Abstract
Central American migrant caravans traveling through Mexico to the United States represent unique events to scrutinize the complexity behind the concept of crisis, in particular when this idea is associated with migration phenomena of such magnitude. Caravans bring together elements that involve various ways of interpreting the notion of “crisis.” The caravans came about as the result of circumstantial events, yet embedded in deep structural roots. Some of the factors at play to speak about migration crisis include the sheer magnitude of the caravans’ collective organizing, the events’ impact on the public sphere, the attention they gathered at the highest level of government both in Mexico and the United States, and the reactions from some civil society sectors and the Mexican authorities to the caravans passing through the country. When caravans are labeled or considered as “migration crisis” the link between the two terms is assumed as intrinsic. To examine such assumption, several texts from academic sources are discussed in this chapter. The literature under review shows that a critical questioning of the purportedly innateness usually attributed to such connection remains unconvincing, in need of further elaboration, and most importantly, critical appraisal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Rojas and Winton imply, without openly and fully developing the argument, that crisis is the sum of precariousness, instability, uncertainty, and insecurity faced by people within the political system. They explore
[…] the notion of crisis in relation to mobility and particularly displacement, not in terms of how a ‘crisis’ is discursively constructed and materially enacted as migration and border policy, but rather looking at the complex experiences of those caught up in this damaging geopolitical game (mobility is both a political and personal problem when it is associated with marginality)” (Rojas & Winton, 2019, pp. 9–10).
- 2.
There is a vast debate on the concept of narrative - among others in hermeneutical philosophy, in literary criticism, in cultural studies - which is impossible to discuss here due to the lack of space and because it is not part of the central purpose of this work. I instrumentally adopt two complementary ideas regarding this term: narrative is a “consciousness mode” that shapes and informs what we know about ourselves (Rankin, 2002), who adopts Mikhail Bakhtin’s premises (Rankin, 2002). For Bruner (1991, p. 13): “[…] narrative ‘truth’ is judged by its verisimilitude rather than its verifiability […]”, which Brunner calls “referentiality”. According to Brunner, other features come into play in the process of creating reality through narrative, among them intentionality, cultural legitimacy of narrative, its adherence to specific norms or the context in which the narrative is produced (Bruner, 1991, pp. 7, 15, 16–17). Purportedly, narrative “[…] rather than referring to ‘reality’ may in fact create it or constitute it […]” (Bruner, 1991, p. 13) It is in this latter sense I refer to crisis as manufactured from (narrated) “discursiveness”.
- 3.
Mr. Trump’s tweet containing said statement is as follows: “Many Gang Members and some very bad people are mixed into the Caravan heading to our Southern Border. Please go back, you will not be admitted into the United States unless you go through the legal process. This is an invasion of our Country, and our Military is waiting for you! (Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) October 29, 2018). Access to the former president’s account was suspended later, but numerous secondary sources highlighted the statement (See Reuters, 2018).
- 4.
Donald Trump sent about 2000 National Guard enlistees to support CBP in April 2018 (Operation Guard Support); six months later, he increased the number of military personnel to 7000 troops. Initially, this maneuver was known as Operation Faithful Patriot, but that name was discarded. (US Department of Defense News, April 7, 2018 & US Deparment of Defense News, October 26, 2018; US Army North, 2018)
- 5.
Policy in which “certain” people that can allegedly introduce a communicable disease and represent a threat to US public health are expelled from a port of entry at the border with Mexico, or Canada.
- 6.
Mexican authorities never officially accepted to agree on this policy. A safe third country is a “state that has ratified the Geneva Convention of 1951, in which there are sufficient guarantees for human rights and the principle of non-refoulement and where the asylum seeker has been before arriving to the host country” (Comisión de Ayuda a Refugiados en Euskadi, n.d.). The MPPs, announced in December 2018, came into effect in January 2019. This policy established that asylum seekers arriving at a port of entry in the US-Mexico border would be returned to Mexico and wait until they be called before an immigration judge for their request to be heard. Between 60 and 80 thousand people (depending on the source) were stranded in border cities such as Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Matamoros due to this directive. The government of President Joe Biden repealed the MPPs in February 2021.
- 7.
I have already mentioned several actions implemented by Mr. Trump to deter caravans from reaching the US-Mexico border. In a parallel development, the Mexican government has sent troops to the border with Guatemala at various times, with the explicit intention of halting caravans. For example, in June 2019 and January 2020 the Mexican National Guard was deployed at a port of entry on the Mexico-Guatemala border in the state of Chiapas. On the first occasion, the GN dispatch resulted from the threat made by the Trump administration to its Mexican counterpart concerning the announcement of an increase in tariffs on Mexican products if the caravans were not stopped. On the second occasion, the GN staged confrontations with the migrants. Migrants continued to arrive to the border with the United States, which casts doubts on the success of the restrictive and containment measures (International Organization for Migration, 2020).
- 8.
I use pseudonyms to preserve participants’ anonymity.
- 9.
Continuous mobilizations took place at different moments over several weeks and within relatively short spans of time. The term mini-caravans resembles what Coraza and Pérez (2020) call caravan blocks. These authors describe two blocks during the period October 2018–January 2019: The first one from October to November 2018 and another one between January and February 2019 (Coraza & Pérez, 2020); they also offer a description of caravans that developed between January 2019 and the first months of 2020, including their similarities and differences.
- 10.
The point of departure is an important criterion in caravan-related research since earlier versions of these events took place since 2011, at least (Vargas, 2018), within Mexico; so called Central-American caravans took place as of 2018, yet at a later date other events originated in Tapachula in 2019, that included a more diversified population (see Coraza & Pérez, 2020).
- 11.
For example, Schaffhauser & Inocente (2021), citing estimates from Ciudad Hidalgo’s authorities, state that on October 19 more than 5000 people gathered at Tecún Umán (Guatemala)-Ciudad Hidalgo border entry. By October 21, according to the same source, the number of Central Americans who entered Mexico approximated 7000 (Schaffhauser & Inocente, 2021). A Honduran newspaper claimed that as part of the January 2019 caravan some 2800 people entered Mexico in the 17th and 18th of January (Mejía, 2019). It is important to consider that during the passage of all caravans, some of its members abandoned them, others voluntarily left Mexico, others broke off from the main caravan to continue in smaller groups and others decided to temporarily settle at different points along the route. As the number of caravan members always fluctuated it is impossible to determine exact figures.
- 12.
Donald Trump appealed to moral panic when he branded Central American caravans as an invasion to the United States. A high percentage of the US population supported this vision at the time because: “Popular cultural perceptions may align or conflict with state-political constructions of (non-) crisis. It is often hard to discern to what extent politicians are following or trying to shape public opinion in talking about crisis, particularly concerning political references to an ‘immigration crisis’.” (Lindley, 2014, p. 6).
- 13.
According to results in a Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), a monitoring instrument by the International Organization for Migration, in late January an estimate of about 5000 members of the caravan had reached the Mexico-Guatemala border (International Organization for Migration, 2019). Migrants were allowed to enter Mexico at this time only, in a lawful manner, when the government issued them visitor cards for humanitarian reasons. Therefore, overcrowding problems developed.
- 14.
It is not my intention to cover a growing field of literature, a reflection of an ongoing social process; I am simply pointing out aspects that draw attention to a portion of literature concerning the notion, explicit or implicit, of migration crisis, whether it is defined as such or not.
- 15.
In their original manuscript, the authors insert a note to quote Michel Balat; diapatia can be defined as a conflicting emotion between desire to be surrounded by loved ones while at the same time the desire to be alone.
- 16.
Schaffhauser & Inocente quote Helena Bejár’s El mal samaritano. El altruismo en tiempos del escepticismo, Anagrama (2001) in the original manuscript.
- 17.
For a discussion that presents yet another perspective on the migration crisis considering the “border crisis” as a starting point, see Heyman et al. (2018). In summary, Heyman and his colleagues argue that the term crisis is differentiated according to the social stakeholder who uses such term. For some sectors, the crisis resides in the need to help migrant children and families as an act of solidarity, while for other sectors, the crisis stems from the alleged presence of gang members and people carrying diseases arriving at the US-Mexican border. It is a speech that feeds a vicious circle: “The ‘border as crisis’ discourse was reinforced by the U.S. public awareness (in a displaced and confused way) of governmental and criminal violence in Mexico. Overall, contention promotes attention, thus promoting a crisis discourse, and in turn, a crisis discourse raises the level of excitement and engagement in contention” (Heyman et al., 2018, p. 774).
References
American Immigration Council. (2020, January 29). Policies affecting asylum seekers at the border: The migrant protection protocols, prompt asylum claim review, humanitarian asylum review process, metering, asylum transit ban, and how they interact. Fact sheet. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/policies-affecting-asylum-seekers-border
Arriola Vega, L. A. & Coraza de los Santos, E. (2022). Introduction: At the Crisis-Migration Crossroads – Scope and Limits. In E. Coraza & L. Arriola (Eds.), Crisis and migration: Critical perspectives from Latin America (pp 1–21). Springer.
Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), 1–21.
Calhoun, C. (2010). The idea of emergency: Humanitarian Action and global (dis)order. In D. Fassin & M. Pandolfi (Eds.), Contemporary states of emergency: The politics of military and humanitarian interventions (pp. 29–58). Zone Books.
Carastathis, A., & Tsilimpounidi, M. (2018). Experts, refugees, and radicals: Borders and orders in the hotspots of crisis. Theory in Action, 11(4), 1–21. http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/10.3798tia.1937-0237.1823a.pdf
Chan-Pech, C. (2019). Flujos migratorios en el sur de Chiapas: Una narrativa local del impacto de las caravanas migrantes y los grupos africanos. Revista Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía, 43–62. http://revpoliticas.uanl.mx/index.php/RPGyC/article/view/123
Clarke, J., & Newman, J. (2010). Summoning specters: Crises and their construction. Journal of Education Policy, 25(6), 709–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2010.513745
Cohen, S. (2002). Folk devils and moral panics. Routledge.
Comisión de Ayuda a Refugiados en Euskadi. (n.d.). Diccionario de asilo. https://diccionario.cear-euskadi.org/tercer-pais-seguro/
Contreras, C., Murguía, P., & Torres, O. (2019). Fake news: Creando una ficción de la caravana migrante. In M. Dosntrup (Ed.), Discurso mediático y audiencias: Una aproximación crítica a la comunicación de masas (pp. 99–116). Ediciones Egregius.
Coraza, E., & Pérez, F. M. (2020). Observando nuevas estrategias de movilidad humana en el espacio transfronterizo México-Guatemala: Las “caravanas” de migrantes. In E. Coraza & S. Dutrénit (Eds.), Historia Reciente de América Latina: Hechos, procesos y actores (pp. 237–268). El Colegio de la Frontera Sur & Instituto Mora.
Doctors Without Borders. (2019, February 5). The facts about the humanitarian crisis in Mexico and Central America. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/facts-about-humanitarian-crisis-mexico-and-central-america
Doctors Without Borders. (2020). Sin Salida: La crisis humanitaria de la población migrante y solicitante de asilo atrapada entre Estados Unidos, México y el triángulo norte de Centroamérica (TNCA). https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DWB-Mexico-SinSalida-CAST-WEB_0.pdf
El Orbe [Mexico]. (2018, November 11). Deambulan en la Región Varios Migrante que Probablemente van a Delinquir: PROCENTRO. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2018/11/11/noviembre-11-de-2018.html
El Orbe. (2019a, June 6). Con Violencia Arriba Otra Caravana de Migrantes por El Suchiate, Algunos Detenidos Rumbo a Tapachula. Extranjeros Violan la Soberanía Mexicana. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2019/06/06/junio-06-de-2019.html
El Orbe. (2019b, January 24). Inseguridad e Incertidumbre Causan Migrantes: COPARMEX; por ingresar a Chiapas Otros 20 Mil Centroamericanos. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2019/01/24/enero-24-de-2019.html
El Orbe. (2020a, January 14). Sectores de la Sociedad Civil Anuncian Sellar la Frontera Sur Para Impedir el Paso de Migrantes. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2020/01/14/enero-14-de-2020.html
El Orbe. (2020b, January 20). Habitantes de Tecún Umán Corren de su Pueblo a los Migrantes, Dispersándolos en Grupos. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2020/01/20/enero-20-de-2020.html
El Orbe. (2020c, January 25). Invaden Migrantes Primer Cuadro de la Ciudad Convierten en Muladar el Parque Central [sic]. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2020/01/25/enero-25-de-2020.html
El Orbe. (2020d, January 27). Turbas de Migrantes ya se Encuentran Escondidos en Albergues de Tapachula. https://elorbe.com/portadas/2020/01/27/enero-27-de-2020.html
Frank-Vitale, A., & Nuñez Chaim, M. (2020). “Lady Frijoles”: Las caravanas centroamericanas y el poder de la hípervisibilidad de la migración indocumentada. EntreDiversidades, 7(1), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.31644/ED.V7.N1.2020.A02
García, M. del C.. (2020). Discurso y poder: La coyuntura de las caravanas de migrantes centroamericanos y la retórica desde el poder de mentir. In D. Villafuerte & Anguiano, M. E. (Coords.), Movilidad humana en tránsito: Retos de la Cuarta Transformación en política migratoria (pp. 185–220). UNICACH/CLACSO.
Garibo García, M., & Call, T. (2020). Caravanas de personas migrantes como expresiones contradictorias de tácticas de sobrevivencia y prácticas de subjetivación política. EntreDiversidades, 7(2), 59–93. https://doi.org/10.31644/ED.V7.N2.2020.A03
Gramajo, L. (2020). Dos crisis que explican las dinámicas migratorias más recientes en los tres países del norte de Centroamérica. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar de Mobilidade Humana, 28(60), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006003
Hernández Hernández, O.M. (2019, March 28). Caravanas de migrantes centroamericanos en Reynosa y Matamoros, 2019. Informe. El Colegio de la Frontera Norte. https://www.comecso.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Reporte-Caravana-Reynosa-y-Matamoros.pdf
Heyman, J., Slack, J., & Guerra, E. (2018). Bordering a “crisis”: Central American asylum seekers and the reproduction of dominant border enforcement practices. Journal of the Southwest, 60(4), 754–786.
Iannacone, J. I. (2021). Negotiating crises interpretations: The global rhetorical arena of the 2018 migrant caravan “crisis”. Public Relations Review, 47(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102034
Instituto Nacional de Geografía y Estadística. (n.d.). Censo de población y vivienda 2020. Principales resultados por localidad. https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/consultas/index#
International Organization for Migration. (2019). Survey. Flow monitoring Suchiate, Chiapas, Mexico. Displacement Tracking Matrix. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/dtm_chiapas_ingles_0.pdf
International Organization for Migration. (2020). Informe de Situación. Caravana de migrantes, frontera sur, México, 17-27 de enero 2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/mexico/informe-de-situaci-n-caravana-de-migrantes-frontera-sur-m-xico-17-27-de-enero-2020
Kuderyárova, N. Y. (2019). Caravanas de migrantes: Crisis del sistema regional de regulación migratoria. Iberoamérica. [Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Academia Rusa de Ciencias], 1, 65–87.
León, A., & Contreras, J. (2020). La construcción social del peligro migratorio en contextos de crisis globales. Un análisis comparado: Europa occidental-centro y sur latinoamericano. Revista Andina de Estudios Políticos, 10(1), 152–171. https://doi.org/10.35004/raep.v10i1.189
Lindley, A. (2014). Exploring crisis and migrations: Concepts and issues. In A. Lindley (Ed.), Crisis and migration: Critical perspectives (pp. 1–23). Routledge.
Long, K. (2014). Imagined threats, manufactured crises and ‘real’ emergencies: The politics of border closure in the face of mass refugee influx. In A. Lindley (Ed.), Crisis and migration: Critical perspectives (pp. 158–180). Routledge.
Martin, S. F., Weerasinghe, S., & Taylor, A. (2014). Setting the scene. In S. F. Martin, S. Weerasinghe & A. Taylor (Eds.), Humanitarian crises and migration: Causes, consequences, and responses (pp. 3–27). Routledge.
Martínez, O. (2018, October 19). La caravana de migrantes hondureños colapsa los albergues en Guatemala. El Faro [El Salvador]. https://elfaro.net/es/201810/centroamerica/22591/La-caravana-de-migrantes-hondure%C3%B1os-colapsa-los-albergues-en-Guatemala.htm
Massey, D. S. (2020). Creating the exclusionist society: From the war on poverty to the war on immigrants. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(1), 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1667504
McAdam, J. (2014). Conceptualizing “crisis migration”. A theoretical perspective. In S. F. Martin, S. Weerasinghe, & A. Taylor (Eds.), Humanitarian crises and migration: Causes, consequences, and responses (pp. 28–49). Routledge.
Mejía, C. (2019, January 19). La caravana de migrantes salió de Tapachula con destino a Huixtla. La Prensa [Honduras]. https://www.laprensa.hn/mundo/1251490-410/caravana-migrante-tapachula-huixtla-mexico
Menjívar, C., Ruiz, M., & Ness, I. (2019). Migration crises: Definitions, critiques, and global contexts. In C. Menjívar, M. Ness & I. Ness (Eds.), Oxford handbook of migration crises (pp. 1–19). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.013.71
Montes, V. (2019). Fleeing home: Notes on the Central American caravan in its transit to reach the US–Mexico border. Latino Studies, 17, 532–539.
Mountz, A., & Hiemstra, N. (2014). Chaos and crisis: Dissecting the spatiotemporal logics of contemporary migrations and state practices. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(2), 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.857547
Musalo, K., & Lee, E. (2017). Seeking a rational approach to a regional refugee crisis: Lessons from the summer 2014 “surge” of Central American women and children at the US-Mexico border. Journal of Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 137–179. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/233150241700500108
Oddermath, E. (2021) Discontinuities within continuities: Solidarity, (im-)mobility and migration between refugee crisis and COVID-19 crisis. Sozialpolitik.ch, 1/2021 – Article 1.4, https://doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-173
OXFAM. (2018, October 18). Flujo migratorio masivo de hondureños hacia Estados Unidos. Informe de situación no. 2. Report prepared by Iván Aguilar y Gloria García. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/INFORME%20DE%20SITUACI%C3%93N-%20Migraci%C3%B3n%20Masiva%20hondure%C3%B1os%20en%20GT%20EX.pdf
Pradilla, A. (2019). Caravana. Cómo el éxodo centroamericano salió de la clandestinidad. Penguin Random House, Grupo Editorial.
Rankin, J. (2002). What is narrative? Ricoeur, Bakhtin, and process approaches. Concrescence: The Australasian Journal of Process Thought, 3. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.452.6099&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Reuters. (2018, October 29). Trump on Twitter (Oct 29) – Fake news, Brazil, Caravan. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-tweet-idUSKCN1N4063
Roitman, J. (2016). The stakes of crisis. In P. Kjaer & N. Olsen (Eds.), Critical theories of crisis in Europe: From Weimar to the Euro (pp. 17–34). Rowman & Littlefield International.
Rojas M. L., & Winton A. (2019). Precarious mobility in Central American and Southern Mexico: Crises and the struggle to survive. In C. Menjívar, M. Ruiz, & Ness I. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of migration. Crises Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.013.38.
Roux, R. (2012). México: Despojo universal, desintegración de la república y nuevas rebeldías. Revista Theomai, 26. http://revista-theomai.unq.edu.ar/NUMERO%2026/Roux%20-%20M%C3%A9xico.pdf
Salazar, S. (2019). Las caravanas migrantes como estrategias de movilidad. Iberoforum, XIV, 27, 111–144.
Schaffhauser, P., & Inocente, Y. A. (2021). El camino de los sin trabajo: Comprender las caravanas de “migrantes” centroamericanos, 2018–2019. Intersticios Sociales, 11(21), 235–270.
Sosa, E. (2019). Honduras: Ruptura del pacto de alternatividad, la crisis de gobernabilidad y sus consecuencias. Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos, 45, 573–595. https://doi.org/10.15517/AECA.V45I0.40701
Spector, B. (2019, January 16). Leaders always ‘manufacture’ crises, in politics and business. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/leaders-always-manufacture-crises-in-politics-and-business-109919
teleSURtv.net. (2020, January 16). ¿Cuántas caravanas migrantes han ocurrido y qué postura ha adoptado EE. UU.?. Sección Noticias Latinoamérica. https://www.telesurtv.net/news/caravana-migrante-desenlace-postura-eeuu-20200116-0001.html
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2019, January 18). DREF operations update. Guatemala: Population movement. Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) Operations Update no. 1. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRGT014du1.pdf
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2020, April 20). DREF operations update no. 1. Guatemala: Population movement. 27 pp. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRGT016du1.pdf
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2021, January 19). Central America: Population movement. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/IB19012021.pdf
Torre, E., & Mariscal, D. M. (2020). Batallando con fronteras: Estrategias migratorias en tránsito de participantes en caravanas de migrantes. Estudios fronterizos, 21, e047. https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2005047
Torres, E. (2019, July 5). Obtendrá México apoyo internacional por crisis migratoria. Diario del Sur (With information from Diario del Sur and AFP). https://www.diariodelsur.com.mx/republica/sociedad/obtendra-mexico-apoyo-internacional-por-crisis-migratoria-3856629.html.
US Army North. (2018). JFLCC Threat Working Group (Operation Faithful Patriot) 27100ROCT18. Archived at cryptome.org. https://cryptome.org/2018/11/operation-faithful-patriot.pdf
US Department of Defense News. (2018, April 7). National guard troops deploy to Southern U.S. border. US Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1487387/national-guard-troops-deploy-to-southern-us-border/
US Department of Defense News. (2018, October 26). Additional personal to deploy to southwest border. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/story/Article/1674318/additional-personnel-to-deploy-to-southwest-border/fbclid/IwAR0Ds-pEBl75kaJluHydIF-cwRMWtTmP0WHavOrsv2_ZM3kU6-CygoK3FgE/
US Department of Homeland Security. (2018, December 20). Secretary Kirstjen M. Nielsen announces historic action to confront illegal immigration. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2018/12/20/secretary-nielsen-announces-historic-action-confront-illegal-immigration
US Federal Register. (2020, March 26). Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Order Under Sections 362 & 365 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 265, 268): Order suspending introduction of certain persons from countries where a communicable disease exists /notices 85(59), 17061–17088. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-03-26/pdf/2020-06327.pdf
Varela, A., & McLean, L. (2019). Caravanas de migrantes en México: Nueva forma de autodefensa y transmigración. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 122, 163–185. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2019.122.2.163
Vargas, F. (2018). El vía crucis del migrante: Demandas, membresía e interlocutores. Trace, 73, 117–133.
Vigh, H. (2008). Crisis and chronicity: Anthropological perspectives on continuous conflict and decline. Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, 73(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840801927509
Zacarías, D. (2018, November 4) En Caravanas, la Nueva Modalidad Migratoria. El Orbe. https://elorbe.com/portada/2018/11/04/en-caravanas-la-nueva-modalidad-migratoria.html
Zúñiga, R. (2019, May 8) ¡Trato humanitario a migrantes!: CEM. Diario del Sur. https://www.diariodelsur.com.mx/local/trato-humanitario-a-migrantes-cem-iglesia-migrantes-episcopado-catolicos-derechos-humanos-migracion-3591262.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arriola Vega, L.A. (2022). “Migration Crisis” and Migrant Caravans (October 2018–January 2019) in Mexico: An Analysis from Contemporary Academic Publications. In: Coraza de los Santos, E., Arriola Vega, L.A. (eds) Crises and Migration. Latin American Societies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07059-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07059-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-07058-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-07059-4
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)