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Building Family and Community Ties Through Manuscripts

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Timbuktu Unbound

Part of the book series: Heritage Studies in the Muslim World ((HSMW))

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Abstract

For centuries, an immense manuscript tradition was established in West Africa, that of written culture, symbolized by the wealth of libraries of ancient manuscripts that remain today in historical centers. Timbuktu, Walatta, Djenné, Bornu, Agadez, and Sokoto, were renowned centers of writing practice and transmission of cultural and historical knowledge. The writing known as “Ajami”, produced from a system of transcription of African languages by the adoption of the Arabic alphabet, has allowed us to write languages which were previously oral. For a long time, the Arabic language was reserved for the “ulama’s” letters, and used in the royal courts and administrations. The authors mention in their works the toponyms, the names of the scholars and certain expressions in vernacular languages from the Arabic letters. Knowledge transmitted from generation to generation, these manuscripts contain precious information and constitute an essential reference in the field of thought, religion and the creation of family ties. In Africa, writing and even more so the manuscript text permeate the social fabric and participate in cultural and educational construction. The manuscript object dominates emotions and ideas and welds individuals together. The social atmosphere around the manuscripts promotes bonding and unites people. The manuscript tradition creates bonds that bind the individual first to his family and then to society. In this sense, manuscripts create links that are imposed by the construction of the meaning of a text and the paths that govern its fixation and the forms that govern its transmission.

Résumé

Durant des siècles, une immense tradition manuscrite s’est mise en place en Afrique l’Ouest, celui de la culture écrite, symbolisée par la richesse des bibliothèques des manuscrits anciens qui subsistent de nos jours, dans les centres historiques. Tombouctou, Walatta, Djenné, Bornu, Agadez, Sokoto, furent des centres réputés en matière de pratique d’écriture et de transmission du savoir culturel et historique. L’écriture dite « Ajami», produite à partir d’un système de transcription des langues africaines par l’adoption de l’alphabet arabe, a permis de fixer des langues jusqu’alors orales. Pendant une longue période, la langue arabe était réservée aux lettres « ulémas », et utilisée dans les cours et administrations royales. Les auteurs mentionnent dans leurs ouvrages les toponymes, les noms des savants et certaines expressions en langues vernaculaires à partir des lettres arabes. Somme de connaissance transmise de génération en génération, les manuscrits renferment des informations précieuses et constituent une référence essentielle dans le domaine de la pensée, de la religion et de la création de lien familial. En Afrique, l’écriture et plus encore le texte manuscrit imprègnent le tissu social, et participent à la construction culturelle et éducative. Le manuscrit objet domine les émotions et les idées et soude les individus. L’ambiance sociale autour des manuscrits favorise le lien et unit les gens entre eux. La tradition manuscrite crée des liens qui enchaînent l’individu d’abord à sa famille, puis à la société. En ce sens, les textes manuscrits créent des liens qu’imposent la construction du sens d’un texte et les cheminements qui régissent sa fixation et les formes qui gouvernent sa transmission.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Basmala is an Arabic word that designates all the words of the pious formula, “in the name of God the merciful”—used at the beginning of each of the suras of the Quran, with the exception of the ninth, At-Tawba. It’s a common opening formula found at the beginning of all manuscripts.

  2. 2.

    Readers knew the sequence of the pages because the handwritten book had signifiers known as reclame in French meaning ‘advertisements.’ This meant that pages were kept in order by the inscription of the last word on a page at the bottom of the text would be repeated at the top of the text on the following page.

  3. 3.

    The Târih al-fattah dates back to the sixteenth century. It is concerned with the conquests and the main events that took place in Tekrour in sixteenth century, as well as the life and conduct of the rulers, the distribution, and the socio-political organization of society. The works of Mahmud Kâti, and ‘abd al-Rahmân al-Sa’idî represent the expression of this dynamic. This works respectively, the Târikh al-fattah and Târikh al-Sûdan are today one of the rare internal sources that accurately relate. West African history, particularly that of the Songhay Empire (present-day Mali) and the events that followed the conflict with Morocco and its consequences.

  4. 4.

    See for example, M. Delafosse and O. Houdas (Es-Sa’di, Tarikh es Soudan, translated into Arabic by O. Houdas, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1900, republished by Adrien Maisonneuve, 1981). Houdas (Es-Sa’di, Tarikh es Soudan, translated from Arabic by O. Houdas, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1900, republished by Adrien Maisonneuve, 1981; Mahmoud Kati, Tarikh El-Fettach or chronicle of the researcher to serve as a history of the cities, armies, and principal figures of the Tekrour. French translation by O. Houdas et M. Delafosse, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1913, reed. Adrien Maisonneuve, 1981; Tedzkiret En-Nisian fi Akhbar Molouk Es-Soudan, Texte arabe édité par O. Houdas, avec la collaboration de Edm Benoist, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1899, réed. Adrien Maisonneuve, 1981).

References

  • Léon, Jean l’Africain. 1958. Description de l’Afriqu, II, Trad. Epaulard. Paris.

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  • Moraes, Farias P.F. de. 2003. Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles and Songhay-Tuareg History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Moumouni, S. (2023). Building Family and Community Ties Through Manuscripts. In: Engmann, R.A.A. (eds) Timbuktu Unbound. Heritage Studies in the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34824-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34824-2_5

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-34823-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-34824-2

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