarding the saved community satisfaction, promotes relations with neighbors and enhances the perception of control over the environment.

The results confirm that young people perceive attitudes of social support, participation and collaboration in the community. These results relate to the social and solidarity organizations as social interaction with members of these constitutes a potential source of support, being obtainable resources, information, support, resulting in a feeling of belonging and integration to the wider community, which impacts on personal and social well-being , this axis appreciates the need for strengths and virtues for development and justice, humanity and courage. This axis ratio is most evident in the case of rural communities compared to urban, because in it, while social interaction is absent in public and/ or third places, if there is a recognition of who is who among the people, a common feature in rural areas, allowing more quickly identify as social organizations, eg impact on participation and social support.

Predominant attitudes of fairness and equality in the community, young people cannot find or social situations, or where economic differences are marked, being a rural community facilitates the visibility and awareness of all inhabitants, not perceived injustices same as for opportunities and access to education, health and work with the community that counts.

We can say that young people perceive their community solidarity, because there are help centers, initiatives to support people in difficult times: as seen in the urban community, the churches play a vital role in the collaboration, solidarity and helping others, we also include the Scout group again as an organization that promotes solidarity, the importance of the Scout group in the young, it may lie in what Durston (1998) calls intergenerational solidarity and its relevance to rural life this becomes the mutual aid among young people that builds in their daily relationships is often essential, while households are characterized by not being democratic or give much independence to young people.

As in the case of the urban community, the results in all the interviews allow us to say that there is freedom of worship and religious expression in the community, showing respect for different religions and religious practices.

From the perception of young people, the community celebrates festivals and performs various social activities during the interviews it was observed that are social, sporting and folkloric activities, which generate more enthusiasm in young people, most of them performed in the Hall sports

The vast majority of the stories say final issue tranquility, deriving from the security community, this coincides with studies on rural communities, which given the characteristics of these contexts characteristics these issues are representative and highly valued by inhabitants.

Young people’s perceptions of satisfaction with life in rural community (Summary)

Codes

Sub-themes

Themes

General characteristics of the community

Axis I: spaces of public action

There are very few places here

Few places to meet

Importance of Sports Hall, as the only public space community action

No places like

But elsewhere as well as to meet no

Are quite limited places there

A party, an event, but in the sports hall

SportsHall

Salon sports, where events are the place most people concur

Sports hall, is the only thing

Here the only place in the sports hall

Axis II Environment

Good air quality

Without contamination

The contamination not as community property

Is too good here

Fairly clean

I consider good

Overall is good, clean

Axis III: social opportunities

You do need doctors (specialties)

Health-free access and free. Deficiencies of human and material resources, depend on another city

Missing things (instruments, drugs)

No doctors on call

Emergency deliveries or take you to another city

We, the garden, primary and secondary (good)

Education Free and open-access, supplies.

Lack of higher level, generates forced migration

Covers, does not lack anyone come (come from other towns)

Be nice to have a tertiary (college, careers)

After high school to go, you have to go outside

Would be nice to stay here to study more comfort for them

No work (very poor)

Work absence of employment opportunities, lack of jobs, generates forced migration. More opportunities for men

People go out to find work,

If you have no education, you do not manage

The man have more chance of getting a job than women

Companies, factories (no negative impact drinking water) is required

Survive-it odd jobs (short papers), masonry, hunting, guest houses, and/ or social state plans

Codes

Sub-themes

Themes

Axis IV: public services in the community

We do not have running water (potable)

Without drinking water or natural gas

Lack of potable water and natural gas

Waste collection services and good electricity

Water, have no bad affects in summer

Natural-Gas have not only carafe

-Transportation (only middle distance) to nearby towns and cities

Electricity works well

Garbage collection without problems Police Service, either

Waste collection and good police service

Axis V: community safety

Quiet nothing happens, honest people

Security

Security as community property

Rarely stolen, you can ride quiet

You leave out things nobody grabs

No danger of anything

There are not criminals, murder, rape, drugs are not the shots

Axis VI: social organizations in the community

Caritas, Catholic and Evangelical church, scouts, explorers

Social organizations

Existence of social organizations in the community

There are some associations that are always together

Caritas, the nuns help much

The municipality also helps a lot

Specific features of the community

Axis VII: belonging, identification and trust

Yes, I’m born and raised here, I like

Belonging, identification and trust

There is a sense of belonging and confidence in identifying community

I think it would not change my community

Until now opening possibilities, study here, work will not have to go

If given the choice I choose a thousand times

I am part, I want it (your community)

Axis VIII: social support, participation and collaboration

Pretty good people involved

Social support Participation and collaboration

Predominant attitudes of social support, collaboration and community involvement

There is a lot of support from them

Most latches involved

If you sometimes could support more

Low social support participation and collaboration

No, very few people involved only when there are activities

Axis IX: equity and equality in the community

Today all equitable

Equity and equality

Predominate attitudes on gender equity and equality in the community

If I believe that if there is equality

Everything is good, no equality, justice can be

There are contrasts do not have all the same

Inequality, inequity

Equal-no, no discrimination

If you’re poor you nasty looks

Axis X: solidarity in the community

Is supportive if

Solidarity

Solidarity in the community

There was a fire, helped a lot

If you think that if people outside you will receive will aid, opportunities

To donate to the school or church

To help may be the hospital, municipality

Axis XI: spirituality and Religiosity in the community

Perform religious activities Masses

Performing religious activities

There is freedom of worship and religious expression

They have meetings, go on retreat

Celebrate festivities

Any express his feelings

Freedom of religious expression

Yes, I have my evangelical religion is respected

There is freedom, non-discrimination

Axis XII: Celebrating festivities or social activities in the community

Fairs and social parties, domas (2 times per year)

Celebration

Celebrating holidays and/ or activities

Dance in the sports/ football

San Pedro, Mother’s Day, Flag Day

Jineteadas, people engage

Axis XIII: the best of community living

Tranquility

Tranquility

Tranquility offered by the community

It is quiet, we all know each

Quiet, safe living

Peace, peace, security

Tranquility, we are not exposed to hazards

4.3 Results of the Two Communities.

General characteristics of the community

Sub-dimension

Urban C

Rural C

Spaces of public action

Diverse spaces

Only hall sports space

Environment

Pollution focused in the downtown area

Without contamination

Social Opportunities health

Public services and public health

Deficiencies of human and material resources

Education

Education opportunities

Basic education supplies, lack colleges, migration generates

Work

Career opportunities

Lack of employment opportunities, generates migration

Public services

Efficient

No water or gas service

Community safety

Insecurity focused in the downtown area

Security

Social organizations

Existence of various organizations

Existence of social organizations

Specific features of the community

Belonging, identification and trust

There is a sense of belonging, identification and trust

There is a sense of belonging, identification and trust

Social support, participation and collaboration

Low social support, participation and collaboration

Social support, participation and collaboration

Equity and equality

Equity and equality is perceived

Equity and equality is perceived

Solidarity

Solidarity is perceived

Solidarity is perceived

Spirituality and Religiosity

Freedom of religion and religious expression

Freedom of religion and religious expression

Celebrating festivities or social activities

Festivities are celebrated and social activities take place

Festivities are celebrated and social activities take place

The best of community living

Friendly people

Tranquillity

5 Conclusions

In qualitative studies, the researcher has a challenge, the mission of capturing the world of people under study in the best way, ie subjectivity, emotions, the ways in describing and experiencing events, the ways they apprehend reality; requiring this active listening, reflection, relationship of empathy and constant evaluation to describe these processes.

In this research, the methodology used and favored place allowed everyday life of young people as a basic research stage in different contexts of life , both rural and urban was essential. What allowed the understanding of the meaning and significance that young people give satisfaction with life in their communities (key in the study of quality of life issues), in the case of rural areas, they perceived little satisfaction with community life derived from material deprivation (social welfare), in the case of urban areas, they perceived satisfaction with life in their community.

The methodological proposal of thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke (2006) is a rigorous, systematic and efficient way to process qualitative information, as demanded clarity on the conceptual framework, it relies on the subjective meaning that young actors have in the action, also their experience was expressed in the study, these were captured and transcribed as text, and the consistency between subjects who demanded that the researcher builds and experience brought by young people were implied in this research.

The proposal notes that the authors highlights the continuous work the researcher followed with the data and showed that the process was carried out for understanding and interpretation the satisfaction with life young people feel in the communities where they live (rural/urban) . Thus the thematic analysis is widely recommended in qualitative studies on quality of life in different populations and contexts.