Abstract
Understanding the premise that the concept of democracy has shifted from the purely representative dimension to a broad understanding of the open process of formulating public choices and that needs to materialize in a particular model of constitutionalism that will be the method by which the ideal progressive and transformative.
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Notes
- 1.
Grimm (2009).
- 2.
Valle (2013a).
- 3.
Bonavides (2009).
- 4.
Vorländer (2012).
- 5.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 6.
Sartori (1962a).
- 7.
The great doctrinal currents that crossed the XIX, XX and XXI centuries ended identify the constitution from its nature, significance and diverse characteristics and functions. We stand out the concepts naturalistic, positivist, historicist, sociological, Marxist, institutionalist, decisive, deriving from the philosophy of values, structuralisms (Miranda 2011).
- 8.
Miranda 2011.
- 9.
Miranda (2011).
- 10.
Grimm (2009).
- 11.
The most important condition of effective validity is its consensual basis. Without the general disposition of the political actors to comply with the mandate, without a support of the population, a model is deprived of power or prone to lose it in a crisis (Grimm 2009).
- 12.
Miranda 2011.
- 13.
Valle (2013b).
- 14.
Gargarella (2015).
- 15.
Gargarella (2015).
- 16.
Gargarella (2015).
- 17.
Bercovici 2004.
- 18.
Valle (2014).
- 19.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 20.
Valle (2013b).
- 21.
Gomes Canotilho (2003).
- 22.
Backer (2009).
- 23.
Hart (1994).
- 24.
Gomes Canotilho (2008).
- 25.
Zagrebelsky (2011a).
- 26.
Backer (2009).
- 27.
Diogo de Figueiredo Moreira Neto (2011).
- 28.
Sartori (1962b).
- 29.
Diogo de Figueiredo Moreira Neto (2011).
- 30.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 31.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 32.
The description and the process will be exposed in the fifth chapter of this thesis.
- 33.
This goal, according to Pulcinelli, will be characterized as recognizing an extensive role of social, participation, collective, civil and political rights, providing judicial instruments aimed at their effective guarantee, as well as increasing mechanisms for participation and direct deliberation of citizens (Pulcinelli 2015).
- 34.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 35.
Zagrebelsky (2011).
- 36.
Valle (2014).
- 37.
Sarmento (2008).
- 38.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 39.
Valle (2014).
- 40.
Backer (2009).
- 41.
Chapter 3 will present the UN legal-political intervention, whose objective is to implement a democracy in countries without a democratic tradition or affected by internal conflicts.
- 42.
Peters (2005).
- 43.
Kirchner (2004).
- 44.
Backer (2009).
- 45.
- 46.
These countries were cited in an exemplary way since they had direct UN intervention.
- 47.
“(…) We believe that no nation is responsible only for itself, but that the laws of political morality are universal and that obedience to these laws is incumbent upon all nations to uphold their sovereignty and justify their sovereign relationship with other nations.”.
- 48.
The mentioned article refers to the reception of international law in the internal order, whose item 1 establishes that the Timorese legal order adopts the principles of general or common international law.
- 49.
The determination of the article is that the President of the Republic must negotiate and sign all international treaties, conventions and agreements and submit them to the National Assembly for ratification.
- 50.
Peters (2005).
- 51.
Valle (2014).
- 52.
Valle (2014).
- 53.
As stated in item 2.1, represented by the re-constitutionalization that followed the Second World War.
- 54.
- 55.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 56.
The research does not intend to address the issue of “transitional justice.” As an illustration, it should be mentioned that the terminology for Teitel was proposed to account for the self-conscious construction of a distinct conception of justice associated with periods of radical political change. Seen as an important component for the UN, because aspirations can give rise to the demand for a type of adequate accountability to aid in promoting peace and security (Teitel 2008).
- 57.
Many so-called democratic transitions occurred after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a major symbol of the end of the Cold War and focal point of events as the end of world bipolarization; the bankruptcy of socialist systems; American hegemony and the beginning of dramatic changes around the world. This is not to say that all democratic transitions occurred in the same period. Some Asian countries, such as South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, changed their systems in 1987. There is no pretension in this study to present constitutional experiences at certain times or places because it is not an empirical or comparative study. For discussions on democratic transitions, it is recommended to read Huntington (1991), Ackerman (1994).
- 58.
Yeh and Chang (2009).
- 59.
Yeh and Chang (2009).
- 60.
Japiassú and Cruz (2013).
- 61.
For Widner, the results of written constitutions encompass a set of distinct procedures. In general, they cover a series of functions that are organized in stages: negotiation of basic rights, development of provisional documents, immutable principles, preparation of the initial text, deliberation and approval, ratification and promulgation. These stages will be constructed in various formal ways (Widner 2008).
- 62.
Valle (2013b).
- 63.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 64.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 65.
This process will be better detailed in Chap. 3.
- 66.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 67.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 68.
Yeh and Chang (2009).
- 69.
This process is well detailed in the book by Elster (1996).
- 70.
One can cite, for example, Spain in 1978; South Korea in 1988; Hungary in 1990; Bulgaria in 1991; Romania in 1992; South Africa in 1994. This information was extracted from the link http://www.ccrm.rol.md/wwc . Accessed on March 2014.
- 71.
- 72.
For Bickel the constitutional jurisdiction configures a counter-force in the systems (Bickel 1986).
- 73.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 74.
- 75.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 76.
Pius Langa adds the “transformation of the legal culture” (Langa 2006).
- 77.
Pulcinelli (2015).
- 78.
Uprimny (2011).
- 79.
Uprimny (2011).
- 80.
Yeh and Chang (2009).
- 81.
- 82.
Carpizo (2009).
- 83.
Klare (1998).
- 84.
Vieira and Ajouz (2013).
- 85.
According to Rocha, these facts can be understood as a way of acting fixed or not, capable of exerting on the individual an external coercion; or else, which is general in the extension of a given society, presenting an existence of its own, independent of the individual manifestations it may have (Guimarães Rocha 1991).
- 86.
Vieira and Ajouz (2013).
- 87.
Langa (2006).
- 88.
Vieira and Ajouz (2013).
- 89.
Vieira and Ajouz (2013).
- 90.
Langa (2006).
- 91.
Gardbaum (2016).
- 92.
This characteristic favors the construction of mechanisms that favor a shared interaction between the units of power involved or, at least, define criteria of implementation in collective terms (Vieira and Ajouz 2013).
- 93.
Vieira and Ajouz (2013).
- 94.
Cited as an example, the Colombian Constitution of 1991 envisaged, in its Article 86, tutelage as a mechanism for direct protection of fundamental rights, as well as other mechanisms, including popular actions for the protection of collective rights. In a recent decision, the Colombian Constitutional Court, through action 437/12, regarding the fundamental right to housing, in which it is possible to identify three situations that the judge can grant the guardianship whenever and when the established requirements are met: in the face of the right to a dignified life, it is a State obligation not to disturb the enjoyment of the right in an unjustified way and to protect people from undue interference with the enjoyment of the right to life, granting protection immediately; when there is a request regarding the fulfillment of a subjective right acquired according to the legal and regulatory development of the subject; when the situation of vulnerability is manifestly evident jeopardizing their dignified life.
- 95.
Uprimny (2011).
- 96.
In this sense, the Brazilian Constitution enumerates, in its Article 58, Sect. 2, II, the possibility of holding public hearings with civil society entities through the National Congress.
- 97.
Likewise, the Brazilian judiciary, as established in Article 21, VII, of the Internal Rules of the Federal Supreme Court, has the power to convene a public hearing that is proposed to the expert panel, regulatory entities and representatives of civil society, aiming at obtain technical and factual information regarding the action in.
- 98.
Vieira and Ajouz (2013).
- 99.
In view of the variety of conceptualization and to distinguish the concept of “democratic constitutionalism”, considered exclusively by Post and Siegel, quotation marks will be used when the expression refers to the theoretical proposition of those authors. In a sense different from that undertaken by Post and Siegel: Balkin (2007), Ray (2011), Balkin (2009), Berger (1998), Bustamante and Nascimento de Godoi Bustamante (2016) , Gomes Canotilho (2008), Hedrick (2012), Minow (2006), José Guilherme Berman Corrêa Pinto, Controle fraco de constitucionalidade (2013), Thesis (Doctorate in Law)—Post-Graduate Law Program in PUC-Rio, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (2013), Balkin (2016), Workshop on Constitution Building Processes (2007), Zagrebelsky (2011a).
- 100.
- 101.
Valle (2014).
- 102.
Valle et al. (2016b).
- 103.
Hedrick (2012).
- 104.
Valle (2014).
- 105.
Post and Siegel (2007).
- 106.
Balkin (2007).
- 107.
See Berger (1998).
- 108.
Valle (2013).
- 109.
Zagrebelsky (2011a).
- 110.
Zagrebelsky (2011a).
- 111.
Gomes Canotilho (2008).
- 112.
Hedrick (2012).
- 113.
In the same line is the redemptive constitutionalism of Balkin, which recognizes that the constitution has partial commitments. There is a direct connection with constitutional fidelity in that it recognizes that the principles have never been fully realized and that each generation is responsible for trying to create a society that adheres more faithfully to these elements (Balkin 2007) shared vision is that of Ray, where constitutional fidelity and redemption go hand in hand and require a life-view of the constitution. Time is an important ally, since the set of unrealized principles permeate the generations that are committed to maintaining and applying it (Ray 2011).
- 114.
Pruitt and Thomas (2008).
- 115.
Pruitt and Thomas (2008).
- 116.
Pruitt and Thomas (2008).
- 117.
Post and Siegel (2013).
- 118.
Balkin (2016).
- 119.
- 120.
Valle (2016).
- 121.
As stated by Bustamante, judicial supremacy is experiencing a moment of mistrust as regards the interpretation of the constitution and its content. The principled arguments in the context of constitutional policy are often inconclusive, which ends up making it particularly difficult to justify its authority (Bustamante and Nascimento de Godoi Bustamante (2016).
- 122.
Valle (2016).
- 123.
Post and Siegel (2007.
- 124.
Workshop on Constitution Building Processes (2007).
- 125.
Minow (2006).
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Gouvêa, C.B., Castelo Branco, P.H.V.B. (2023). Construction of an Environment that Maintains Democracy Through Democratic Constitutionalism. In: UN Interventions and Democratization. Societies and Political Orders in Transition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32715-5_3
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