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External Players and Overlapping Memberships: Trade Negotiations with the EU

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A Century of East African Integration

Abstract

The problem of overlapping memberships in regional economic communities (REC’S) by East African states concerns not only African countries that are members of adjoining integration groups (COMESA, SADC, etc.).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Treaty of Rome, 1957. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_de_la_roma.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  2. 2.

    French West Africa (Senegal, French Sudan, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Mauritania, Niger and Upper Volta); French Equatorial Africa (Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari, Chad and Gabon) and Equatorial Africa; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; the Comoro Archipelago; Madagascar and French Somaliland; the autonomous Republic of Togoland; the trust territory of the Cameroons under French administration.

  3. 3.

    Belgian Congo and Rwanda-Urundi.

  4. 4.

    Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, Annex IV. Overseas Countries and Territories to which the Provisions of Part IV of this Treaty Apply, 1957. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d568cd41-922d-451c-93a8-0c6f9ba184ca/language-en (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  5. 5.

    The Yaoundé Convention, 1963. URL: https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/the_yaounde_convention_20_july_1963-en-52d35693-845a-49ae-b6f9-ddbc48276546.html (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  6. 6.

    Convention d’Association entre la Communauté économique européenne et les États africains et malgache associés à cette Communauté, 1969. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:21969A0729(01)&from=EN (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  7. 7.

    Agreement Establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and the United Republic of Tanzania, the Republic of Uganda and the Republic of Kenya and Annexed Documents (1969). URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/5755/1/5755.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  8. 8.

    EFTA through the years. Main events in the history of EFTA from 1960 until today. URL: https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/EFTA-through-years-747 (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  9. 9.

    ACP-EE Convention signed at Lome on 28 February 1975. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/Lome-Convention-I-en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  10. 10.

    Those are agricultural products that are outside of the scope of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy.

  11. 11.

    ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 28 February 1975. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/Lome-Convention-I-en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  12. 12.

    The Second ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 31 October 1979 and related documents, pp. 66–72. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f06ebd58-a3d7-4b11-966d-02548c8cb918 (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  13. 13.

    The Lomé Convention. Organization of ACP States. URL: http://www.acp.int/content/lome-convention (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  14. 14.

    Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order. Adopted by Resolution 3201 (S-VI) of the UN General Assembly, May 1, 1974. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/econ_order.shtml (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  15. 15.

    The ACP–EU Courier. Special Issue on the Revised Lomé Convention No. 155. January–February 1996, p. 12. URL: http://aei.pitt.edu/3110/1/3110.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  16. 16.

    Agreement on Agriculture, 1994. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/14-ag_01_e.htm (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  17. 17.

    Treaty on European Union, signed at Maastricht on 7 February 1992. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:1992:191:FULL&from=EN (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  18. 18.

    The Treaty of Rome, 1957, p. 41. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/romania/sites/romania/files/tratatul_de_la_roma.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  19. 19.

    Green Paper on relations between the European Union and the ACP countries on the eve of the twenty-first century. Challenges and options for a new partnership, 1996. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/fd0026af-3614-4e2d-9330-73b2078bb9b1 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  20. 20.

    McQueen, M., Phillips, C., Hallam, D., Swinbank, A. The Lomé Banana Protocol. In ACP–EU Trade and Aid Co-operation Post-Lomé IV. Paper prepared for the Summit of ACP Heads of State and Government. Libreville, Gabon, 6–7 November 1997. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20111001001015/http://www.acpsec.org/summits/gabon/cwealth/chap8rev.htm#_1_1 (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  21. 21.

    Council Regulation (EEC) No. 404/93 of 13 February 1993 on the common organization of the market in bananas. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31993R0404 (accessed on: 10.03.20).

  22. 22.

    DS27: European Communities. Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas. WTO, 1996. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds27_e.htm (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  23. 23.

    Regulation No. 1009/67/EEC of the Council of 18 December 1967 on the common organization of the market in sugar, p. 20. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/bc3fe3da-5862-4a07-8919-206f5cb8e716/language-en (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  24. 24.

    ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 28 February 1975, pp. 67–69. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/Lome-Convention-I-en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  25. 25.

    The Second ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 31 October 1979 and related documents, p. 350. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f06ebd58-a3d7-4b11-966d-02548c8cb918 (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  26. 26.

    The Third ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 8 December 1984 and related documents, p. 428. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/851e7cf4-1d67-4c13-9d1a-abb8a220feef/language-en/format-PDF/source-search (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  27. 27.

    Fourth ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 15 December 1989, p. 227. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ea62466c-93ce-40ca-87f3-66e196a987ab/language-en/format-PDF/source-search (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  28. 28.

    Partnership Agreement Between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the one Part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the Other Part, 2000, p. 55. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/story-pdf/en/cotonou-agreement-en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  29. 29.

    Bullen M. Reform of the EU Common organization of the markets in the sugar sector: impact on Belgium. Thesis presented in view to attain the title of DES en Economie Rurale. Universite Catolique de Louvain, 2003. URL: https://docplayer.net/30379024-Reform-of-the-european-union-common-organisation-of-the-markets-in-the-sugar-sector-impact-on-belgium.html (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  30. 30.

    Council Regulation (EC) No. 1260/2001 of 19 June 2001 on the common organization of the markets in the sugar sector, p. 41. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001R1260 (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  31. 31.

    DS266: European Communities—Export Subsidies on Sugar. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds266_e.htm (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  32. 32.

    Council Decision to denounce the ACP Sugar Protocol. Brussels, 28 September 2007. URL: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/misc/96172.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  33. 33.

    Partnership Agreement Between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the one Part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the Other Part, 2000. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/story-pdf/en/cotonou-agreement-en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  34. 34.

    Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: The ACP-EC Partnership Agreement. WT/MIN(01)/15, 14 November 2001. URL: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_acp_ec_agre_e.htm (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  35. 35.

    Dossier: FAQ—Economic Partnership Agreements. ECDPM. URL: https://ecdpm.org/dossiers/dossier-economic-partnership-agreements/ (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  36. 36.

    The Third ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 8 December 1984 and related documents, pp. 17, 118–127, 469. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/851e7cf4-1d67-4c13-9d1a-abb8a220feef/language-en/format-PDF/source-search (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  37. 37.

    Fourth ACP-EEC Convention signed at Lomé on 15 December 1989, pp. 6, 17, 52–58, 262. URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ea62466c-93ce-40ca-87f3-66e196a987ab/language-en/format-PDF/source-search (accessed on: 10.03.2020).

  38. 38.

    Partnership Agreement Between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the one Part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the Other Part, 2000, pp. 13–24, 29. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/story-pdf/en/cotonou-agreement-en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  39. 39.

    EPA Development Programme. ECOWAS. URL: http://www.aidfortrade.ecowas.int/programmes/epa-development-programme (accessed on: 15.04.2020); The EPA Development Programme (PAPED) and Aid for Trade in West Africa. ECDPM, 2010. URL: https://ecdpm.org/publications/epa-development-programme-paped-aid-for-trade-west-africa/ (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  40. 40.

    Partnership Agreement ACP-EC Signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000, Revised in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/intcoop/acp/03_01/pdf/cotonou_2006_en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  41. 41.

    The Cotonou agreement Signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000, Revised in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005, Revised in Ouagadougou on 22 June 2010. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/intcoop/acp/03_01/pdf/mn3012634_en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  42. 42.

    Council Decision (EU) 2017/435 of 28 February 2017 on the conclusion of the Agreement amending for the second time the Partnership Agreement between the members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part, signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000, as first amended in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32017D0435 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  43. 43.

    New Africa-Caribbean-Pacific/EU Partnership: moving forward toward a new partnership fit for the future. ACP–EU Partnership, 14 February, 2020. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_248 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  44. 44.

    List of Least Developed Countries (as of December 2018). UN Committee for Development Policy. URL: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  45. 45.

    Regulation (EU) No. 978/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 applying a scheme of generalized tariff preferences and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 732/2008. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02012R0978-20200812 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  46. 46.

    Dossier: FAQ—Economic Partnership Agreements. ECDPM. URL: https://ecdpm.org/dossiers/dossier-economic-partnership-agreements/ (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  47. 47.

    Regulation (EU) No. 978/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 applying a scheme of generalized tariff preferences and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 732/2008. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02012R0978-20200812 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  48. 48.

    Partnership Agreement Between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the one Part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the Other Part, 2000. URL: http://www.acp.int/sites/acpsec.waw.be/files/story-pdf/en/cotonou-agreement-en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  49. 49.

    Joint Africa EU Strategic Partnership, 2000, p. 11. URL: https://africa-eu-partnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/eas2007_joint_strategy_en.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  50. 50.

    Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, of the other part, 1999. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:21999A1204(02 (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  51. 51.

    Southern African Customs Union Agreement, 2002, p. 22. URL: https://www.sacu.int/docs/agreements/2017/SACU-Agreement.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  52. 52.

    South Africa. European Commission. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/south-africa/ (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  53. 53.

    EU-EPA Negotiating Regions. European Commission. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/ (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  54. 54.

    The Economic Impact of the Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and the East African Community. European Commission, 2017. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/february/tradoc_155363.02%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20the%20EU%20-%20EAC%20EPA.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  55. 55.

    Final Communique of the Eight Summit of the COMESA Authority of Heads of State and Government. Khartoum, Sudan, March 17, 2003, p. 5. https://www3.nd.edu/~ggoertz/rei/reidevon.dtBase2/Files.noindex/pdf/f/8thsum.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  56. 56.

    Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part, 2007. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.111.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2012:111:TOC (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  57. 57.

    Treaty Establishing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, 1993, p. 242. URL: https://www.comesa.int/comesa-treaty (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  58. 58.

    Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part, 2007. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.111.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2012:111:TOC (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  59. 59.

    EU’s first Economic Partnership Agreement with an African region goes live. European Commission, Press release, May 12, 2012. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_12_475 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  60. 60.

    6th Extra-Ordinary Summit of the East African Community Heads of State. Joint Communique, 20 August 2007, p. 4. URL: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/EACSUMCOMAUG07.PDF (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  61. 61.

    Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between East African Community and its Partner States on one Part and the European Community and its member states on the other part, 2007. URL: http://twnafrica.org/wp/2017/?p=955 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  62. 62.

    “EU disregards East African concerns and pressures region to sign EPAs” // Third World Network Africa. URL: http://www.twnafrica.org/eudisregard.html (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  63. 63.

    Kenya Deposits Instruments for EPAs Ratification. September 28, 2016. URL: http://www.mfa.go.ke/?p=976 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  64. 64.

    European Commission. Trade policy. EAC. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/regions/eac/#:~:text=The%20East%20African%20Community%20(Burundi,and%20Kenya%20has%20ratified%20it (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  65. 65.

    Overview of Economic Partnership Agreements. European Commission, May 2020, p. 1. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf (accessed on: 15.06.2020).

  66. 66.

    Council Regulation (EC) No. 1528/2007 of 20 December 2007. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:348:0001:0154:EN:PDF (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  67. 67.

    Regulation (Eu) No. 527/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 amending Council Regulation (EC) No. 1528/2007 as regards the exclusion of a number of countries from the list of regions or states which have concluded negotiations. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R0527&from=EN (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  68. 68.

    The Countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP). Taxation and Customs Union. European Commission. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/calculation-customs-duties/rules-origin/general-aspects-preferential-origin/arrangements-list/countries-africa-caribbean-pacific-acp_en (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  69. 69.

    The impacts of EPAs on Kenya. Research Report. Jesuit Hakimani Centre (JHC) Kenya, 2017. URL: http://aefjn.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Kenya-EPAs-impact.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  70. 70.

    As a number of countries delayed the ratification of EPAs, they were added to Annex 1 to Regulation 2016/1076 after 2016; those were, in particular, Lesotho and Mozambique (July 14, 2017) and the Comoros (October 14, 2020).

  71. 71.

    Regulation (EU) 2016/1076 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 applying the arrangements for products originating in certain states which are part of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States provided for in agreements establishing, or leading to the establishment of, economic partnership agreements. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R1076-20200109 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  72. 72.

    Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part, 2007. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.111.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2012:111:TOC (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  73. 73.

    EU launches negotiations to deepen trade relations with Eastern and Southern Africa countries. European Commission, Press Release. October 2, 2019. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_5951 (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  74. 74.

    Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part, 2007. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.111.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2012:111:TOC (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  75. 75.

    Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and the ESA EPA Group. Fact Sheet. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/march/tradoc_149213.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  76. 76.

    Economic Partnership Agreement between the East African Community Partner States, of the one part, and the European Union and Its Member States of the other part, 2014. URL: http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/1699/EAC%20-%20EU%20EPA%20AGREEMENT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  77. 77.

    Ibid.

  78. 78.

    Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) EPA Group. Key advantages. European Commission, June 2016. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/october/tradoc_152818.pdf (accessed on: 15.06.2020).

  79. 79.

    Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the SADC EPA States, of the other part, 2014. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/october/tradoc_153915.pdf (accessed on: 15.06.2020).

  80. 80.

    Overview of Economic Partnership Agreements. European Commission, May 2020, p. 5. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf (accessed on: 15.06.2020).

  81. 81.

    Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the SADC EPA States, of the other part, 2014. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/october/tradoc_153915.pdf (accessed on: 15.06.2020).

  82. 82.

    Interim Agreement with a view to an Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Central Africa Party, of the other part, 2009. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ:L:2009:057:TOC (accessed on: 15.06.2020).

  83. 83.

    The Countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP). Taxation and Customs Union. European Commission. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/business/calculation-customs-duties/rules-origin/general-aspects-preferential-origin/arrangements-list/countries-africa-caribbean-pacific-acp_en (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  84. 84.

    EPA trade deal with Europe is a form of colonialism, says Magufuli // Business Daily, February 27, 2017. URL: https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Signing-EPA-with-Europe-is-bad--declares-Magufuli/539546-3829102-g0w1toz/index.html (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

  85. 85.

    ACP–EU Council of Ministers: Satisfactory outcome; Good compromise on EDF; Welcome to Somalia. June 7, 2013. URL: http://www.acp.int/content/ACP–EU-council-ministers-satisfactory-outcome-good-compromise-edf-welcome-somalia (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  86. 86.

    South-Sudan to accede to ACP–EU partnership. ACP, June 26, 2012. URL: http://acp.int/content/south-sudan-accede-ACP–EU-partnership (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  87. 87.

    Prime Minister of Somalia, Mr. Hassan Ali Khayre, shares with the ACP Committee of Ambassadors, the vision of his government for a renewed Somalia. ACP, May 3, 2018. URL: http://www.acp.int/content/prime-minister-somalia-mr-hassan-ali-khayre-shares-acp-committee-ambassadors-vision-his-gove (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  88. 88.

    Everything but Arms. Trade Helpdesk. European Commission. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/everything-arms (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  89. 89.

    ECOWAS and Mauritania.

  90. 90.

    The Economic Impact of the Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and the East African Community. European Commission, 2017, p. 13. URL: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/february/tradoc_155363.02%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20the%20EU%20-%20EAC%20EPA.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2020).

  91. 91.

    Ibid., p. 570.

  92. 92.

    Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community2019/C 384 I/01, 3019. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12019W%2FTXT%2802%29 (accessed on: 15.04.2019).

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Amuhaya, C.A., Degterev, D.A. (2022). External Players and Overlapping Memberships: Trade Negotiations with the EU. In: A Century of East African Integration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96705-5_4

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