Abstract
The chapter presents the results of research on the economic development of Poland after 1989, that is in new political circumstances. These studies of a general nature were conducted on the basis of 12 typical features which mainly concern economic growth, and to a lesser extent social development (specifically, standard of living). The main idea was to analyse the trajectory of transition from the initial phase in 1990 to the final one in 2018 and to investigate and describe the dynamics of changes occurring in selected development categories (the features taken into account). This was possible thanks to the application of relevant methods of time series analysis (in particular, a graphic method of trajectory analysis). An attempt was also made to indicate relations between economic growth and standard of living, as well as processes affecting the level of GDP as a synthetic measure of development and remuneration as a measure of the quality of life. The study is a synthetic presentation of the economic growth after 1989 and is based on the analysis of changes in the basic indicators concerning the demographic situation (the population number, natural increase, occupational activity and the unemployment rate), the economy (GDP, inflation, the number of business entities, investment outlays, the budget deficit) and the living standards of inhabitants (remuneration, housing, cars).
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Notes
- 1.
There are certainly more similar works; here selected are those presenting different viewpoints and assessments.
- 2.
These were data officially published by Statistics Poland.
- 3.
This is so because it is assumed that in Poland there are about 2.5 mln migrants now, mainly from Ukraine, as well as from other countries, and a significant proportion of Poles outside Poland are still recorded as inhabitants of Poland and that emigration and immigration are certainly not balanced.
- 4.
The top fertility rates are noted for countries open to immigration, i.e. France, Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries (there are not data for Germany or they are not reliable).
- 5.
It was a period called ‘shock transformation’, painful for society;
- 6.
This is the aforementioned shock transformation. We will probably not know about the mistakes made in the first years of transformation, because the interpretation of economic decisions taken and their effects, especially after 2005, fell into political conflict, which should not embrace representatives of the scientific environment.
- 7.
Occupational activity is measured by the number of working people, which allowing for generally minor changes in the number of the country’s inhabitants and with the lack of data on the working age population, is not a series transgression.
- 8.
The study assumes, with some simplification, that an increase in the number of private enterprises with a stable population number can be treated as an increase in entrepreneurship.
- 9.
The GDP value includes the denomination of the Polish zloty from 1995; GDP values expressed in prices from a given year, i.e. allowing for inflation.
- 10.
The amount of remuneration in 1990 may be somewhat surprising, nonetheless, it results from the conversion of remuneration from this year in relation to hyperinflation and denomination of the zloty and the very poor financial situation of the population (in 1975).
- 11.
In 2019, 1 m2 of a new flat in Poland cost about PLN 8 thous (EUR 2 thous) and in large cities from PLN 12–18 thous (EUR 3–4.5 thous) against an average gross salary of PLN 4 thous (EUR 1 thous).
- 12.
Correlation coefficients at the level of α = 0.001; r = 0.5541 were considered.
- 13.
Determination of impact of natural increase on the indicators considered is difficult due to a rapid fall until 1998 and a positive or negative rise in consecutive years;
- 14.
The last two correlation coefficients (r = 0.502 and r = 0.450) are significant, at the level of α = 0.01.
- 15.
The ‘immediate neighbour’ method where the grouping criterion was the taxonomic distance dik specified as dik = (1 - Rik), where Rik = the correlation coefficient of the ith and kth variable;
- 16.
Unfortunately, publications about the overall situation in Poland during the 2008–2011 crisis are difficult to find, which is in marked contrast to a great abundance of detailed studies on selected aspects of the economy (e.g. labour market, banking sector, public finances, agriculture, food industry, foreign trade, insurance market, technological progress and innovation, tourism, functioning of territorial self-governments, also investing in Special Economic Zones, etc.).
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Parysek, J.J., Mierzejewska, L. (2022). Dynamic of Economic and Social Development. In: Churski, P., Kaczmarek, T. (eds) Three Decades of Polish Socio-Economic Transformations. Economic Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06108-0_6
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