Abstract
The role and impacts of climate finance on peace and security in conflict-affected and fragile contexts—many of which are also vulnerable to climate change rank among the lowest recipients of climate finance—is an area still little investigated by either the climate finance, climate security or environmental peacebuilding fields. A recent UNDP report (2021) with the Climate Security Mechanism and the Nataij Group argues for the need to better understand peace co-benefits. This chapter attempts to fill this void, highlighting that greater attention is needed to the allocation, access and thus distribution, quality and quantity of finance, and therein, the design of climate finance mechanisms and their inherent impacts on equity in conflict-affected and fragile contexts. This chapter examines, synthetically, but non-exhaustively, the literature and underlying arguments from the emerging fields of climate finance, climate security and environmental peacebuilding and the application of a co-benefits approach to strengthen policy coherence, before considering learnings from nascent practice, including the efforts of the UN system. It identifies gaps for further investigation and key guiding principles on the measurement of peace and security co-benefits or dividends of climate finance and draws conclusions from a new meta-analysis by UNDP (2021) and advocates for a transdisciplinary approach (Lawrence et al., One Earth 5:44–61, 2022; Rigolot, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 7:1–5, 2020). As one of the first attempts to systematically consider climate finance in climate vulnerable conflict-affected and fragile contexts, it argues that better metrics accounting for peace co-benefits or dividends, reinventing Theories of Change, and establishing intersectoral Communities of Practices and special vehicles/calls for proposals could strengthen access and outcomes.
The metadata analysis presented in this chapter was made possible through the generous support of UNDP and the Climate Security Mechanism, the full details of which were first published in 2021 study, “Climate Finance for Sustaining Peace – Making Climate Finance Work Better for Conflict-Affected and Fragile Contexts.”
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
For more information see the UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance (SCF). https://unfccc.int/SCF.
- 2.
Developed country Parties to the UNFCCC provide finance to support developing country Parties, under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capacities” and a financial mechanism was established to provide these resources. The GEF and the GCF serve as its operating entities of the financial mechanism and the Standing Committee on Finance established to provide guidance to the operating entities. For more information see: https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/introduction-to-climate-finance.
- 3.
Carty, T., Kowalzig, J. & Zagema, B. (2020). ‘Climate Finance Shadow Report 2020: Assessing Progress towards the $100 Billion Commitment’, Oxfam GB, p. 32. https://doi.org/10.21201/2020.6621.
- 4.
Bos. J. & Thwaites, J. (2021). A Breakdown of Developed Countries’ Public Climate Finance Contributions towards the $100 Billion Goal. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/2021-10/breakdown-developed-countries-public-climate-finance-contributions-towards-100-billion.pdf?VersionId=0luvOD5zVLLxxfRpWad_DyFC3Qh4sjd0.
- 5.
Alcayna, T. (2020). At What Cost: How Chronic Gaps in Adaptation Finance Expose the World’s Poorest People to Climate Chaos. Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance, p. 52. https://www.concernusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AT-WHAT-COST.pdf.
- 6.
Green Climate Fund (2020). Tipping or turning point: Scaling up climate finance in the era of COVID-19. Text. Republic of Korea: Green Climate Fund, p. 44. https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/tipping-or-turning-point-scaling-climate-finance-era-covid-19.
- 7.
- 8.
See Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992) An agenda for peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping. International Relations 11(3): 201–218. https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/A_47_277.pdf; Conca, K. & Dabelko, G.D. (2002). Environmental Peacemaking. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; and Krampe, F., Hegazi, F. & VanDeveer, S.D. (2021). Sustaining peace through better resource governance: Three potential mechanisms for environmental peacebuilding. World Development 144 (2021) 105508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105508.
- 9.
S/PRST/2011/15. https://undocs.org/en/S/PRST/2011/15.
- 10.
The “vertical funds” are development financing mechanisms which allocate resources, derived from different funding sources, to single specific issues or themes. For climate change, there are four main funds: the Adaptation Fund, the Climate Investment Funds (CIFs), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). For more information see: UNFCCC: Introduction to Climate Finance: https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/introduction-to-climate-finance.
- 11.
The 2020 OECD fragility framework includes 57 countries and territories. Fragility is characterized as a combination of exposure to risk and insufficient coping capacity of the state, systems and/or communities to manage, absorb or mitigate those risks. In the framework, five different dimensions: economic, environmental, political, security and societal, are each represented by 8–12 indicators. For more information, see: OECD (2020).
- 12.
The UN Secretary-General’s Independent Expert Group report on climate finance (2020) highlights that 54% of low-income countries already suffer from, or are at risk of debt distress and that increasing levels are also observed in climate vulnerable middle-income countries. For more details, see Averchenkova et al. (2020).
- 13.
WRI’s study of 17 developing countries shows decreases in climate budget and delays in implementation. See: Caldwell, M. and Alayza, N. (2021). What COVID-19 tells us about making climate finance resilient to future. Crises. WRI Insights, 28 October 2021. https://www.wri.org/insights/making-climate-finance-resilient-future-crises. Also see Mercy Corps (2020). Submission to the UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance on behalf of Mercy Corps—Call for evidence: Information and data for the preparation of the 2020 biennial assessment and overview of climate finance flows. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SCF%20Submission%20Fragile%20States_Mercy%20Corps.pdf.
- 14.
Johns, T. (2015). The impacts of international REDD+ finance DRC case study. http://www.climateandlandusealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Impacts_of_International_REDD_Finance_Case_Study_DRC.pdf.
- 15.
The World Bank’s Global Electrification Database from “Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report” is jointly led by the custodian agencies: the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). For further details please see: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS.
References
Adger, W. N., et al. (2014). Human security in: Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects (pp. 755–791). Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0083-3
Alcayna, T. (2020). At what cost: How chronic gaps in adaptation finance expose the world’s poorest people to climate chaos (p. 52). Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance. https://www.concernusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/AT-WHAT-COST.pdf
Arezki, R. (2020). Climate finance for Africa requires overcoming bottlenecks in domestic capacity. Nature Climate Change, 11, 888–888. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01191-7
Aslam, R. (2007). Measuring the peace dividend: Evidence from developing economies. Defence and Peace Economics, 18(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690600924620
Atmadja, S. S., et al. (2020). Leveraging climate finance for gender equality and poverty reduction: A comparative study. Report. CIFOR. https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Reports/Climate-UNDP-Report.pdf
Australian Aid, Oxfam & PACCCIL. (2019, October). Making climate finance work for women: Voices from polynesian and micronesian communities. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2019Pacific-Climate-Gender%20Report.pdf
Averchenkova, A., et al. (2020). Delivering on the $100 billion climate finance commitment (p. 70). The Independent Expert Group on Climate Finance. https://www.convergence.finance/resource/9af77cee-a9f9-4cef-be20-2b0ffdd11606/view
Bain, P., et al. (2015). Co-benefits of addressing climate change can motivate action around the world. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), 154–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2814
Bhandary, R. R., Gallagher, K. S., & Zhang, F. (2021). Climate finance policy in practice: A review of the evidence. Climate Policy, 21(4), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1871313
Bowen, A. (2011). Raising climate finance to support developing country action: Some economic considerations. Climate Policy, 11(3), 1020–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.582388
Bowen, A., Campiglio, E., & Herreras Martinez, S. (2017). An ‘equal effort’ approach to assessing the north–south climate finance gap. Climate Policy, 17(2), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1094728
Buchholz, W., & Rübbelke, D. (2021). Overstraining international climate finance: When conflicts of objectives threaten its success. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 13(4/5), 547–563. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2021-0071
Burke, M., Hsiang S. M., & Miguel, E. (2015). Climate and conflict. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 577–617 (Volume publication date August 2015). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115430
Busby, J. (2018). Taking stock: The field of climate and security. Current Climate Change Reports, 4, 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0116-z
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-603-6
Caldwell, M., & Alayza, N. (2021, October 28). What COVID-19 tells us about making climate finance resilient to future. Crises. WRI Insights. https://www.wri.org/insights/making-climate-finance-resilient-future-crises
Calvet, L., Gianfrate, G., & Uppal, R. (2022). The finance of climate change. Journal of Corporate Finance, 73, 102162. ISSN 0929-1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2022.102162
Cao, Y., Alcayna, T., Quevedo, A., & Jarvie, J. (2021, September). Exploring the conflict blind spots in climate adaptation finance. SPARC. https://www.sparc-knowledge.org/sites/default/files/documents/resources/exploring-the-conflict-blind-spots-in-climate-adaptation-finance.pdf
Carty, T., Kowalzig, J., & Zagema, B. (2020). Climate finance shadow report 2020: Assessing progress towards the $100 billion commitment. https://doi.org/10.21201/2020.6621
Chambwera, M., et al. (2014). Economics of adaptation. In Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, & vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC (C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. L. Ebi, Y. O. Estrada, R. C. Genova, B. Girma, E. S. Kissel, A. N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. R. Mastrandrea, & L. L. White, Eds., pp. 945–977). Cambridge University Press.
Chan, S. (1995). Grasping the peace dividend: Some Propositions on the Conversion of Swords into Plowshares. Mershon International Studies Review, 39(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.2307/222692
Climate Change. (1995). The science of climate change contribution of Working Group I to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (J. J. Houghton, L. G. Meiro Filho, IS, A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, & K. Maskell, Eds.) (ISBN 0-521-56433-6 Hardback; 0-521-56436-0 Paperback).
Climate Policy Initiative. (2019). Global landscape of climate finance 2019. https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019-Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance.pdf
Conca, K., & Dabelko, G. D. (Eds.). (2002). Environmental peacemaking. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Conca, K., Thwaites, J., & Lee, G. (2017). Climate change and the UN Security Council: Bully pulpit or bull in a china shop? Global Environmental Politics, 17(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00398
Dabelko, G. D., Herzer, L., Null, S., Parker, M., & Sticklor, R. (Eds.). (2013). Backdraft: The conflict potential of climate change adaptation and mitigation. Environmental Change & Security Program report (Vol. 14, Issue 2). Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars.
De Wilde, J. (2008). Environmental security deconstructed. In H. G. Brauch (Ed.), Globalization and environmental challenges: Reconceptualizing security in the 21st century (pp. 595–602). Springer.
GEF Independent Evaluation Office. (2020). Evaluation of GEF support in fragile and conflict -affected situations. GEF/E/C.59/01. https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/council-meeting-documents/EN_GEF.E_C59_01_Evaluation_of_GEF_Support_in_Fragile_and_Conflict-Affected_Situations_Nov_2020_0.pdf
Giglio, S., Kelly, B. T. & Stroebel, J. (2020, December). Climate finance (NBER Working Paper No. 28226). JEL No. G0.
Gleditsch, N. P. (1998, May). Armed conflict and the environment: A critique of the literature. Journal of Peace Research, 35(3), 381–400.
Glomsrød, S., Vennemo, H., & Johnsen, T. (1992). Stabilization of emissions of CO2: A computable general equilibrium assessment. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440468
Hendrix, C. S. (2018). Searching for climate–conflict links. Nature Climate Change, 8(3), 190–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0083-3
Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1994, Summer). Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: Evidence from cases. International Security, 19(1), 5–40. https://homerdixon.com/evidence-from-cases-full-article/
Homer-Dixon, T. F., & Levy, M. A. (1995). Environment and security. International Security, 20(3) (Winter 1995/96), 189–198.
Hong, H., Karolyi, G. A., & Scheinkman, J. A. (2020, March). Climate finance. The Review of Financial Studies, 33(3), 1011–1023. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz146
Hsiang, S., & Burke, M. (2013). Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science, 341, 1235367. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235367
Ide, T., Bruch, C., Carius, A., Conca, K., Dabelko, G. D. Matthew, R., & Weinthal, E. (2021, January). The past and future(s) of environmental peacebuilding. International Affairs, 97(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa177
IEA, IRENA, UN, World Bank & WHO. (2021). Tracking SDG 7: The energy progress report. World Bank. https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2021_tracking_sdg7_report.pdf
IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin. (2022, June 3). Global call for financial action towards the nexus between climate and security. Retrieved June 20, 2022, from https://enb.iisd.org/events/global-call-financial-action-towards-nexus-between-climate-and-security
IPCC. (2001). Global, regional, and national costs and ancillary benefits of mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC.
IPCC. (2022). Summary for policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.001
Jennings, N., Fecht, D., & de Matteis, S. (2020). Mapping the co-benefits of climate change action to issues of public concern in the UK: A narrative review. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(9), e424–e433. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30167-4
Karlsson, M., Alfredsson, E., & Westling, N. (2020). Climate policy cobenefits: A review. Climate Policy, 20(3), 292–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1724070
Krampe, F., Hegazi, F., & VanDeveer, S. D. (2021). Sustaining peace through better resource governance: Three potential mechanisms for environmental peacebuilding. World Development, 144, 105508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105508
Lawrence, M. G., Williams, S., Nanz, P., & Renn, O. (2022). Characteristics, potentials, and challenges of transdisciplinary research. One Earth, 5(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.12.010
Lee, H. F. (2022). Historical climate-war nexus in the eyes of geographers. Asian Geographer, 39(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2020.1768571
Lenton, T. M. et al. (2020/2019). Climate tipping points—Too risky to bet against. Nature, 575, 193–197. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-019-03595-0/d41586-019-03595-0.pdf
Levy, M. A. (1995, Autumn). Is the environment a national security issue? International Security, 20(2), 35–62. The MIT Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539228
Mach, K. J., Kraan, C. M., Adger, W. N., et al. (2019). Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict. Nature, 571, 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6
Matthew, R. A. (2014). Integrating climate change into peacebuilding. Climatic Change, 123(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0894-1
Mathews, J. T. (1989, Spring). Redefining security. Foreign Affairs, 68(2), 162–177; see p. 162. https://doi.org/10.2307/20043906
Mayrhofer, J. P., & Gupta, J. (2016). The science and politics of co-benefits in climate policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 57, 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.11.005
Melman, S. (1989, December 17). Business forum: The peace dividend; what to do with the Cold War Money. The New York Times, p. 3.
Mercy Corps. (2020, June). Submission to the UNFCCC standing committee on finance on behalf of Mercy Corps—Call for evidence: Information and data for the preparation of the 2020 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SCF%20Submission%20Fragile%20States_Mercy%20Corps.pdf
Miguel, E., Satyanath, S., & Sergenti, E. (2004). Economic shocks and civil conflict: An instrumental variables approach. Journal of Political Economy, 112(4), 725–753.
Moran, A., et al. (2018). The intersection of global fragility and climate risks. United States Agency for International Development. https://www.strausscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Intersection-of-Global-Fragility-and-Climate-Risks-2018.pdf
Nemet, G. F., Holloway, T., & Meier, P. (2010). Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking. Environmental Research Letters, 5(1), 14007.
Nett, K. (2016). Financing for resilience: 3 lessons to be learned in climate finance. https://climate-diplomacy.org/magazine/cooperation/financing-resilience-3-lessons-be-learned-climate-finance-0
Nixon, R. (1972, August 24). Transcript of Nixon's acceptance address and excerpts from Agnew's speech. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/24/archives/transcript-of-nixons-acceptance-address-and-excerpts-from-agnews.html
OECD. (2016). Making climate finance work for women: Overview of bilateral ODA to gender and climate change. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/development/gender-development/making-climate-finance-work-for-women.htm. Accessed September 25, 2022.
OECD. (2020). States of fragility 2020. OECD Publishing (States of Fragility). https://doi.org/10.1787/ba7c22e7-en
OECD. (2021). Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries: Aggregate trends updated with 2019 data. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/03590fb7-en
Oels, A. (2012). From ‘securitization’ of climate change to ‘climatization’ of the security field: Comparing three theoretical perspectives. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace (pp. 185–205). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_9
Pearce, D. (2000). Policy frameworks for the ancillary benefits of climate change policies (pp 517–560). OECD.
Poole, L. (2018). Financing for stability in the post-2015 era. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/c4193fef-en
Rahman, S. M., & Mori, A. (2020). Dissemination and perception of adaptation co-benefits: Insights from the coastal area of Bangladesh. World Development Perspectives, 20, 100247.
Ratner, B. D. (2018). Environmental security: dimensions and priorities. Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel to the Global Environment Facility. https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/52103%20STAP%20Report_WEB.pdf
Rigolot, C. (2020). Transdisciplinarity as a discipline and a way of being: Complementarities and creative tensions. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00598-5
Rohner, D., & Thoenig, M. (2021). The elusive peace dividend of development policy: From war traps to macro complementarities. Annual Review of Economics. Annual Reviews, ISSN 1941-1391, ZDB-ID 2516757-1. Vol. 13.2021, 1, pp. 111–131.
Rüttinger, L., Smith, D., Stang, G., Tänzler, D., & Vivekananda, J. (2015). A new climate for peace—Taking action on climate and fragility risks. An independent report commissioned by the G7 members, submitted under the German G7 Presidency. Retrieved from https://climate-diplomacy.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/NewClimateForPeace_FullReport_small_0.pdf
Schilling, J., Nash, S. L., Ide, T., Scheffran, J., Froese, R., & von Prondzinski, P. (2017). Resilience and environmental security: Towards joint application in peace building. Global Change, Peace & Security, 29(2), 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2017.1305347
Schwartz, P., Deligiannis, T., Homer-Dixon, T. R. (2000, Summer). The environment and violent conflict: A response to Gleditsch’s critique and some suggestions for future research. Environmental Change & Security Project Report, 6(6), 77–94.
Sitati, A., et al. (2021). Climate change adaptation in conflict-affected countries: A systematic assessment of evidence. Discover Sustainability, 2, 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-021-00052-9
Smerlak, M., & Rovelli, C. (2022). Put defence money into planetary emergencies, urge Nobel winners. Nature, 601(7893), 318. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00096-5
Smith, A., Pridmore, A., Hampshire, K., Ahlgren, C., & Goodwin, J. (2016, June 3). Scoping study on the co-benefits and possible adverse side effects of climate change mitigation: Final report. Aether.
Smith, D., & Vivekananda, J. (2007) A climate of conflict: The links between climate change, peace and war. International Alert. Retrieved from http://www.international-alert.org/pdf/A_Climate_Of_Conflict.pdf Accessed 8 Mar 2012.
Swain, A., & Öjendal, J. (2020). Environmental conflict and peacebuilding: An introduction. Routledge.
Swatuk, L. A., & Wirkus, L. (Eds.). (2018). Water, climate change and the boomerang effect: Unintentional consequences for resource insecurity. Earthscan Studies in Water Resource Management Series.
Tänzler, D., Maas, A., & Carius, A. (2010). Climate change adaptation and peace. Wires Climate Change, 1(5), 741–750. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.66
The Henry L. Stimson Center and Energy Peace Partners. (2021). From renewable energy to peacebuilding in Mali, MINUSMA’s opportunity to bridge the gap. The Henry L. Stimson Center and Energy Peace Partners. https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Stimson_FinalRelease_June25.pdf
UNDP. 1994. Human development report 1994: New dimensions of human security. UNDP.
UNDP. (2020a). A typology and analysis of climate-related security risks in the first round Nationally Determined Contributions. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/publications/typology-and-analysis-climate-related-security-risks-first-round-nationally-determined
UNDP. (2020b). Re-envisioning climate action to sustain peace and human security. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/blog/re-envisioning-climate-action-sustain-peace-and-human-security
UNDP. (2021). Climate finance for sustaining peace: Making climate finance work for conflict-affected and fragile contexts. UNDP. https://www.undp.org/publications/climate-finance-sustaining-peace-making-climate-finance-work-conflict-affected-and
UNECE. (2016, January). The co-benefits of climate change mitigation. Sustainable Development Brief No. 2. https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/Sustainable_Development_No._2__Final__Draft_OK_2.pdf
UNEP. (2021). Adaptation gap report 2020. UNEP. http://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2020
UNFCCC. (n.d.). Introduction to climate finance. www.unfccc.int. Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/introduction-to-climate-finance
United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text
United Nations & World Bank. (2018). Pathways for peace: Inclusive approaches to preventing violent conflict. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1162-3.License:CreativeCommonsAttributionCCBY3.0IGO
Wong, C. (2022a, May 18). Making peace with the Paris Agreement. Commentary for Royal United Services Institute. https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/making-peace-paris-agreement
Wong, C. (2022b, March). Climate finance and the peace dividend: A co-benefits argument. Green Finance Platform. https://www.greenfinanceplatform.org/blog/climate-finance-and-peace-dividend-co-benefits-argument
World Economic Forum. (2022, January). The global risks report 2022 (17th ed.). https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Global_Risks_Report_2022.pdf
Acknowledgement
Sincere thanks are also offered to Dima Reda, Joe Thwaites and Yue Cao for their review and the thoughtful comments kindly provided on the draft text.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wong, C. (2022). Climate Finance and the Peace Dividend, Articulating the Co-benefits Argument. In: Cash, C., Swatuk, L.A. (eds) The Political Economy of Climate Finance: Lessons from International Development. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12619-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12619-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12618-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12619-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)