Abstract
We review the interdependence theory of complementarity for autonomous human-machine teams (A-HMTs) operating in open systems. In open systems, interdependence theory is state dependent, reactive to every situation, including uncertainty. Reactiveness to uncertainty explains why the best teams are highly interdependent, outperforming the same members of a team when they are acting independently as disaggregated individuals. A key ingredient we argue is that highly-effective team members are in orthogonal roles, reducing the degrees of freedom and entropy. In contrast, we also briefly review the competing, rational theories of interdependence that promote disaggregation: social interdependence (cooperation theory), games (applied social interdependence theory), innovation (the atomistic, rational “homo economicus” of economics theory), and system dynamics (the interdependence of feedback under certainty); in conjunction, we review the problems with generalizing, applying or scaling rational but closed system theories to the design and operation of A-HMTs and systems facing uncertainty.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bisbey, T.M., Reyes, D.L., Traylor, A.M., Salas, E.: Teams of psychologists helping teams: the evolution of the science of team training. Am. Psych. 74(3), 278–289 (2019)
Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T.: Cooperation and competition. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edn, pp. 856–861 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24051-8
Darwin, C.: The Descent of Man. Appleton, New York (1973)
Hare, B., Woods, V.: Survival of the Friendliest. Penguin Random House, New York (2020)
Mann, R.P.: Collective decision making by rational individuals. PNAS 115(44), E10387–E10396 (2018)
Lawless, W.F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D.A., Hiatt, L.: Editorial, AI, autonomy and human-machine teams: interdependence, context and explainable AI. AI Mag. 40(3), 5–13 (2019)
Mims, C.: On the 100th Anniversary of ‘Robot,’ They’re Finally Taking Over. Wall Street Journal (2021). https://www.wsj.com/articles. Accessed 23 Jan 2020
Rees, M.: Dreams of a rational world. A long-term look at the future of humanity. IAI News (2021). https://iai.tv/articles/dreams-of-a-rational-world-auid-1732?
Lawless, W.F.: Quantum-like interdependence theory advances autonomous human–machine teams A-HMTs. Entropy 22(11), 1227 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/e22111227
Cummings, J.: Team Science Successes and Challenges. NSF Sponsored Workshop Fundamentals of Team Science & Science of Team Science, Bethesda, MD (2015)
Cooke, N.: Effective human-artificial intelligence teaming. In: AAAI-2020 Spring Symposium, Stanford, CA (2020). https://aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss20symposia.php#ss03
Lewin, K.: Field theory of social science. D. Cartwright (ed.). Harper & Brothers, New York (1951)
Walden, D.D., Roedler, G.J., Forsberg, K.J., Hamelin, R.D., Shortell, T.M. (eds.) Systems Engineering Handbook, 4th edn. INCOSE-TP-2003-002-04. Wiley, Hoboken (2015)
Lawless, W.F.: The entangled nature of interdependence. Bistability, irreproducibility and uncertainty. J. Math. Psychol. 78, 51–64 (2017)
Lawless, W.F.: The physics of teams: interdependence, measurable entropy and computational emotion. Front. Phys. 5, 30 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2017.00030
von Neumann, J., Wheeler, N.A. (ed.): Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. New Edition. R.T. Beyer (Tr.). Princeton University Press (2018)
Friedman, G.: U.S.A. Russia’s Search for Strategic Depth, Geopolitical Futures (2020). https://geopoliticalfutures.com/russias-search-for-strategic-depth/
Lawless, W.F.: Towards an epistemology of interdependence among the orthogonal roles in human–machine teams. Found. Sci. 26(1), 129–142 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-019-09632-5
Berscheid, E., Reis, H.T.: Attraction and close relationships. In: Gilbert, D.T., Lindzey, G., Fiske, S.T. (eds.) Handbook of Social Psychology 2, 4th edn. Erlbaum, London (1998)
Jones, E.E.: Major developments in five decades of soc psych. In: Gilbert, D.T., Fiske, S.T., Lindzey, G. (eds.) The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 1, pp. 3–57. McGraw-Hill, Boston (1998)
Amadae, S.M.: Rational choice theory. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2017). https://www.britannica.com/topic/rational-choice-theory
Lawless, W.F.: The interdependence of autonomous human-machine teams: the entropy of teams, but not individuals, advances science. Entropy 21(12), 1195 (2019)
Lundvall, B.A.: The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope. Anthem Press (2016)
Pearl, J.: Reasoning with Cause and Effect. AI Mag. 23(1), 95–111 (2002)
Pearl, J., Mackenzie, D.: AI Can’t Reason Why. Wall Street J. (2018). https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-cant-reason-why-1526657442
Gold, R., Evans, M.: Why Did Covid Overwhelm Hospitals? A Years long Drive for Efficiency. Wall Street J. (2020). https://www.wsj.com/articles/hospitals
Forrester, J.W.: The Beginning of System Dynamics. MIT, Cambridge (1989)
Tetlock, P.E., Gardner, D.: Superforecasting: The Art & Sci of Prediction, Crown (2015)
Lawless, W.F., Sofge, D.A.: The intersection of robust intelligence & trust. In: Lawless, W.F., Mittu, R., Sofge, D., Russell, S. (eds.) Autonomy & AI: A Threat or Savior? Springer, New York (2017)
McFadden, J., Al-Khalili, J.: The origins of quantum biology. In: Proceedings Royal Society A, vol. 474, p. 20180674 (2018). rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lawless, W. (2021). Exploiting Interdependence in Autonomous Human-Machine Systems to Avoid Disaggregation and Vulnerability. In: Wright, J.L., Barber, D., Scataglini, S., Rajulu, S.L. (eds) Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Modeling. AHFE 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 264. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79763-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79763-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-79762-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-79763-8
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)