Abstract
This chapter introduces and describes a typology of policy instruments that has a dual purpose. It serves (1) as a conceptual tool for integrating the findings of the different studies that were part of our inter-and transdisciplinary research and (2) as a useful frame of reference for political actors when choosing appropriate sets of instruments for policy strategies. The instruments we have included in the typology focus on the ecological dimension of sustainability; they are applied primarily to promote environmentally responsible action. However we believe that the five basic types of instruments — command and control instruments economic instruments service and infrastructure instruments collaborative agreements and communication and diffusion instruments — are of a general character that would allow for the inclusion of specific groups of instruments for promoting economic and social sustainability. Future work will tackle the issue of complementing the typology so that it covers the full range of instruments available for promoting all three dimensions of sustainable development. The chapter consists of five sections.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aronson, E. and O’Leary, M. (1983) The relative effectiveness of models and prompts on energy conservation: A field experiment in a shower room.Journal of Environmental Systems12: 219–224.
Bachmann, W. and Katzev, R. (1982) The effects of non-contingent free bus tickets and personal commitment on urban bus ridership.Transportation Research 16A: 103–108.
Baltes, M.M. and Haywood, S.C. (1976) Application and evaluation of strategies to reduce pollution: Behavioral control of littering in a football stadium.Journal of Applied Psychology62: 501–506.
Balthasar, A. and Knöpfel, C. (1994) Umweltpolitik und technische Entwicklung. Eine politikwissenschaftliche Evaluation am Beispiel der Heizungen. Helbing and Lichtenhahn, Basel.
Bandura, A. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice-Hall, Englewoods Cliffs, NJ.
Bättig, Ch. (2001) Fallstudie Evaluation der Verbrauchszielwerte, Fallstudie in Netzwerkmanagment als neues Instrument der Umweltpolitik. Interface, Luzern;in prep.
Baumol, W.J. and Oates, W.E. (1993) The theory of environmental policy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Bemelmans-Videc, M.-L., Rist, R.C. and Vedung E. (eds.) (1998) Carrots, sticks and sermons. Policy instruments and their evaluation. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
BFE/Bundesamt für Energie (1998a) Freiwillige Massnahmen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Vereinbarungen. Internes Arbeitsdokument BFE, Januar 1998, Bern.
BFE/Bundesamt für Energie (1998b) Organisation und Vollzug des Energiegesetzes und Zusammenarbeit mit Externen (OVE). Internes Arbeitsdokument BFE, Juni 1998, Bern.
Bohm, P. and Russel, C.S. (1985) Comparative analysis of alternative policy instruments. In:Handbook in natural resource and energy economics, Kneese, A.V. and Sweeney, J.L. (eds), North Holland.
Burn, S.M. (1991) Social psychology and the stimulation of recycling behaviors: The block leader approach.Journal of Applied Social Psychology21: 611–629.
Burn, S.M. and Oskamp, S. (1986) Increasing community recycling with persuasive communication and public commitment.Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16: 29–41.
Christainsen, G.B. and Tietenberg, T.H. (1985) Distributional and macroeconomic aspects of environmental policy. In: Handbook in natural resource and energy economics, Kneese, A.V. and Sweeney, J.L. (eds), North Holland.
Cialdini, R.B., Reno, R.R. and Kallgren, C.A. (1990) A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58: 1015–1026.
Dahme, J. and Grunow, D. (1983) Implementation persuasiver Programme. In: Implementation politischer Programme II, Mayntz, R. (ed.), Westdeutscher Verlag GmbH, Opladen.
De Clercq, M. (1996) The implementation of green taxes: The Belgian Experience. In: Environmental taxes and charges. National experiences and plans, The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working conditions (eds.), Luxembourg.
Decurtins, G.-A. (1992) Die rechtliche Stellung der Behörde im Abstimmungskampf. Universitätsverlag, Freiburg (Schweiz).
Dente, B. (ed.) (1995) Environmental policy in search of new instruments. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
Diamond, W.D. and Loewy, B.Z. (1991) Effects of probabilistic rewards on recycling attitudes and behavior.Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21: 1590–1607.
Doern, B.C. and Phidd, R.W. (1983) Canadian public policy. Ideas, structure, process. Methuen, Toronto.
Dwyer, W.O., Leeming, F.C., Cobern, M.K., Porter, B.E. and Jackson, J.M. (1993) Critical review of behavioral interventions to preserve the environment. Research since 1980. Environment and Behavior 25/3: 275–321.
ECONCEPT and IPSO (1997) Evaluation energiepolitisch motivierter Steuererleichterungen. Studie für das Schweizer Bundesamt für Energie im Rahmen der Evaluation des Aktionsprogramms Energie 2000, Zürich und Dübendorf.
ECOPLAN (1993) Abwasserabgabe für die Schweiz — Lenkung, Finanzierung und Ausgleich in der Abwasserent-sorgung. Schriftenreihe Umwelt, Nr. 203. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern.
Everett, P.B., Hayward, S.C. and Meyers, A.W. (1974) The effects of a token reinforcement procedure on bus ridership.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis7: 1–9.
Gardner, G.T. and Stern, P.C. (1996) Environmental problems and human behavior. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Geller, E.S. (1987) Applied behavior analysis and environmental psychology— From strange bedfellows to a productive marriage. In: Handbook of environmental psychology, Stokols, D. and Altmann, I. (eds.), John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Geller, E.S. (1989) Applied behavior analysis and social marketing: An integration for environmental preservation.Journal of Social Issues 45: 17–36.
Geller, E.S., Winett, R.A. and Everett P.B. (1982) Preserving the environment. New Strategies for behavior change. Pergamon Press, New York.
Glasbergen, P. (ed.) (1998) Co-operative environmental governance. Public-private agreements as a policy strategy. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Gonzales, M.H., Aronson, E. and Costanzo, M.A. (1988) Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment.Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18: 1049–1066.
Grossman, D. and DeGaetano, G. (1999) Stop teaching our kids to kill: A call to action against TV, movie and video game violence. Crown, New York.
Gutscher, H., Keller, C. and Mosier, H.-J. (2000): Roads as new common pool resources, speed reduction as a public good — 2 case studies in organizing large-scale collective action. Available: CD: 8th Biennial conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Online in the WWW at: <http://129.79.82.27/IASCP/Papers/gutscherh041300.pdf>
Haefeli, U., Matti, D. and Seewer, U. (2000) Die Sanierung und Umgestaltung der Seftigenstrasse. Auswirkungen auf Lebensqualität und Einkaufsverhalten der Nutzerinnen (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Langsamverkehrs und der Ertragssituation des Detailhandels). Schlussbericht der Wirkungsanalyse. IKAO, GIUB, Universität Bern.
Hardin, G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons.Science 162: 1243–1248.
Hasler, P.D. and Wälti, M. (1999) Machbarkeitsstudie Autohaltestellen. büro für utopien, Markwalder und Partner AG, Burgdorf.
Hood, C. (1983) The tools of government. MacMillan, London.
Hopper, J.R. and Nielsen, J.M. (1991) Recycling as altruistic behavior: Normative and behavioral strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program.Environment and Behavior 23:195–220.
Ingold, P. (1999) Freizeitaktivitäten und Naturschutz.Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern Neue Folge 56: 77–158.
Ingram, A. and Schneider, H. (1990) Improving implementation through framing smarter statutes.Journal of Public Policy 10/1:333–356.
IEA/International Energy Agency (1989) Energy and the environment: Policy overview. OECD, IEA, Paris.
IEA/International Energy Agency (1997) Voluntary actions for energy-related CO2abatement. OECD, Paris.
Jacobs, H.E. and Bailey, J.S. (1982–1983) Evaluating participation in a residential recycling program.Jour-nal of Environmental Systems, 12:141–152.
Jänicke, M. and Weidner, H. (eds.) (1995) Successful environmental policy. Rainer Bohn Verlag, Berlin.
Jänicke, M., Kunig, P. and Stitze, M. (1999) Umweltpolitik. Politik, Recht und Management des Umweltschutzes in Staat und Unternehmen. Dietz, Bonn.
Jeanrenaud, C. (1997) Economic instruments for environmental policy. In:Environmental policy between regulation and market, Jeanrenaud, C. (ed.), Birkhäuser, Basel.
Jepson, C. and Chaiken, S. (1990) Chronic issue-specific fear inhibits systematic processing of persuasive communications.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 5: 61–84.
Kantola, S.J., Syme, G.J. and Campbell, N.A. (1984) Cognitive dissonance and energy conservation. Journal of Applied Psychology 69/3:416–421.
Katzev, R.D. and Pardini, A.U. (1987–1988) The comparative effectiveness of reward and commitment ap-proaches in motivating community recycling.Journal of Environmental Systems 17: 93–113.
Kaufmann, F.-X. and Rosewitz, B. (1983) Typisierung und Klassifikation politischer Massnahmen. In: Implementation politischer Programme II. Ansätze zur Theoriebildung, Mayntz, R. (ed.), Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen.
Kaufmann-Hayoz, R., Häuselmann, C. and Gessner, W. (1996) “Eco-Design” — die wahrnehmungspsy-chologische Erweiterung eines technischen Konzepts. In: Naturbilder. Ökologische Kommunikation zwischen Ästhetik und Moral. Themenhefte zum Schwerpunktprogramm Umwelt, Lesch, W. (ed.), Birkhäuser, Basel.
Kirchgässner, G. (1997) Environmental policy in Switzerland: Methods, results, problems and challenges. In: Economic policy in Switzerland, Bacchetta, P. and Wasserfallen, W. (eds.), Macmillan Press, Houndmills.
Klok, P.J. (1995) A classification of instruments for environmental economic policy. In: Environmental policy in search of new instruments, Dente, B. (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Kobi, F., Künzler, P. and Dietiker, J. (1995) Das Berner Modell — Die angebotsorientierte Verkehrspla-nung als Instrument zur Reduktion der Umweltbelastungen durch den Verkehr.VDI Berichte 1228: 195–215.
Kohlhaas, M. and Praetorius, B. (1994) Selbstverpflichtungen der Industrie zur CO2-Reduktion. Sonderheft 152. Deutsches Institut zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Berlin.
Kok, G. and Siero, S. (1985) Tin recycling: Awareness, comprehension, attitude, intention and behavior.Journal of Economic Psychology 6: 157–173.
König, K. and Dose, N. (1993) Instrumente und Formen staatlichen Handelns. Carl Heymanns Verlag, Köln.
Kotler, P. (1978) Marketing für Nonprofitorganisationen. Poeschel, Stuttgart.
Kotler, P. and Roberto, E. (1991) Social marketing. Econ, Düsseldorf.
Leventhal, H. (1970) Findings and theory in the study of fear communications. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 5, Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Academic Press, New York.
Ligteringen, J.J. (1999) The feasibility of Dutch environmental policy instruments. Decreasing the environmental impact of households. Twente University Press, Enschede.
Linder, S.H. and Peters, G.B. (1989) Instruments of government. Perceptions and contexts. Journal of Public Policy 9/1: 35–58
Lohman, L.d.S. (1994) Economic incentives in environmental policy: Why are they white ravens? In: Economic incentives and environmental policies: Principles and practice, Opschoor, J.B. and Turner, R.K. (eds), Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
Mayntz, R. (1980) Implementation politischer Programme: Empirische Forschungsberichte. Verlagsgruppe Athenäum Hain Scriptor Hanstein, Königstein/Ts.
Mayntz, R. (1983) Implementation politischer Programme II. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen.
McDonnell, L.M. and Elmore, R.F. (1987) Alternative policy instruments. Center for Policy Research in Education, Santa Monica.
McKenzie-Mohr, D. and Smith, W. (1999) Fostering sustainable behavior. An introduction to community-based social marketing. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island B.C.
Midden, C.J., Meter, J.E., Weening, M.H. and Zieverink, H.J. (1983) Using feedback reinforcement and information to reduce energy consumption in households: A field experiment.Journal of Economic Psychology 3: 65–86.
Mosier, H.-J. and Gutscher, H. (1998) Umweltpsychologische Interventionsformen für die Praxis.Umweltpsychologie2: 64–79.
Mosier, H.-J. and Gutscher, H. Der Einsatz von Selbstverbreitungs-und Interventionsinstrumenten bei einer Energiesparaktion;in prep.
Müller, M. (1995) Staatliche Empfehlungen. Gedanken zu Rechtscharakter und Grundrechtsrelevanz. Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches Recht I:357–405
Nützi, P. (1995) Rechtsfragen verhaltenslenkender staatlicher Information: Strukturen, Zulässigkeit, Haftung. Verlag Stämpfli, Bern.
OECD/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1994) Managing the environment. The role of economic instruments. OECD, Paris.
OECD/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1997a) Environmental taxes and green tax reform. OECD, Paris.
OECD/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1997b) Evaluating economic instruments for environmental policy. OECD, Paris.
OECD/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1999) Voluntary approaches for environmental policy: An assessment. OECD, Paris
O’Keefe, D.J. (1990) Persuasion. Theory and research. Sage, Newbury Park.
Pallak, M.S. and Cummings, W. (1976) Commitment and voluntary energy conservation.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2: 27–30.
Pallak, M.S., Cook, D.A. and Sullivan, J.J. (1980) Commitment and energy conservation.Applied social psychology annual 1: 235–253.
Pardini, A.U. and Katzev, R.D. (1983–1984) The effect of strength of commitment on newspaper recycling.Journal of Environmental Systems 13: 245–254.
Pfenninger, H. (1996) Rechtliche Aspekte des informellen Verwaltungshandelns: Verwaltungshandeln durch informell-konsensuale Kooperation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Umweltschutzrechts. Universitätsverlag, Freiburg (Schweiz).
Pigou, A.C. (1952) The economics of welfare, fourth edition. MacMillan, London
Prose, F., Kupfer, D. and Hübner, G. (1994) Social Marketing und Klimaschutz. In: Gesellschaftliche Aspekte von Klimaveränderungen, Fischer, W. and Schutz, H. (eds.), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich.
Prose, F. and Wortmann, K. (1992) “Negawatt statt Megawatt”: Eine Energiesparlampen-Aktion. In: Jahrbuch Ökologie, Altner, G., Mettler-Meibom, B., Simonis, U.E. and v. Weizäcker, E.U. (eds.), Beck’sche Reihe, München.
Rennings, K., Brockmann, K.L., Koschel, H., Bergmann, H. and Kühn, I. 1997) Nachhaltigkeit, Ordnungspolitik und freiwillige Selbstverpflichtung, Umwelt-und Ressourcenökonomie. Schriftenreihe für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg.
Reno, R.R., Cialdini, R.B. and Kallgren, C.A. (1993) The transsituational influence of social norms.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64: 104–112.
Rothstein, R.N. (1980) Television feedback used to modify gasoline consumption.Behavior Therapy 11: 683–688.
Sabatier, P.A. and Pelkey, N. (1987) Incorporating multiple actors and guidance instruments into models of regulatory policymaking. An advocacy coalition framework.Administration and Society 19/2:236–292.
SAEFL/Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests, and Landscape (1997) Sustainable development in Switzerland: Strategy of the Federal Council. SAEFL, Bern.
Salamon, L.M. (1989) Beyond privatization. The tools of government action. The Urban Institute Press, Washington.
Schweizerische Bundeskanzlei (ed.) (1987) Geschäftsbericht des Bundesrates. Eidgenössische Drucksachen-und Materialzentrale EDMZ, Bern.
SFSO/Swiss Federal Statistics Office and SAEFL/Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (1997) The environment in Switzerland 1997 — Facts, Figures, Perspectives. SFSO and SAEFL, Bern. Online in the WWW: <http://wwwbuwal.ch/e/themen/umwelt>.
Skinner, B.F. (1969) Contingency and reinforcement. A theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
Smith, E.R. and Mackie, D.M. (2000) Social psychology, 2nd edition. Psychology Press, Philadelphia. Stavins, R.B. (2000) Experience with market-based environmental policy Instruments. In:Handbook of environmental economics, Mäler, K.-G. and Vincent, J. (eds.), North-Holland;forthcoming.
Stern, P.C. (2000a) Psychology and the science of human-environment interaction.American Psychologist55/5: 523–530.
Stern, P.C. (2000b) Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior.Journal of Social Issues56/3: 407–424.
Tiefbauamt des Kantons. Bern, Oberingenieurkreis II (2000) Erfolgskontrolle bei Strassenbauprojekten am Beispiel der Seftigenstrasse (Köniz). Verkehrs-und umwelttechnische Auswirkungen und Überprüfung der Instrumente des Berner Modells. Arbeitspapier. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Planungsbüro Jürg Dietiker, Windisch, Künzler Bossen und Partner GmbH, Bern.
Tietenberg, T.H. (1990) Economic instruments for environement regulation.Oxford Review of Eoconomic Policy 6/1:17–33.
Trebilcock, M.J., Hartle, D.G., Prichard, J.R.S., and Dewees, D.N. (1994) The choice of governing instruments. A study prepared for the Economic Council of Canada. Canadian Government Publishing Center, Ottawa.
Turner, K. and Oschor, H. (1994) Environmental economics and environmental policy instruments: Introduction and overview. In: Economic incentives and environmental policies: Principles and practice, Opschoor, J.B. and Turner, R.K. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
Ulli-Beer, S. and Haefeli, U. (1999) Evaluation der LEM-Partnerschaftsprojekte des Grossversuchs mit Leicht-und Elektromobilen in Mendrisio. Bericht über die Bevölkerungsbefragung 1997/1998 und 1999. Teil B: Auswertung und Analyse. IKAO, Universität Bern.
Vallender, K.A. (1990) Ziele und Instrumente des Schweizerischen Umweltrechts. In: Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Mario M. Pedrazzini Stämpfli and Cie, Bern.
Varone, F. (1998) Le choix des instruments des politiques publiques. Haupt, Bern.
Vedung, E. (1998) Policy instruments: Typologies and theories. In: Carrots, sticks and sermons. Policy instruments and their evaluation, Bemelmans-Videc, M.-L., Rist, R.C. and Vedung, E. (eds.), Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J.
Vedung, E. and van der Doelen, F.C.J. (1998) The sermon: Information programs in the public policy prosess — choice, effects, and evaluation. In: Carrots, sticks and sermons. Policy instruments and their evaluation, Bemelmans-Videc, M.-L., Rist, R.C. and Vedung, E. (eds.), Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, N.J.
Wagstaff, M.C. and Wilson, B.E. (1988) The evaluation of litter behavior in a river environment.Journal of Environmental Education 20: 39–44.
Wang, T.H. and Katzev, R.D. (1990) Group commitment and resource conservation: Two field experiments on promoting recycling.Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20: 265–275.
Weber, M. (1904) Die Objektivität sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer Erkenntnis.Zitiert nach:Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, Tübingen, 3. Edition, 1968: 146–214.
Winett, R.A., Hatcher, J.W., Fort, T.R., Leckliter, I.N., Love, S.Q., Riley, A.W. and Fishback, J.F. (1982) The effects of videotape modeling and daily feedback on residential electricity conservation, home temperature and humidity, perceived comfort, and clothing worn: Winter and summer.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 15: 381–402.
Winett, R.A., Leckliter, I.N., Chinn, D.E., Stahl, B. and Love, S.Q. (1985) Effects of television modeling on residential energy conservation.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 18: 33–44.
Witmer, J.F. and Geller, E.S. (1976) Facilitating paper recycling: Effects of prompts, raffles, and contests.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis9: 315–322.
Zimbardo, P.G. and Leippe, M.R. (1991) The psychology of attitude change and social influence. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaufmann-Hayoz, R. et al. (2001). A Typology of Tools for Building Sustainability Strategies. In: Kaufmann-Hayoz, R., Gutscher, H. (eds) Changing Things — Moving People. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8314-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8314-6_3
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-6252-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8314-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive