Abstract
The East African Community was one of the earliest integration projects in the region. In the late 1970s, when almost all African countries had become free from colonial dependence, the EAC 1.0 disintegrated. Later, from the 1970s through the 1990s, when most integration projects on the continent were emerging, East African nations found themselves in a historical context where they had to join other integration projects, as they did not have one of their own.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Agreement for the Establishment of a Permanent Tripartite Commission for Co-operation between the Republic of Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania and the Republic of Uganda, 1993 // African Yearbook of International Law. Vol. 5. 1997. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998. p. 403.
- 2.
The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, 1999. p. 105. URL: http://www.eala.org/uploads/The_Treaty_for_the_Establishment_of_the_East_Africa_Community_2006_1999.pdf (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 3.
Report of the committee on industry. UN. ECA Subregional meeting on the economic cooperation in East Africa (1965, 26 Oct.–6 Nov.: Lusaka, Zambia). Addis Ababa: UNECA, 1965. URL: https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/15953 (accessed on: 17.03.2020).
- 4.
Treaty for the Establishment of the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States, 1981. pp. VIII, 3.
- 5.
Ibid. pp. 4, 37, 38.
- 6.
The Preferential Trade Area of Eastern and Southern Africa. URL: http://www.fao.org/3/w5973e/w5973e06.htm (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 7.
Treaty for the Establishment of the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States, 1981. p. 23.
- 8.
Agreement establishing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), 1993. URL: https://www.comesa.int/comesa-treaty/ (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 9.
COMESA Monetary Institute. URL: https://cmi.comesa.int/ (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 10.
African Trade Insurance Agency. URL: http://www.ati-aca.org/ (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 11.
Tanzania quits COMESA trading bloc // BBC News, September 2, 2000. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/908008.stm#:~:text=Tanzania%20has%20officially%20withdrawn%20from,tariff%20arrangements%20would%20harm%20Tanzania (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 12.
Agreement establishing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), 1993. p. 5. URL: https://www.comesa.int/comesa-treaty/ (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 13.
Uganda Joins the COMESA Free Trade Area. Ministry of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives, Republic of Uganda, 16/11/2012. URL: http://www.mtic.go.ug/uganda-joins-the-comesa-free-trade-area/ (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 14.
Southern Africa: Toward Economic Liberation. A Declaration by the Governments of Independent States of Southern Africa. Made at Lusaka on the 1st April 1980. URL: https://www.sadc.int/files/3014/1139/9635/SADC_Declaration_Southern_Africa_Towards_Economic_Liberalisation.PDF (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 15.
Declaration and Treaty of the South African Development Community, 1992. URL: https://www.sadc.int/files/8613/5292/8378/Declaration__Treaty_of_SADC.pdf (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 16.
SADC Barometer: South African Institute of International Affairs with funding from NORAD. Issue 8, March 2005. https://saiia.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/SADCBarometerEngIss8.pdf.
- 17.
Intelligence Update. South African Institute of International Affairs, 1999. 09. p. 1. URL: https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Madagascar_And_Sadc.pdf (accessed on: 01.03.2019).
- 18.
Kenya Natural disaster profile. UNDP URL: https://meteorology.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cbps/sps/meteorology/Project%20on%20Disasters.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2019).
- 19.
UN General Assembly, Resolution 35/90 of December 1980 A/RES/35/90. URL: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/35/90 (accessed on: 15.04.2019).
- 20.
Agreement Establishing the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), 1996. pp. 3, 7–8. URL: https://www3.nd.edu/~ggoertz/rei/rei475/rei475.01tt.pdf (accessed on: 15.04.2019).
- 21.
CEN-SAD—The Community of Sahel-Saharan States. URL: https://www.uneca.org/oria/pages/cen-sad-community-sahel-saharan-states (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 22.
Strengthening the Institutional Capacity of the Communauté des Sahélo-Sahariens (Cen-Sad). p. III. URL: https://www.nepad.org/file-download/download/public/14488 (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 23.
Community of Sahel-Saharan States Revised Treaty. 2013. https://edit.wti.org/document/show/5dbd7174-6ed3-403d-a5ed-9b1de76cd34e (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 24.
CEN-SAD—The Community of Sahel-Saharan States. URL: https://www.uneca.org/oria/pages/cen-sad-community-sahel-saharan-states (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 25.
Traité instituant la Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (CEEAC), Octobre 1983. URL: http://www.ceeac-eccas.org/images/traites/trt_eccas.pdf (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 26.
Le Traité Révisé De La Communauté Économique Des États De L’afrique Centrale (C.E.E.A.C), December 2019. URL: https://ceeac-eccas.org/documents/le-traite-revise-de-la-communaute-economique-des-etats-de-lafrique-centrale-c-e-e-a-c/ (accessed on: 17.03.2019).
- 27.
About Observatory on Regional Integration in Africa. UN Economic Commission for Africa. URL: https://www.uneca.org/oria/pages/about-observatory-regional-integration-africa (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 28.
Final Communique of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit of Heads of State and Government, 2008. URL: http://www.meac.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Tripartite-Summit-Final-Communique-Kampala-20081022-1.pdf (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 29.
Tripartite Taskforce Progress Report on Implementation of Decisions of the First COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit, 2011. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX1pKeFp4c1pxYnZ2RHlOaVhtd2FyVkRNVHJpcGFydGl0ZSBUYXNrIEZvcmNlIFByb2dyZXNzIFJlcG9ydCAyMDEx&counter=199 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 30.
Draft Agreement Establishing the COMESA, EAC, SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area, 2010. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX2ZtZml5eERCRmhZeVJlclJtcVliVkRNRHJhZnQgQWdyZWVtZW50IEVzdGFibGlzaGluZyBUcmlwYXJ0aXRlIEZUQSBSZXZpc2VkIERlYyAyMDEw&counter=177 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 31.
Memorandum of Understanding on Inter Regional Cooperation and Integration (COMESA), (EAC) and (SADC). URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX3doc1J1S0tyZmhzbWxXTHVCckpWVkRNVHJpcGFydGl0ZSBNb1U=&counter=197 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 32.
Report of the Meeting of the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Ministerial Committee in Preparation for the Tripartite FTA Negotiations, 2011. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX3NScEtWUHZ2ckdGeFNxT2ZheElYVkRNVHJpcGFydGl0ZSBGVEEgTmVnb3RpYXRpb25zIFJlcG9ydCBNaW5pc3RlcmlhbCBDb21taXR0ZWUgMjAxMQ==&counter=196 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 33.
Declaration Launching the Negotiations for the Establishment of the Tripartite Free Trade Area, 2011. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX0RNclJmUXJTRndBRlRXdnNrSWhaVkRNZGVjbGFyYXRpb24tbGF1bmNoaW5nLXRyaXBhcnRpdGUtZnRhLW5lZ290aWF0aW9ucy0xMjA2MjAxMQ==&counter=176 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 34.
Progress Report on the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite (Tfta) Negotiations, 2013. URL: http://eabc-online.com/resources/reports/94-progress-report/file (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 35.
Tripartite FTA Negotiating Principles, Processes and Institutional Framework, 2011. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX1VPeGF3aFNvWUlReHZweVlCaGFFVkRNdGZ0YS1uZWdvdGlhdGluZy1wcmluY2lwbGVzLTEyMDYyMDEx&counter=193 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 36.
Communiqué of the Second COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit Vision: Towards A Single Market, 2011. URL: http://meac.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/communique-of-the-2nd-tripartite-summit-12062011-1.pdf (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 37.
Agreement Establishing a Tripartite Free Trade Area Among the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community, 2015. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX2VjeGpYamxNQndNZEVJdGJQaU5LVkRNc2lnbmVkLXRmdGEtYWdyZWVtZW50LWFuZC1kZWNsYXJhdGlvbi1qdW5lLTIwMTU=&counter=180 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 38.
Sharm El Sheikh Declaration Launching the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area, 2015. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX1Rabk9xdkN2dVNMcnR4VmJGTUxEVkRNU2hhcm1fRWxfU2hlaWtoX0RlY2xhcmF0aW9uX0xhdW5jaGluZ19DT01FU0EtRUFDLVNBRENfVHJpcGFydGl0ZV9GVEFfSnVuZV8yMDE1&counter=179 (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 39.
2018 Annual Report. COMESA—Towards Digital Economic Integration. pp. 21–22. URL: https://staging.comesa.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COMESA-Annual-Report-2018_en_final_web.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 40.
Communiqué of the 3rd COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit, 2015. URL: https://www.sadc.int/files/5914/3401/0196/Communiqu_of_the_3rd_COMESA_EAC_SADC_Tripartite_Summit.pdf (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 41.
Non-Tariff Barriers. Reporting, Monitoring and Eliminating Mechanism. URL: https://www.tradebarriers.org (accessed on: 22.10.2019).
- 42.
Presentation on Tripartite Capacity Building Programme Phase I Achievements, Other Development Partners Activities and Capacity Gaps. Tripartite Trade Negotiations Forum, 2019.
- 43.
Ibid.
- 44.
COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Transport and Transit Facilitation Programme October 11, 2018. URL: https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/comesa-eac-sadc-tripartite-transport-and-transit-facilitation-programme/ (accessed on: 16.04.2019).
- 45.
Presentation on Tripartite Capacity Building Programme Phase I Achievements, Other Development Partners Activities and Capacity Gaps. Tripartite Trade Negotiations Forum, 2019.
- 46.
EABC Update on the 1st Private Sector Dialogue on the Tripartite Free Trade Area Rules of Origin, 2016. URL: https://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_documentmananger&task=download.document&file=bWFpbl9kb2N1bWVudHNfcGRmX3JkV1dhVFRydEFETkdpS0F6REhuVkRNRUFCQ19VcGRhdGVfb25fMXN0X1ByaXZhdGVfU2VjdG9yX0RpYWxvZ3VlX29uX3RoZV9UcmlwYXJ0aXRlX0ZyZWVfVHJhZGVfQXJlYV9SdWxlc19vZl9PcmlnaW5fRmVicnVhcnlfMjAxNg==&counter=178 (accessed on: 16.04.2019).
- 47.
Principle of variable geometry allows Partner States in an integration bloc to implement integration projects at different paces that is some community members can move faster than others on some integration matters.
- 48.
2018 Annual Report. COMESA—Towards Digital Economic Integration. p. 26. URL: https://staging.comesa.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COMESA-Annual-Report-2018_en_final_web.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 49.
Free Trade Area—SADC. URL: https://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/ (accessed on: 16.04.2019).
- 50.
EAC Secretary General, Amb. Liberat Mfumukeko takes over COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Task Force Chairmanship. EAC, 2016. URL: https://www.eac.int/press-releases/592-1034-706-eac-secretary-general-amb-liberat-mfumukeko-takes-over-comesa-eac-sadc-tripartite-task-force-chairmanship (accessed on: 10.04.2019).
- 51.
EAC Hands Over COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Task Force Chairmanship to COMESA. EAC, 2017. URL: https://www.eac.int/press-releases/900-eac-hands-over-comesa_eac-sadc-tripartite-task-force-chairmanship-to-comesa (accessed on: 10.04.2019).
- 52.
Multinational—COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Capacity Building Programme. URL: https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-Z1-KZ0-018 (accessed on: 10.04.2019).
- 53.
US$1.1 m boost for Tripartite Free Trade Area // Chronicle, July 20, 2020. URL: https://www.chronicle.co.zw/us11m-boost-for-tripartite-free-trade-area/ (accessed on: 25.07.2020).
- 54.
Action Document for the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Trade Facilitation Programme 2017. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/international-partnerships/system/files/aap-2017-1-c-2017-1651-f1-annex-comesa-trade-facilitation_en.pdf (accessed on: 10.04.2019).
- 55.
In documents of the African Union, subregional economic groups are called “regional,” and regional ones (i.e. within the framework of the entire Africa), “continental.”
- 56.
Monrovia Declaration of Commitment of the Heads of State and Government of the OAU on the guidelines and measures for national and collective self-reliance in economic and social development for the establishment of a new international economic order. Liberia, 1979. URL: https://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/835 (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 57.
The Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa, 1980–2000. pp. 5, 68, 98–99 URL: https://www.resakss.org/node/6653 (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 58.
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, 1991. URL: https://au.int/en/treaties/treaty-establishing-african-economic-community (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 59.
Ibid. pp. 12–16, 30–37.
- 60.
Ibid. pp. 71–72.
- 61.
Constitutive Act of the African Union, 2000. p. 6. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 62.
Decision on the moratorium on the Recognition of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Doc. EX.CL/278 (IX). African Union, 2006. URL: https://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/938 (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 63.
Protocol on relations between the African Union (AU) and the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), 2008. p. 5. URL: https://archives.au.int/handle/123456789/1621 (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 64.
Ibid. pp. 5–9.
- 65.
Ibid. pp. 11, 13, 15–16.
- 66.
Africa 2063. The Africa We Want. pp. 2–5. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33126-doc-01_background_note.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 67.
Ibid. p. 15.
- 68.
Agenda 2063. The Africa We Want. First Ten Year Implementation Plan. pp. 14, 18. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33126-doc-11_an_overview_of_agenda.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 69.
Decision on Boosting Intra-African Trade and Fast Tracking the Continental Free Trade Area // Decisions, Resolutions and Declarations. African Union, Assembly of the Union, 18 Ordinary Session, 29–30 January 2012. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 9–10. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9649-assembly_au_dec_391_-_415_xviii_e.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 70.
Decision on the launch of Continental Free Trade Area Negotiations // Decisions, Resolutions and Declarations. African Union, Assembly of the Union, 25 Ordinary Session, 14–15 June 2015. Johannesburg, South Africa. pp. 5–6. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9664-assembly_au_dec_569_-_587_xxiv_e.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 71.
Assessing Regional Integration in Africa. Next Steps for the African Continental Free Trade Area. UNECA, AU, AfDB, UNCTAD, 2019. pp. 40–41. URL: https://www.uneca.org/publications/assessing-regional-integration-africa-aria-ix (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 72.
Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area. Status List. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-sl-AGREEMENT%20ESTABLISHING%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CONTINENTAL%20FREE%20TRADE%20AREA.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2020).
- 73.
Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, 2018. pp. 4–6. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-treaty-consolidated_text_on_cfta_-_en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 74.
Ibid. pp. 13, 15.
- 75.
Operational Phase of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched. URL: https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched (accessed on: 10.06.2020).
- 76.
Decisions of the First Mid-Year Coordination Meeting between the AU, RECs and the Regional Mechanisms. African Union, 7–8 July 2019. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/37635-mycm_decl_1_i_e.pdf (accessed on: 10.06.2020).
- 77.
Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat. African Union, March 19, 2020. URL: https://au.int/en/speeches/20200319/statement-he-mr-wamkele-mene-occasion-swearing-secretary-general-afcfta (accessed on: 10.06.2020).
- 78.
Assessing Regional Integration in Africa. Next Steps for the African Continental Free Trade Area. UNECA, AU, AfDB, UNCTAD, 2019. p. 48. URL: https://www.uneca.org/publications/assessing-regional-integration-africa-aria-ix (accessed on: 10.06.2019).
- 79.
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, 1991. pp. 13–14. URL: https://au.int/en/treaties/treaty-establishing-african-economic-community (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 80.
Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, 2018. pp. 2, 5. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-treaty-consolidated_text_on_cfta_-_en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 81.
Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, 01 July 2008. URL: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-statute-african-court-justice-and-human-rights (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 82.
Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, 27 June 2014. URL: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-amendments-protocol-statute-african-court-justice-and-human-rights (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 83.
Protocol on Relations Between the African Economic Community and the Regional Economic Communities, 2008. URL: https://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/annexes/AEC_protocols.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 84.
2018 Annual Report. COMESA—Towards Digital Economic Integration. pp. 64–67. URL: https://staging.comesa.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COMESA-Annual-Report-2018_en_final_web.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 85.
Assessing Regional Integration in Africa. Next Steps for the African Continental Free Trade Area. UNECA, AU, AfDB, UNCTAD, 2019. p. 51. URL: https://www.uneca.org/publications/assessing-regional-integration-africa-aria-ix (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
- 86.
This group argued it was facing special challenges in its national development, which necessitated a higher level of benefits compared with other countries. All states in that group, except for Zimbabwe, belong to the category of the least developed nations. Djibouti was also initially included in that group.
- 87.
African Continental Free Trade Area—Updated Questions & Answers. UNECA, African Union, 2020. p. 4. URL: https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/ATPC/updated_q_a_21jan2020.pdf (accessed on: 10.06.2020).
- 88.
Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, 2018. p. 5, pp. 22–23. URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-treaty-consolidated_text_on_cfta_-_en.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2019).
References
Albagoury, S., & Anber, M. (2018). COMESA-EAC-SADC tripartite free trade area: Challenges and prospects. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92621/1/MPRA_paper_92621.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2019.
Anglin, D. G. (1983). Economic liberation and regional cooperation in Southern Africa: SADCC and PTA. International Organization, 37(4), 681–711. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300034810
Bereketeab, R. (2012). Inter-governmental authority on development: A critical analysis. In K. Mengisteab & R. Bereketeab (Eds.), Regional integration, identity & citizenship in the greater horn of Africa (pp. 173–189). Boydell & Brewer.
Braude, W. (2008). SADC, COMESA and the EAC: Conflicting regional and trade agendas. Institute for Global Dialogue, Occasional Paper No. 57. http://www.igd.org.za/jdownloads/Occasional%20Papers/igd_op_57.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2019.
Byiers, B. (2016). The political economy of regional integration in Africa: Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). ECDPM. https://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/ECDPM-2016-Political-Economy-Regional-Integration-Africa-IGAD-Report.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2019.
Cheluget, K., & Wright, S. (2017). COMESA and the tripartite free trade area: Towards an African Economic Community? South African Journal of International Affairs, 24(04), 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2017.1413590
Davidson A. B. (2019). Love of peace and peacemaking in Africa: To the 90th anniversary of the academician [in Russian] (p. 209). Ves’ Mir.
Kumar, G. (1987). Ethiopian famines 1973–1985: A case-study. World Institute for Development Economic Research of the United Nations University.
Makame, A. H. (2016). The East African integration: Achievement and challenges. GREAT Insights, 1(6), 4–5.
Makochekanwa, A. (2014). Welfare implications of COMESA-EAC-SADC tripartite free trade area. African Development Review, 26(01), 186–202.
Marinov, E. V. (2016). Current trends in the economic development of the participating in the tripartite free trade area regional economic communities. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 3(1), 81–104.
Martin, G. (1989). The Preferential Trade Area (PTA) for Eastern and Southern Africa: Achievements problems and prospects. Afrika Spectrum, 24(02), 157–171.
Morozenskaya, Y. V. (2016). The role of the Tanzam in East African Economic Integration. Transactions of the Institute of Africa [in Russian], I2–3(36–37), 38–44.
Ndlovu, P. (2020, April 23). SADC takes over tripartite economic group leadership. Chronicle. https://www.bilaterals.org/?sadc-takes-over-tripartite&lang=en. Accessed 16 June 2020.
Nickels, B. (2013, January 3). Morocco’s engagement with the Sahel Community. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/50490. Accessed 17 Mar 2019.
Nourou, M. A. (2020, April 29). Covid-19 forces the postponement of the single market AfCFTA. Ecofin Agency. https://www.ecofinagency.com/public-management/2904-41309-covid-19-forces-the-postponement-of-the-single-market-afcfta. Accessed 15 June 2020.
Ntirenganya, E. (2020, June 25). Biruta briefs parliament on why Rwanda sought to rejoin ECCAS. The New Times. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/biruta-briefs-parliament-why-rwanda-sought-rejoin-eccas. Accessed 10 Mar 2019.
Oppong, R. F. (2010). The African Union, African Economic Community and Africa’s regional economic communities: Untangling a complex web. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 18(01), 92–103.
Pasara, M. T. (2019). An overview of the obstacles to the African economic integration process in view of the African continental free trade area. Africa Review, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09744053.2019.1685336
Riedel, J., & Slany, A. (2019). The potential of African trade integration—Panel data evidence for the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(07), 843–872. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1575457
Saurombe, A. (2013). A synopsis of problems and prospects of SADC, EAC and COMESA tripartite free trade area. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, 6(1–3), 116–124.
Suleiman, H. S. (2019). Why Tanzania withdrawn its membership from the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa Comesa? International Affairs and Global Strategy, 69, 28–34.
Weldesellassie, K. I. (2011). IGAD as an international organization, its institutional development and shortcomings. Journal of African Law, 55(1), 1–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Amuhaya, C.A., Degterev, D.A. (2022). Overlapping Memberships in East Africa’s Subregional Economic Organizations. In: A Century of East African Integration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96705-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96705-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96704-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96705-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)