Abstract
In this chapter, definitions and enforcement of criminal laws which discriminate against transgender identities across the world will be discussed. Legal frameworks operating in a range of countries across the world will be analysed in terms of their tendencies to discriminate against transgender communities and contrasted with discussion of legal frameworks in countries in these areas which recognise the rights of transgender communities in the law. Patterns in legal recognition and criminalisation will then be contextualised within wider socio-historical, economic, and political frameworks, drawing out contrasts between law definition and law enforcement by criminal justice agencies. Such discussion will draw on the work of (Cavadino in Penal systems: A comparative approach. Sage, 2006; Cavadino and Dignan in Criminol Crim Justice 6:435–456, 2006) in terms of their models of penalty and political economy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Within the context of this chapter, ‘State’ is defined as a nation or territory representing an organised political community under one government.
References
Cavadino, M., & Dignan, J. (2006a). Penal systems: A comparative approach. Sage.
Cavadino, M., & Dignan, J. (2006b). Penal policy and political economy. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(4), 435–456.
Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2009). Hate crime: Impact, causes and responses. Sage.
Christie, N. (2004). A suitable amount of crime. Routledge.
CIA. (2020). The World Factbook. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/
Downes, D., & Hansen, K. (2006). Welfare and punishment: The relationship between welfare spending and imprisonment. Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/publications/welfare-and-punishment-relationship-between-welfare-spending-and-imprisonment
Economic Intelligence Unit. (2021). Democracy Index 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/
European Commission Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers. (2020). Legal gender recognition in the EU: The journeys of trans people towards full equality. Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/085419
Freedom House. (2021). Global freedom status map. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map?type=fiw&year=2021
Hall, N. (2013). Hate crime (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Hall, S. (2012). Theorizing crime and deviance. Sage.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., De Neve, J.-E., Aknin, L. B., & Wang, S. (2021). World Happiness Report 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2021/#appendices-and-data
Human Dignity Trust. (2022). Map of countries that criminalise the gender identity/expression of trans people. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.humandignitytrust.org/lgbt-the-law/map-ofcriminalisation/?type_filter=crim_gender_exp
Human Rights Watch. (2013). “Treat us like human beings”: Discrimination against sex workers, sexual and gender minorities, and people who use drugs in Tanzania. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/06/18/treat-us-human-beings/discrimination-against-sex-workers-sexual-and-gender#_ftnref129
ILGA World: Chiam, Z., Duffy, S., Gonzalez Gil, M., Goodwin, L., & Patel, N. T. M. (2020). Trans legal mapping report 2019: Recognition before the law. ILGA World.
King, D., Paechter, C., & Ridgway, M. (2020). Gender recognition act: Analysis of consultation responses. Government Equalities Office. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/919890/Analysis_of_responses_Gender_Recognition_Act.pdf
Lawrence, P. (2010). The African tragedy: International and national roots. In V. Padayachee (Ed.), The political economy of Africa. Routledge.
Luhur, W., Brown, T. N. T., Liu, M., & Shaw, A. (2021). Public opinion of transgender rights in China. UCLA School of Law Williams Institute. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Public-Opinion-Trans-China-English-Jun-2021.pdf
Nelken, D. (2009). Comparative criminal justice. European Journal of Criminology, 6(4), 291–312.
Packer, H. (1968). The limits of the criminal sanction. Stanford University Press.
Sharpe, A. (2017). Queering judgment: The case of gender identity fraud. The Journal of Criminal Law, 81(5), 417–435.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019). World Population Prospects 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/
United Nations Development Programme. (2020). Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from https://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/IHDI
United States Department of State. (2019). Indonesia 2018 Human Rights Report. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.State.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/INDONESIA-2018.pdf
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2007). The problems of relative deprivation: Why some societies do better than others. Social Sciences and Medicine, 65, 1965–1978.
Woods, J. B., & Herman, J. L. (2018). Anti-transgender hate crime. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. G. D. Grieve (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook on hate crime. Routledge.
Young, J. (1999). The exclusive society. Sage.
Case List
McNally [2013] EWCA Crim 1051.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cross, N. (2023). Exclusion and Ignorance: International Legal Recognition and Criminalisation Responses to Transgender Communities in the Context of Political Economy. In: Panter, H., Dwyer, A. (eds) Transgender People and Criminal Justice. Critical Criminological Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29893-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29893-6_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-29892-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-29893-6
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)