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The Echo of a Morning Song: The Biarkamál Fragments in Bertel Christian Sandvig’s Danish Songs from the Oldest Times (1779)

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Nordic Romanticism

Abstract

Andreas Hjort Møller’s chapter focuses on the translations from Icelandic manuscripts, by the Dane Bertel Christian Sandvig, of skaldic songs concerning the deeds of old kings, showing how Sandvig emphasises the ‘Danishness’ of the songs and how his translations constitute one of the earliest attempts to reproduce both the tone and the metrical structure of the medieval stanza. Møller also shows the extent to which Sandvig relied, in making his translations, on the work of British antiquarians and members of the German Circle present in Copenhagen, who had taken an interest in Danish ballads three decades earlier.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bertel Christian Sandvig, Danske Sange af det ældste Tidsrum, indeholdende blant andet nogle Danske og Norske Kongers Bedrifter. Af det gamle Sprog oversatte (Copenhagen: A. H. Godiches Efterleverskes Forlag, 1779), preface without pagination.

  2. 2.

    See Jens Peter Ægidius, Vølvens Spådom på dansk. En litterær- og åndshistorisk studie (Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gads forlag, 1987), 132, note 2.

  3. 3.

    Sandvig criticises translations by Ole Worm (or Olaus Wormius, 1588–1654), Arní Magnússon (1663–1730) and Jacob Langebek (1710–1775) into Latin, Peder Syv (1631–1702) into Danish, Paul-Henri Mallet (1730–1807) into French, and Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) into German. In the case of Arní Magnússon, he is unaware that Thomas Bartholin had not translated the Icelandic poems himself in the book Antiqvitatum Danicarum but left the translation to the Icelander Magnússon.

  4. 4.

    See Nordske Intelligenz-Sedler no. 47, November 20, 1765. I thank Aina Nøding at the Norwegian National Library for this reference. Resen’s translation of Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda, the Edda. Islandorum an. Chr. M.CC.XV Islandice conscripta per Snorrem (Copenhagen 1665), was often bound in the same volume as Resen’s minor translations of parts of the Poetic Edda, the Philosophia antiqvissima Norvego-Danica dicta Voluspa (Völuspá) and the Ethica Odini pars Eddæ Sæmundi vocata Haavamaal (Hávamál), all of them printed in 1665. I thank Annette Lassen, Copenhagen University, for this piece of information. Resen’s friend, Magnús Ólafsson (1573–1636), was in many cases the actual translator of the texts into Latin.

  5. 5.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, preface.

  6. 6.

    The Danish text has been translated by the author of this essay. This applies to all translations into English in this essay unless otherwise noted.

  7. 7.

    Bertel Christian Sandvig, Levninger af Middel-Alderens Digtekunst. Første Hefte (Copenhagen: Godiches Arvingers Bogtrykkerie og paa samme Forlag, 1780), preface without pagination.

  8. 8.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, preface.

  9. 9.

    See Mats Malm, Minervas äpple. Om diktsyn, tolkning och bildspråk inom nordisk göticism (Stockholm: Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion, 1996), 193.

  10. 10.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 13.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., preface.

  12. 12.

    Annette Lassen, Islændingesagaernes verden (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2017), 102.

  13. 13.

    Peder Syv, Et hundrede udvalde danske viser: om allehaande merkelige krigs-bedrivt og anden selsom eventyr, som sig her udi riget ved gamle kemper, navnkundige konger, og ellers fornemme personer begivet haver, af arilds tid til denne nærværende dag; Forøgede med det andet hundrede viser, om danske konger, kæmper og andre, samt hosføjede antegnelser, til lyst og lærdom (Copenhagen: Joh. Phil. Bockenhoffer, 1695), 433. I quote from the first edition. The eighteenth-century editions, one of which Herder and Sandvig quote, are reprints. For a detailed discussion of the meaning of Endil, see Pfau, Werner Pfau, ‘Das Altnordische bei Gerstenberg’, Vierteljahrschrift für deutsche Literatur und Geistesgeschichte 2 (1889): 193–194.

  14. 14.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 46.

  15. 15.

    Percy’s translation can be found on the website Romantic Circles. See Thomas Percy, The Dying Ode of Regner Lodbrog (1763): https://romantic-circles.org/editions/norse/HTML/Percy.html.

  16. 16.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 47.

  17. 17.

    Percy, The Dying Ode, without pagination.

  18. 18.

    Mats Malm, ‘Translations of Old Norse Poetry and the Lyric Novelties of Romanticism’, in Studies in the Transmission and Reception of Old Norse Literature. The Hyperborean Muse in European Culture (Acta Scandinavica. Aberdeen Studies in the Scandinavian World 6), ed. Judy Quinn & Adele Cipolla (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers n.v., 2016), 155.

  19. 19.

    See the section, ‘Folkspråklig översättning av skaldedikt’, in regards to Danske Sange: Malm, Minervas äpple, 191–5.

  20. 20.

    Thomas Noble, Poems by Thomas Noble (Liverpool: Smith and Melling, 1821), v.

  21. 21.

    See Christian Benne, ‘Ossian. The Book History of an Anti-book’, Variants 7 (2011): 179–211.

  22. 22.

    See James Macpherson, Die Gedichte Ossians eines alten celtischen Dichters, aus dem Englischen übersetzt von M. Denis, aus der G. J. Erster Band (Wien: Johann Thomas Edlen v. Trattnern, 1768). See also Charlotte Christensen, ‘Ossian-illustrationer i Danmark’, Fund og Forskning 19 (1972). For a list of the Danish readers from the 1770s, see notably pp. 9–11, as well as Anna H. Harwell Celenz, ‘Efterklange af Ossian: The Reception of James Macpherson’s “Poems of Ossian” in Denmark’s Literature’, Scandinavian Studies 70 no.3 (1998): 359–96, notably 359 and 366. For a list of the first incomplete translations by Nyegaard, Prahm, and Suhm, see Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen, ‘P. F. Suhm som dansk Ossian-pioner i 1771’, Danske Studier (2016): 122–57.

  23. 23.

    Suhm notes that the title of Sandvig’s book mentions the motto: ‘cum seqventibus Lucani versibus in titulo expressis’ [with Lucan’s verses expressed on the title page] and then the full Latin quote (book I, verses 447–449) ‘Vos qvoqve, qvi fortes animas belloque peremtas/Laudibus in longvin, Vates! dimittitis ævum,/Plurima securi sudistis carmina, Bardi’, Peter Frederik Suhm, Symbolæ ad Literaturam Teutonicam Antiqviorem ex codicibus manu exaratis (Copenhagen: Petri Horrebowii, 1787), xii.

  24. 24.

    Sandvig, Levninger af Middel-Alderens Digtekunst, preface without pagination.

  25. 25.

    Peter Frederik Suhm, Critisk historie af Danmark, udi den hedenske Tid, fra Odin til Gorm den Gamle. II. Bind (Copenhagen: Brødrene Johann Christian og Georg Christopher Berling, 1775), 272. Suhm believes that Saxo omits the first four verses because they were a poetic commonplace not fitting the specific function of Biarkamál in Gesta Danorum. Saxo also mentions that many in his time still knew the wording of the original Bjarkamál. Suhm defends the old age of the poem by referring to the fact that ‘Viser kunne vedligeholde Tingenes Ihukommelse’ [songs keep things in remembrance]. See Suhm, Critisk Historie, 285.

  26. 26.

    Paul-Henri Mallet, Northern Antiquities: Or, a Description of the Manners, Customs, Religion and Laws of the Ancient Danes, And Other Northern Nations; Including those of Our own Saxon Ancestors. With A Translation of the Edda, or System of Runic Mythology, and Other Pieces, From the Ancient Islandic Tonque. In Two Volumes Translated by Thomas Percy (London: T. Carnan and Co., 1770), list of contents without pagination.

  27. 27.

    Vilhelm Andersen, Illustreret dansk litteraturhistorie. Andet bind. Det attende aarhundrede (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1934), 512; Sandvig’s poem no. 8 ‘Biarkemaal, siunget af Kong Regner Lothbrog’ corresponds to Percy’s no. II ‘The Dying Ode of Regner Lodbrog’, Sandvig’s no. 12, ‘Samtale imellem den døde Angantyr og Hervor hans Datter’, corresponds to Percy’s no. I ‘The Incantation of Hervor’, and Sandvig’s no. 13, ‘Eyvind Skalldaspillirs Liigsang over K. Hakon Adalsteinsfostre’, corresponds to Percy’s no. IV ‘The Funeral Song of Hacon’. See Thomas Percy, Five Pieces of Runic Poetry. Translated from the Islandic Language (London: R. and J. Dodsley, 1763). For Percy’s inspiration from Ossian, see Robert W. Rix, ‘Thomas Percy’s Antiquarian Alternative to Ossian’, Journal of Folklore Research 46, no. 2 (2009).

  28. 28.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, preface.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    Ibid.

  31. 31.

    Ibid.

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    Ibid.

  34. 34.

    See Malm, Minervas äpple, 194.

  35. 35.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 51.

  36. 36.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, preface.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    For Arní Magnússon’s translation with Bartholin’s introduction, see Thomas Bartholin: Antiqvitatum danicarum de causis contemptæ a Danis adhuc gentilibus mortis libri tres ex vetustis codicibus & monumentis hactenus ineditis congesti (Copenhagen: Joh. Phil. Bockenhoffer, 1689), 178–82.

  40. 40.

    Bartholin, Antiqvitatum Danicarum, 178–82.

  41. 41.

    Lars Boje Mortensen, ‘Digternes lys og ære: Vergil som kulturhelt i højmiddelalderen’, in Antikken i ettertiden, ed. Mathilde Skoie & Gjert Vestrheim (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2009), 78.

  42. 42.

    Syv, Et hundrede udvalde danske viser, 421.

  43. 43.

    Ibid.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    Johann Gottfried Herder, Stimmen der Völker in Liedern (Stuttgart: Reclam Verlag, 1975) 91–2; the whole poem is printed in this edition.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Heinrich Wilhelm Gerstenberg, Briefe über die Merkwürdigkeiten der Litteratur (Stuttgart: G. J. Goschen’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1890), 57–8. In the Renaissance, Ole Worm and Stephan Hansen Stephanius published Icelandic poems printed in runes. This led Thomas Percy to believe that the poems he published in Five Pieces of Runic Poetry were originally written in the runic alphabet. This is false. Following Worm, Stephanius, and Percy, Gerstenberg assumes that the poems from Vedel and Syv’s volumes were also originally written in runes. See Lundgreen-Nielsen, ‘P.F. Suhm som dansk Ossian-pioner i 1771’, 134, note 28.

  48. 48.

    Gerstenberg, Briefe, 58.

  49. 49.

    Ibid.

  50. 50.

    Ibid.

  51. 51.

    Ibid.

  52. 52.

    Johannes Ewald, Johannes Ewalds Samlede Skrifter. Første bind (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1969), 350.

  53. 53.

    Andreas Hjort Møller, ‘Gravhøjen åbnes: Fra rokoko-middelalderisme i Johann Elias Schlegels Canut til vikinge-romantik i Johannes Ewalds Rolf Krage’ Passage 81 (2019).

  54. 54.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 11.

  55. 55.

    Syv, Et hundrede udvalde danske viser, 423.

  56. 56.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 12.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., 13.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., 11.

  59. 59.

    N.F.S. Grundtvig, ‘Bjarkemaalets Efterklang’, in Grundtvigs Værker http://www.xn%2D%2Dgrundtvigsvrker-7lb.dk/.

  60. 60.

    See Lundgreen-Nielsen, Det handlende ord, 736 and 917, note 195. For Saxo’s Latin translation, see Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum: Copenhagen: Det Danske Sprog- og litteraturselskab, 1931.

  61. 61.

    Helge Toldberg, ‘Oplevelsens betydning i Grundtvigs poesi’, Orbis Litterarum 3 (1945): 80. It is therefore more fitting with Lundgreen-Nielsen to call the poem ‘en heldig tilbagevenden til asaårenes storhuggende kvadstil’ [a successful return to the grandiose skaldic style of the áss-years], Lundgreen-Nielsen, Det handlende ord, 736.

  62. 62.

    Sandvig, Danske Sange, 12.

  63. 63.

    Holger Berg, ‘Indledning til Maskeradeballet i Dannemark 1808. Et Syn’, Grundtvigs Værker, 2012, http://www.xn%2D%2Dgrundtvigsvrker-7lb.dk/.

  64. 64.

    ‘Bogfortegnelse 1805’ (Grundtvig-arkivet, Fasc. 501.1), http://www.xn%2D%2Dgrundtvigsvrker-7lb.dk/.

  65. 65.

    F. J. Billeskov Jansen, Danmarks digtekunst. Tredje bog. Romantik og romantisme (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1969), 19–21.

  66. 66.

    Povl Ingerslev-Jensen, Bibliotheca Oehlenschlägeriana (Copenhagen: Oehlenschläger Selskabet, 1967), 13, 45.

  67. 67.

    Adam Oehlenschläger, Digte. Tekstudgivelse, efterskrift og noter ved Johan de Mylius (Copenhagen: Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab. Gyldendal, 2019), 68. The English translation is by George Borrow. For an introduction to the poem, see Robert W. Rix, ‘The Golden Horns’, European Romanticisms in Association, http://www.euromanticism.org/the-golden-horns/.

  68. 68.

    For the quote from the Hakon the Earl poem see Oehlenschläger, Digte, 25. For the mountain troll poem see Oehlenschläger, Digte, 16.

  69. 69.

    Anton Blanck, Den nordiska renässansen i sjuttonhundratalets litteratur. En undersökning av den ‘götiska’ poesiens allmänna och inhemska förutsättningar (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, 1911), 229.

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    Andreas Hjort Møller

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  1. Centre for Languages & Literature, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Cian Duffy

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    Robert W. Rix

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Møller, A.H. (2022). The Echo of a Morning Song: The Biarkamál Fragments in Bertel Christian Sandvig’s Danish Songs from the Oldest Times (1779). In: Duffy, C., Rix, R.W. (eds) Nordic Romanticism. Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99127-2_2

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