Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Standards for Structure in Clinical Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Current and Future Trends in Health and Medical Informatics

Part of the book series: Studies in Computational Intelligence ((SCI,volume 1112))

Abstract

Research commonly agrees on the importance of case conceptualisation within clinical therapeutic approaches; however, it has also been largely acknowledged that there is a lack of evidence measuring the reliability and quality within this initial stage. A review of the literature complicates suggestions by presenting how case conceptualisation covers a variety of different clinical therapeutic approaches, all holding their own belief system and theoretical concepts for assessment. Examining the various procedural aspects currently being used by both experienced and novice clinical therapists, this chapter seeks to ask, could there be a benefit to clinical outcome in relation to measurability and effectiveness if there was an opportunity to implement set guidelines that offer standards for structure in clinical therapy? Results evaluating the effectiveness of assessment skills showed how current routines can be based on clinical therapists' resources and motivation. Therefore, such approaches have allowed for varying outcomes due to multidimensional causation. Findings not only support but encourage the inclusion of set guidelines, indicating it to be fundamental to ensuring high-quality, comprehensive clinical therapy. The implementation of a uniquely designed standardised process, embedded with health and medical informatics within template design, could provide new insights needed to close the gaps in the current knowledge base.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A.A. Aarts, C.L. Witteman, P.M. Souren, J.I. Egger, Associations between psychologists’ thinking styles and accuracy on a diagnostic classification task. Synthese 189(S1), 119–130 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-012-0081-3

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Bakken, C.M. Ruland, Translating clinical informatics interventions into routine clinical care: how can the RE-AIM framework help? J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc.: JAMIA 16(6), 889–897 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M3085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. E. Balogh, B.T. Miller, J. Ball, Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care, Improving diagnosis in health care. vol. xxvii (The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2015), 444p

    Google Scholar 

  4. P. Benner, R.G. Hughes, M. Sutphen, Clinical reasoning, decision making, and action: thinking critically and clinically, in Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses, ed. by R.G. Hughes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328745

  5. E.J. Betan, J.L. Binder, Clinical expertise in psychotherapy: how expert therapists use theory in generating case conceptualizations and interventions. J. Contemp. Psychother. 40(3), 141–152 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-010-9138-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J.T. Bonow, A. Maragakis, W.C. Follette, The challenge of developing a universal case conceptualization for functional analytic psychotherapy. Int. J. Behav. Consult. Ther. 7(2–3), 2–8 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J.F. Boswell, Psychotherapy integration: Research, practice, and training at the leading edge. J. Psychother. Integr. 27(2), 225–235 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. F.M. Bos, L. van der Krieke, M. Wichers, R. Bruggeman, E. Snippe, Ecological momentary assessment as a clinical tool in psychiatry: promises, pitfalls, and possibilities. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 65(1):54–59 (2023)

    Google Scholar 

  9. T. Care, A Case Study in the Treatment Approaches and Outcomes of Adjustment Disorder (Rowan University, New Jersey, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. Challoner, F. Papayianni, Evaluating the role of formulation in counselling psychology: a systematic literature review. Eur. J. Counsell. Psychol. 7(1), 47–68 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v7i1.146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. L.A. Clark, B. Cuthbert, R. Lewis-Fernández, W.E. Narrow, G.M. Reed, Three approaches to understanding and classifying mental disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria (rdoc). Psychol. Sci. Pub. Interest 18(2), 72–145 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100617727266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. A.E. Coyne, M.J. Constantino, H.J. Muir, Therapist responsivity to patients' early treatment beliefs and psychotherapy process. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill) 56(1), 11–15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000200

  13. M.H. da Fonseca, F. Kovaleski, C.T. Picinin, B. Pedroso, P. Rubbo, E-health practices and technologies: a systematic review from 2014 to 2019. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 9(9), 1192 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Dash, S.K. Shakyawar, M. Sharma, S. Kaushik, Big data in healthcare: management, analysis and future prospects. J. Big Data 6(1) (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0217-0

  15. T. Davenport, R. Kalakota, The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthcare J. 6(2), 94–98 (2019). https://doi.org/10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. DeJonckheere, L.M. Vaughn, Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Fam. Med. Commun. Health 7(2), e000057 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. L.P. de Vries, B.M. Baselmans, M. Bartels, Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment of well-being: a systematic review and recommendations for future studies. J. Happiness Stud. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00324-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Doherty, L. Bond, L. Jessell, J. Tennille, V. Stanhope, Transitioning to person-centered care: a qualitative study of provider perspectives. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res. 47(3), 399–408 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-019-09684-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Dudley, B. Ingham, K. Sowerby, M. Freeston, The utility of case formulation in treatment decision making; the effect of experience and expertise. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 48, 66–74 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. M.H. Easden, N. Kazantzis, Case conceptualization research in cognitive behavior therapy: a state of the science review. J. Clin. Psychol. 74(3), 356–384 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. T. Eells, Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation, 2nd edn. (Guilford Press, New York, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. T.D. Eells, In support of evidence-based case formulation in psychotherapy (from the perspective of a clinician). Pragmatic Case Stud. Psychother. 9(4), 457–467 (2019). https://doi.org/10.14713/pcsp.v9i4.1836

  23. T.D. Eells, K.G. Lombart, E.M. Kendjelic, L.C. Turner, C.P. Lucas, The quality of psychotherapy case formulations: a comparison of expert, experienced, and novice cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapists. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 73(4), 579–589 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.4.579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Farre, T. Rapley, The new old (and old new) medical model: four decades navigating the biomedical and psychosocial understandings of health and illness. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 5(4), 88 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5040088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M.B. First, W. Gaebel, M. Maj, D.J. Stein, C.S. Kogan, J.B. Saunders, V.B. Poznyak, O. Gureje, R. Lewis-Fernández, A. Maercker, C.R. Brewin, M. Cloitre, A. Claudino, K.M. Pike, G. Baird, D. Skuse, R.B. Krueger, P. Briken, J.D. Burke, G.M. Reed, An organization- and category-level comparison of diagnostic requirements for mental disorders in ICD-11 and DSM-5. World Psychiatry: Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. (WPA) 20(1), 34–51 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20825

  26. L. Flinn, L. Braham, das Nair, R., How reliable are case formulations? a systematic literature review. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 54(3), 266–290 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Gori, R. Lauro-Grotto, M. Giannini, D. Schuldberg, Predicting treatment outcome by combining different assessment tools: Toward an integrative model of decision support in psychotherapy. J. Psychother. Integr. 20(2), 251–269 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. L.W. Green, R.E. Glasgow, Evaluating the relevance, generalization, and applicability of research: issues in external validation and translation methodology. Eval. Health Prof. 29(1), 126–153 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278705284445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. K.M. Griffiths, A.L. Calear, M. Banfield, Systematic review on Internet Support Groups (ISGs) and depression (1): Do ISGs reduce depressive symptoms? J. Med. Internet Res. 11(3), e40 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. B. Haarhoff, K. Gibson, R. Flett, Improving the quality of cognitive behaviour therapy case conceptualization: the role of self-practice/self-reflection. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 39(3), 323–339 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465810000871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. A.B. Haidich, Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia 14(Suppl 1), 29–37 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. Halbur, K.V. Halbur, Developing Your Theoretical Orientation in Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4th edn. (Pearson, 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  33. A.J. Hogan, Social and medical models of disability and mental health: evolution and renewal. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 191(1) (2019) https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.181008

  34. J. Iannello, N. Waheed, P. Neilan, Template design and analysis: integrating informatics solutions to improve clinical documentation. Fed. Pract. Health Care Prof. VA, DoD, PHS 37(11), 527–531 (2020). https://doi.org/10.12788/fp.0072

  35. B. Ingram, Clinical Case Formulations, 2nd edn. (John Wiley & Sons, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  36. T. Kaiser, A.R. Laireiter, DynAMo: a modular platform for monitoring process, outcome, and algorithm-based treatment planning in psychotherapy. JMIR Med. Inform. 5(3), e20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2196/medinform.6808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. E.M. Kendjelic, T.D. Eells, Generic psychotherapy case formulation training improves formulation quality. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.) 44(1), 66–77 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.44.1.66

  38. J. Kim, D. Marcusson-Clavertz, K. Yoshiuchi, J.M. Smyth, Potential benefits of integrating ecological momentary assessment data into mHealth care systems. BioPsychoSoc. Med. 13(1) (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-019-0160-5

  39. J. King, V. Patel, E.W. Jamoom, M.F. Furukawa, Clinical benefits of electronic health record use: national findings. Health Serv. Res. 49(1 Pt 2), 392–404 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. W. Kuyken, S. Beshai, R. Dudley, A. Abel, N. Görg, P. Gower, F. McManus, C.A. Padesky, Assessing competence in collaborative case conceptualization: development and preliminary psychometric properties of the collaborative case conceptualization rating scale (CCC-RS). Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 44(2), 179–192 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465814000691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. W. Kuyken, C.D. Fothergill, M. Musa, P. Chadwick, The reliability and quality of cognitive case formulation. Behav. Res. Ther. 43(9), 1187–1201 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. D. Kwasnicka, D. Kale, V. Schneider, J. Keller, B. Yeboah-Asiamah Asare, D. Powell, F. Naughton, G.A. ten Hoor, P. Verboon, O. Perski, Systematic review of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies of five public health-related behaviours: review protocol. BMJ Open 11(7) (2021). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046435

  43. H.M. Levitt, A. Pomerville, F.I. Surace, L.M. Grabowski, Metamethod study of qualitative psychotherapy research on patients’ experiences: review and recommendations. J. Couns. Psychol. 64(6), 626–644 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. B.S. Liese, K.M. Esterline, Concept mapping: a supervision strategy for introducing case conceptualization skills to novice therapists. Psychotherapy 52(2), 190–194 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. C.A. Macneil, M.K. Hasty, P. Conus, M. Berk, Is diagnosis enough to guide interventions in mental health? Using case formulation in clinical practice. BMC Med. 10, 111 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. R.C. Manos, J.W. Kanter, A.M. Busch, A critical review of assessment strategies to measure the behavioral activation model of depression. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30(5), 547–561 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Marquis, J. Holden, Mental health professionals' evaluations of the integral intake, a metatheory-based, idiographic Intake Instrument. J. Mental Health Couns 30(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.30.1.j40256207h0581t1

  48. NHS Digital, Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey: Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (2016). https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey-survey-of-mental-health-and-wellbeing-england-2014

  49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Shared Decision-Making (2023). https://www.nice.org.uk/about/what-we-do/our-programmes/nice-guidance/nice-guidelines/shared-decision-making

  50. National Institute of Mental Health, Strategic Plan for Research—National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH Strategic Plan for Research, 2022). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/about/strategic-planning-reports/NIMH-Strategic-Plan-for-Research-2021-Update.pdf

  51. H.W. Oddli, M.S. Halvorsen, Experienced psychotherapists' reports of their assessments, predictions, and decision-making in the early phase of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.) 51(2), 295–307 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029843

  52. J.B. Persons, The Case Formulation Approach to Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (Guilford Press, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  53. J.B. Persons, S.T. Lisa, Developing and using a case formulation to guide cognitive-behavior therapy. J. Psychol. Psychotherapy 05(03) (2014). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000179

  54. S.W. Peters, Case formulation and intervention: application of the five PS Framework in substance use counseling. Prof. Counselor 10(3), 327–336 (2020). https://doi.org/10.15241/swp.10.3.327

  55. E. Proctor, H. Silmere, R. Raghavan, P. Hovmand, G. Aarons, A. Bunger, R. Griffey, M. Hensley, Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 38(2), 65–76 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. P. Ranganathan, R. Aggarwal, C.S. Pramesh, Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: odds versus risk. Perspect. Clin. Res. 6(4), 222–224 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.167092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. B. Rasmussen, F. Mishna, The process of facilitating case formulations in relational clinical supervision. Clin. Soc. Work J. 46(4), 281–288 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0662-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. D.A. Regier, E.A. Kuhl, D.J. Kupfer, The DSM-5: classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry: Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. (WPA) 12(2), 92–98 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Reichert, R. Jacobs, The impact of waiting time on patient outcomes: evidence from early intervention in psychosis services in England. Health Econ. 27(11), 1772–1787 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. C.R. Ridley, C.E. Jeffrey, R.B. Roberson 3rd., The process of thematic mapping in case conceptualization. J. Clin. Psychol. 73(4), 393–409 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. B. Rijn, Assessment and Case Formulation in Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1st edn. (Sage Publications, London, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  62. S. Redhead, L. Johnstone, J. Nightingale, Patients’ experiences of formulation in cognitive behaviour therapy. Psychol. Psychother. 88(4), 453–467 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. L.W. Roberts, J. Torous, Preparing residents and fellows to address ethical issues in the use of mobile technologies in clinical psychiatry. Acad. Psychiatry: J. Am. Assoc. Dir. Psychiatr. Resid. Train. Assoc. Acad. Psychiatry 41(1), 132–134 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-016-0594-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. H.N. Sallam, Aristotle, godfather of evidence-based medicine. Facts, Views Vis. ObGyn 2(1), 11–19 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  65. G. Schiepek, H. Eckert, B. Aas, S. Wallot, A. Wallot, Integr. Psychother.: Feedback-Driven Dyn. Syst. approach. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1027/00472-000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. C.J. Shilkret, A control-mastery view of case consultation. Smith Coll. Stud. Soc. Work 82(2–3), 161–170 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2012.693014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. K. Sim, K.P. Gwee, A. Bateman, Case formulation in psychotherapy: revitalizing its usefulness as a clinical tool. Acad. Psychiatry: J. Am. Assoc. Dir. Psychiatr. Resid. Train. Assoc. Acad. Psychiatry 29(3), 289–292 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.29.3.289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. P.G. Smith, R.H. Morrow, D.A. Ross, Field Trials of Health Interventions (Oxford University Press, 2015)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  69. C.F. Snyder, A.W. Wu, R.S. Miller, R.E. Jensen, E.T. Bantug, A.C. Wolff, The role of informatics in promoting patient-centered care. Cancer J. 17(4), 211–218 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1097/ppo.0b013e318225ff89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. L. Sperry, Similarities between cognitive behavior therapy and Adlerian psychotherapy: assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment. J. Individ. Psychol. 73(2), 110–123 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1353/jip.2017.0010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. B. Spring, Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J. Clin. Psychol. 63(7), 611–631 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. N. Tarrier, J. Johnson, Case Formulation in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: The Treatment of Challenging and Complex Cases (Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  73. T. Timakum, Q. Xie, M. Song, Analysis of E-mental health research: mapping the relationship between information technology and mental healthcare. BMC Psychiatry 22(1), 57 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03713-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. V.V. Thaker, F. Lee, C.J. Bottino, C.L. Perry, I.A. Holm, J.N. Hirschhorn, S.K. Osganian, Impact of an electronic template on documentation of obesity in a primary care clinic. Clin. Pediatr. 55(12), 1152–1159 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922815621331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. L. Timulak, A. Pascual-Leone, New developments for case conceptualization in emotion-focused therapy. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 22(6), 619–636 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. J. Torous, S. Chan, J. Luo, R. Boland, D. Hilty, Clinical informatics in psychiatric training: preparing today’s trainees for the already present future. Acad. Psychiatry: J. Am. Assoc. Direct. Psychiatr. Resid. Train. Assoc. Acad. Psychiatry 42(5), 694–697 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0811-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. L. van der Krieke, L. Wunderink, A.C. Emerencia, P. de Jonge, S. Sytema, E-mental health self-management for psychotic disorders: state of the art and future perspectives. Psychiatr. Serv. (Washington, D.C.) 65(1), 33–49 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300050

  78. A. van Straten, P. Cuijpers, N. Smits, Effectiveness of a web-based self-help intervention for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress: randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 10(1), e7 (2008). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.954

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

    Lucie-May Golbourn-King

  2. School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Yasuhiro Kotera

Authors
  1. Lucie-May Golbourn-King
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yasuhiro Kotera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lucie-May Golbourn-King .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA

    Kevin Daimi

  2. Asia Pacific International College, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Abeer Alsadoon

  3. School of Engineering, Polytechnique Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Sara Seabra Dos Reis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Golbourn-King, LM., Kotera, Y. (2023). Standards for Structure in Clinical Therapy. In: Daimi, K., Alsadoon, A., Seabra Dos Reis, S. (eds) Current and Future Trends in Health and Medical Informatics. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1112. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42112-9_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation