Abstract
This Introduction situates Power, Crime and Mystification within the academic context of critical criminology which had emerged in the early 1970s, a movement that Steven Box himself had helped to kick start with the publication in 1971 of another seminal text, Deviance, Reality and Society. Power, Crime and Mystification was published in 1983, the profound, conjectural moment of Margaret Thatcher’s second general election victory representing what Stuart Hall called ‘the great moving right show’, and its consolidation and legitimation through what Hall termed ‘authoritarian populism’. The chapter considers this moment and the intellectual and political developments underpinning the book’s publication. Second, the chapter explores the substance of the book itself and the gauntlet it threw down not just to what Jock Young called ‘establishment criminology’, and to liberalism more generally, but also to the myopia in critical criminology itself, particularly with respect to feminist work which Box foregrounds in the book. Finally, the chapter analyses the relevance of Box’s work today, both for critical criminology and for the broader debates around the repressive and violent authoritarian, state power imposed into the lives of the poor and powerless while the rampant criminality of the powerful remains, as ever, unregulated and unpoliced. This, in turn, raises questions about democratic accountability and social justice which were central concerns of the book in 1983 and which remain key political issues in the twenty-first century in a social world deeply divided by the lacerating social divisions of social class, gender, ‘race’ sexuality, age and ability/disability.
Le Guin (2014).
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Notes
- 1.
This phrase was used by Luke Harding in an obituary for the poet Heathcote Williams so while Harding was not talking about Box specifically the phrase seemed appropriate to what he was attempting in PCM (Harding 2017).
- 2.
We have paraphrased Tom Nairn here who talked about the ‘sociology of grovelling’ regarding the response of some sociologists to the Coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 (Nairn 1988: 115–120).
- 3.
Gouldner had used the term ‘technicians of the welfare state’ (Hall and Scraton 1981: 464).
- 4.
Along with Carol Smart’s Women, Crime and Criminology, these texts included: Jock Young’s The Drugtakers; Steven Box’s Deviance, Reality and Society; Stan Cohen’s Images of Deviance; Stan Cohen’s Folk Devils and Moral Panics; Stan Cohen and Laurie Taylor’s Psychological Survival; Ian Taylor and Laurie Taylor’s Politics and Deviance; Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young’s The New Criminology; Thomas Mathiesen’s The Politics of Abolition; Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young’s Critical Criminology; Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish; Douglas Hay, Peter Linebaugh, John Rule, E.P. Thompson and Carl Rule’s Albion’s Fatal Tree; Geoff Pearson’s The Deviant Imagination; Susan Brownmiller’s Against Our Will; Pat Carlen’s Magistrates’ Justice; Frank Pearce’s Crimes of the Powerful; Mike Fitzgerald’s Prisoners in Revolt; Steve Chibnall’s Law and Order News; Carol Smart and Barry Smart’s Women, Sexuality and Social Control; Mick Ryan’s The Acceptable Pressure Group; Michael Ignatieff’s A Just Measure of Pain; Mike Fitzgerald and Joe Sim’s British Prisons; the National Deviancy Conference’s Capitalism and the Rule of Law and Rebecca and Russell Dobash’s Violence Against Wives (cited in Monk and Sim 2017: 1).
- 5.
Ironically, given what has since transpired with Brexit, Thatcher said of the European Union: ‘We are in, and we are in to stay’ (Thatcher 1983).
- 6.
For further discussion on critical pedagogy and Box see Drake and Scott, this volume.
- 7.
This is a quote from Marx used by Stuart Hall in an ITV documentary, Karl Marx and Marxism, first broadcast on 15 October 1983 (Hall 1983).
- 8.
From the song The Earth Dies Screaming by UB40.
- 9.
Paul Gilroy used this phrase in his brilliant 2019 Holberg Lecture: ‘Never Again: Refusing Race and Salvaging the Human’. While he was not talking about the virus it seemed to us to sum up what has been happening in terms of understanding its origins and impact (Gilroy 2019).
- 10.
At the time of writing, July 2023, the ongoing Undercover Policing Inquiry (https://www.ucpi.org.uk/) released state documents showing how grassroots organizations regarded as ‘subversive’ were kept under surveillance and infiltrated by Special Branch agents including the campaign to achieve justice for Stephen Lawrence murdered in a racist attack in 1993. Those working for democratically elected organizations such as the Greater London Council were also kept under surveillance See Special Branch report entitled Political Extremism and the Campaign for Police Accountability within the Metropolitan Police District—Undercover Policing Inquiry ucpi.org.uk. There were further revelations in June 2023 into the failings of the police investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, this time with regard to the identification of the ‘sixth suspect’ and the failure of the police to pursue clear lines of inquiry.
- 11.
This is the campaigning slogan used by the charity INQUEST which, in many ways, sums up the goals of these different campaigns. See inquest.org.uk.
- 12.
Thanks to Steve Tombs for the references and for discussing the complexities involved in this issue with us.
- 13.
Thanks to Steve Tombs for discussing this point with us.
- 14.
Coincidently, this phrase was also used by the late Eric Allison in a Guardian article written in 2007 which we rediscovered after writing this section (Allison 2007).
- 15.
It would be interesting to add up, and audit, all of the research funds and grants that traditional criminology has had poured into it since Box wrote PCM, never mind beforehand to arrive at a global sum. And then the question becomes: who has benefitted from such largesse given the abject state of criminal justice systems around the world?
- 16.
From the song It’s All Right Ma (I’m Only Bleeding) by Bob Dylan.
- 17.
At the time of writing, the resurgence of a ‘tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’ rhetoric in the Labour Party gives us little hope that we will see ‘clear red water’ (Sim 2000) between the current Sunak administration and any future government led by Keir Starmer. Rather than looking for responses to the social harms of the Conservative government, or searching for inspiration in socialist ethics and politics, the Labour Party is peddling a disciplinarian crackdown on a society that it portrays as a ‘criminal dystopia where people are unable to go out at night and youths huddle ominously in parks and public areas getting high and menacing the public’ (Malik 2023).
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to Steve Tombs for reading an earlier draft of this chapter and for his encouragement and his usual insightful comments and to Sam Fletcher and Will McGowan for the excellent discussions about the nature of contemporary state power. Also thank you to Raj Harrison, Learning and Teaching Librarian at the Open University, for his help in compiling the reviews of PCM discussed above in the section PCM: Reception and Reviews.
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Gordon Scott, D., Sim, J. (2023). Steven Box: A ‘Realist of a Larger Reality’. In: Scott, D.G., Sim, J. (eds) Demystifying Power, Crime and Social Harm. Critical Criminological Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46213-9_1
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