Abstract
Nowadays, the world is betting on mobile phone applications to stop the spread of deadly infectious diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic and its new variants. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, a group of countries has launched contact-tracing apps to stem the spread of COVID-19. The app helps health authorities to track the movements of people diagnosed with the virus, which gives a chance to isolate them rather than isolate the whole population. When two users are near each other, their phones exchange tokens via a Bluetooth connection, recording that they’ve had a close contact. However, when two or more phones send their tokens simultaneously to look for another phone, collisions may occur. Therefore, the user may not get the warning notifications even if he was near someone diagnosed with COVID-19. To overcome this problem, we propose a mechanism to improve the Bluetooth network performance. The goal of this improvement is to make the contact tracing apps more efficient. A Markov chain model is then constructed to evaluate the system performance. Numerical results demonstrate that our mechanism can significantly improve Bluetooth performance and improve the contact tracing app’s performance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
World Health Organization, WHO. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Fernandes, N.: Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504 (2020)
Eames, K.T., Keeling, M.J.: Contact tracing and disease control. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 270, 2565–2571 (2007)
Dudden, A., Marks, A.: South Korea took rapid, intrusive measures against COVID-19-and they worked. Guardian 20 (2020)
Coronavirus: Ghana government COVID-19 tracker mobile app be solidtech intervention or needless app? https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-52267513
Hatim, Y.: Morocco Launches COVID-19 Tracking Application ‘Wiqaytna’. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/06/304540/morocco-launches-covid-19-tracking-application-wiqaytna/
Sengupta, A.: Government Launches Aarogya Setu COVID-19 Tracker App on Android, iOS. https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/aarogya-setu-covid-19-tracker-app-coronavirus-launch-indian-government-android-ios-2204804
Kaplan, E., Hegarty, C.: Differential GPS. Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, vol. 2, pp. 379–454. Artech House, Norwood (2005)
Rouillard, J.: Contextual QR codes. In: 2008 The Third International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Technology, pp. 50–55. IEEE (2008)
Kaushik, S.: An overview of technical aspect for WiFi networks technology. Int. J. Electron. Comput. Sci. Eng. 1(01), 28–34 (2012)
Haartsen, J.C.: The Bluetooth radio system. IEEE Pers. Commun. 7(1), 28–36 (2000)
Cho, H., Ippolito, D., Yu, Y.W.: Contact tracing mobile apps for COVID-19: Privacy considerations and related trade-offs, pp. 118–126. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.11511 (2020)
Weissberger, A.: Details on Apple-Google Digital Contact Tracing System using Bluetooth technology. https://techblog.comsoc.org/2020/04/14/details-on-apple-google-digital-contact-tracing-system-using-bluetooth-technology/
Normile, D.: Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What’s the secret to its success? https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/coronavirus-cases-have-dropped-sharply-south-korea-whats-secret-its-success
Bellouch, A., Boujnoui, A., Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: Modelling and performance evaluation of IoT network during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Abraham, A., Sasaki, H., Rios, R., Gandhi, N., Singh, U., Ma, K. (eds,) IBICA 2020. AISC, vol. 1372, pp. 131-140. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73603-3_12
Bellouch, A., Boujnoui, A., Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: Three-dimensional Markov Chain Model to Help Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in IoT Environment. Int. J. Comput. Inf. Syst. Ind. Manage. Appl. 13, 275–285 (2021)
Gollakota, S., Katabi, D.: Zigzag decoding: combating hidden terminals in wireless networks. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2008 Conference on Data Communication, pp. 159–170 (2008)
Abramson, N.: THE ALOHA SYSTEM: another alternative for computer communications. In: Proceedings of the 17–19 November 1970, Fall Joint Computer Conference, pp. 281–285 (1970)
Bellouch, A., Boujnoui, A., Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: Hybrid approach for improving slotted ALOHA based on capture effect and ZigZag decoding techniques. In: Hassanien, A.E., et al. (eds.) AICV 2021. AISC, vol. 1377, pp. 218–227. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76346-6_20
Boujnoui, A., Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: A stochastic game analysis of the slotted ALOHA mechanism combined with ZigZag decoding and transmission cost. In: Abraham, A., Haqiq, A., Muda, A., Gandhi, N. (eds.) IBICA 2017. AISC, vol 735, pp. 102–112. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76354-5_10
Boujnoui, A., Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: Mathematical model based on game theory and Markov chains for analysing the transmission cost in SAZD mechanism. Int. J. Comput. Inf. Syst. Ind. Manag. Appl. 10, 197–207 (2018)
Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: Enhanced slotted aloha mechanism by introducing ZigZag decoding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.00976 (2015)
Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A.: Analysis of performance parameters in wireless networks by using game theory for the non cooperative slotted aloha enhanced by ZigZag decoding mechanism. World Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol. J. 4(9) (2014)
Nelson, R.: Probability, Stochastic Processes, and Queueing Theory: The Mathematics of Computer Performance Modeling. Springer, New York (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2426-4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bellouch, A., Boujnoui, A., Zaaloul, A., Haqiq, A., Hassanien, A.E. (2022). A Markov Model for Improving the Performance of COVID-19 Contact Tracing App. In: Abraham, A., et al. Innovations in Bio-Inspired Computing and Applications. IBICA 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 419. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96299-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96299-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96298-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96299-9
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)