Skip to main content

Abstract

The concluding chapter summarizes our main findings. We discuss the usefulness and explicatory potential of our theoretical framework of collective leadership and illustrate what we have learned from its application to our three cases (Alliance 90/The Greens, Alternative for Germany, Five Star Movement). Despite their individual trajectories and different ideological platforms, the parties exhibit several similarities in their handling of collective leadership (e.g., movement parties, pressure on party organization after securing parliamentary representation, individual characteristics of leaders). We distinguish country-specific elements from more general patterns and develop several heuristic hypotheses on the basis of our empirical analyses. We end by sketching further directions of research on this topic and discussing conditions of a broader comparative analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In Italy, it is quite common, even if not mandatory, that the party or the coalition symbol contains the name of the leader.

  2. 2.

    The debate on the so-called presidentialization thesis for parliamentary regimes (Dowding, 2013; Poguntke & Webb, 2005; Webb & Poguntke, 2013), especially in the United Kingdom, is still open and the evidence on the increasing role of prime minister is far from conclusive.

References

  • Albala, A., & Reniu, J. M. (2018). Coalition politics and federalism. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, J. L., & Svejenova, S. (2005). Sharing executive power: Roles and relationships at the top. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Andeweg, R. B. (2020). Parties and executives in parliamentary systems: From party government to party governance. In R. B. Andeweg, R. Elgie, L. Helms, J. Kaarbo, & F. Müller-Rommel (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political executives (pp. 460–480). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bebnowski, D. (2015). Die Alternative für Deutschland. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bieber, C., & Leggewie, C. (Eds.). (2012). Unter Piraten: Erkundungen in einer neuen politischen Arena. Transcript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondel, J. (1991). Cabinet government and cabinet ministers. In J. Blondel, & J. -L. Thiébault (Eds.), Profession of government minister in Western Europe (pp. 5–18). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondel, J., & Müller-Rommel, F. (Eds.). (1993). Governing together: The extent and limits of joint decision-making in Western European cabinets. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, C., & Zuber, C. I. (2016). Liquid democracy: Potentials, problems, and perspectives. Journal of Political Philosophy, 24(2), 162–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolleyer, N., Little, C., & von Nostitz, F.-C. (2015). Implementing democratic equality in political parties: Organisational consequences in the Swedish and the German pirate party. Scandinavian Political Studies, 38(2), 158–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bräuninger, T., & Debus, M. (2012). Parteienwettbewerb in den deutschen Bundesländern. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crossman, R. (1972). Inside view: Three lectures on Prime ministerial government. Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker, F. (2016). The “Alternative for Germany:” Factors behind its emergence and profile of a new right-wing populist Party. German Politics and Society, 34(2), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detterbeck, B., & Rohlfing, I. (2014). Party leader selection in Germany. In J.-B. Pilet, & W. Cross (Eds.), The selection of political party leaders in parliamentary democracies. A comparative study (pp. 77–92). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowding, K. (2013). The Prime Ministerialisation of the British Prime Minister. Parliamentary Affairs, 66(3), 617–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs, W. M. (1998). Coalition government, subnational style: Multiparty politics in Europe’s regional parliaments. Ohio State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldersveld, S. (1964). Political parties: A behavioural analysis. Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elgie, R. (1997). Models of executive politics: A framework for the study of executive power relations in parliamentary and semi–presidential regimes. Political Studies, 45(2), 217–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fulbrook, M. (2019). A concise history of Germany (3rd edn.). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinisch, R., & Mazzoleni, O. (2016). Comparing populist organizations. In R. Heinisch & O. Mazzoleni (Eds.), Understanding populist party organisation (pp. 221–246). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Helms, L. (2005). Presidents, prime ministers and chancellors: Executive leadership in Western democracies. Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, L. (2020). Spitzenkandidaten beyond Westminster: Comparing chancellor candidates in Germany and Austria. Parliamentary Affairs, 73(4), 808–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korte, K.-R., Michels, D., Schoofs, J., Switek, N., & Weissenbach, K. (2018). Parteiendemokratie in Bewegung: Organisations—und Entscheidungsmuster der deutschen Parteien im Vergleich (1. Auflage). Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krcmaric, D., Nelson, S. C., & Roberts, A. (2020). Studying leaders and elites: The personal biography approach. Annual Review of Political Science, 23(1), 133–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, M., & Shepsle, K. A. (Eds.). (1996). Making and breaking governments: Cabinets and legislatures in parliamentary democracies. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., Strauss, T., Sacks, R., Memon, N., & Yashkina, A. (2006). Distributing leadership to make schools smarter. In K. Leithwood, B. Mascall, & T. Strauss (Eds.), Distributed leadership according to the evidence (pp. 223–251). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. W., & Vanberg, G. (2014). Parties and policymaking in multiparty governments: The legislative median, ministerial autonomy, and the coalition compromise. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 979–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, R. C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. C. (2020). Governments and bureaucracies. In D. Caramani (Ed.), Comparative politics (5th ed., pp. 139–158). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. C., & Strøm, K. (2003). Coalition governments in Western Europe. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, E. (2007). The power of prime ministers: Results of an expert survey. International Political Science Review, 28(1), 7–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poguntke, T. (1993). Alternative politics: The German Green Party. Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poguntke, T., & Webb, P. (Eds.). (2005). The presidentialization of politics. A comparative study of modern democracies. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucht, D. (2012). Leadership in social and political movements: A comparative exploration. In L. Helms (Ed.), Comparative political leadership (pp. 99–118). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sartori, G. (1994). Comparative constitutional engineering: An inquiry into structures, incentives and outcomes. New York University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano, J. C. M., Shahrezaye, M., Papakyriakopoulos, O., & Hegelich, S. (2019). The rise of Germany’s AfD: A social media analysis. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on social media and society (pp. 214–223). Presented at the SMSociety ’19: International conference on social media and society. ACM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strangio, P., ‘t Hart, P., & Walter, J. (2015). Leadership of reforming governments: The role of political tandems. In D. Alexander, & J. M. Lewis (eds.), Making public policy decisions: Expertise, skills, and experience (pp. 166–184). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stecker, C. (2015). Parties on the Chain of Federalism: Position-Taking and Multi-level Party Competition in Germany. West European Politics, 38(6), 1305–1326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, A. (2007). Women, Power and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Switek, N. (2015). Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Koalitionsentscheidungen in den Ländern. Nomos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Switek, N., & Weissenbach, K. (2020). An ever-closer party? The institutionalization of the European Green Party after the 2019 European election. In M. Kaeding, M. Müller, & J. Schmälter (Eds.), Die Europawahl 2019 (pp. 63–77). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Valbruzzi, M. (2018). When populists meet technocrats. The Italian innovation in government formation. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 23(4), 460–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, P., & Poguntke, T. (2013). The Presidentialisation of Politics Thesis Defended. Parliamentary Affairs, 66(3), 646–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfs, W., Put, G.-J., & Van Hecke, S. (2020). The second time around: Status quo and reform of the Europarties’ selection procedures for Spitzenkandidaten in 2019. In M. Kaeding, M. Müller, & J. Schmälter (Eds.), Die Europawahl 2019 (pp. 157–168). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Donatella Campus .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Campus, D., Switek, N., Valbruzzi, M. (2021). Conclusion. In: Collective Leadership and Divided Power in West European Parties. Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75255-2_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics