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John Henderson (1757–1788) and Changing Attitudes to the Occult in Enlightenment England

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Innovation in Esotericism from the Renaissance to the Present

Abstract

John Henderson (1757–1788), an Englishman of great but controversial intellectual promise, attracted considerable attention both during his life and after his untimely death. Henderson appears as an anomaly in the context of Enlightenment England: an individual highly interested in the type of esoteric pursuits that many had dismissed as obsolete. Henderson’s innovation rests in his willingness to “live” within an esoteric paradigm despite his day-and-age. Due to his eccentric commitments, Henderson managed to make a remarkable impact on his contemporaries. Many learned men, including John Wesley, Robert Southey and Samuel Coleridge, were fascinated by Henderson and his occult interests and saw fit to comment on them. Henderson’s case shows how the pursuit of an “obsolete” esoteric tradition could challenge the “accepted truths” of an age.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Henry Moore, Life of the Rev. John Wesley, 2 vols (London: Kershaw, 1825), II, 360–61.

  2. 2.

    Kenneth Curry, ed., New Letters of Robert Southey (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1965), 126–27, 367; Brian Goldberg, The Lake Poets and Professional Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 34–45, 149; Nicholas Roe, ed., English Romantic Writers and the West Country (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Paul Cheshire, “Genius and Its Abuses: Southey’s Wary Fascination with John Henderson,” Wordsworth Circle 42, no. 1 (2011): 17–22. I am very grateful to Paul Cheshire for sharing his findings on Henderson with me.

  3. 3.

    Paul Monod, Solomon’s Secret Arts: The Occult in the Age of the Enlightenment (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2013). See also Jane Shaw, Miracles in Enlightenment England (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2006); Jonathan Barry, Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England c.1640–1789 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

  4. 4.

    “F,” “Art. X: A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of the Celebrated Mr J. Henderson B.A. of Pembroke College,” Analytical Review 3 (1789): 297–309. I cannot establish the identity of “F,” who reviewed regularly. Versions were reprinted in New Lady’s Magazine 4 (1789): 252–55 and The Bee 12:100 (1792): 32–40.

  5. 5.

    Douglas Macleane, A History of Pembroke College Oxford (Oxford: Oxford Historical Society 33, 1897), 397–406 epitomises this approach, reflected also in his DNB and revised ODNB entries.

  6. 6.

    William Gilbert, “Explanation of the Number 666,” Conjuror’s Magazine 1, no. 7 (1792): 220–24; Joseph Cottle, Poems (Bristol: n.p., 1795), 108–22; Joseph Cottle, Poems (2nd edition, Bristol: n.p., 1796), 99–122; Joseph Cottle, Malvern Hills, 2 vols (Bristol: for Cadell, 1829), I, 349–71 and II, 339–46; Joseph Cottle, Reminiscences of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey (London: Houlston and Stoneman, 1847), II, 42–43, 53–66, 340–41, 488–99; Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Poems (2nd edn, Bristol: n.p., 1797), 248; John Watkins, The Peeper; A Collection of Essays Moral, Biographical and Literary, To Which are Added Biographical Memoirs of Mr John Henderson, A.B. and the Rev. Mr Samuel Badcock (2nd edn, London: Allen, 1798), 298–300; William Roberts, ed., Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs Hannah More, 2 vols (3rd edn, London: Seeley and Burnside, 1835), I, 194–96, 216–21, 261–62, 277, and vol. 2, 140; John M. Traherne, “Letters of Miss Hannah More etc,” Gentleman’s Magazine (1840): 132–36; H.J. Foster, “John Henderson, Dean Tucker and Hannah More,” Wesleyan Historical Society Proceedings 3 (1901–1902): 162–65; Timothy Whelan, “Joseph Cottle the Baptist,” Charles Lamb Bulletin 111 (2000): 96–108; Roe, English Romantic Writers; Paul Cheshire’s William Gilbert Website at www.williamgilbert.com, accessed 10 July 2020. Anne Stott, Hannah More (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), does not mention John Henderson, though More’s visits to his father’s asylum are described on 55–57.

  7. 7.

    [Richard Locke], The Pre-existence of Souls and Universal Restitution Considered as Scripture Doctrines (Taunton: Norris, 1798), 15–19; Robert Southey, Life of Wesley (London: Longman et al, 1846), II, 597; H.J. Foster, “Burnham Society, Somerset,” Notes and Queries 9, no. 224 (1908): 291–92; F.M. Ward, ed., Supplement to Collinson’s History of Somerset by Richard Locke (Taunton: Barnicotts, 1939), 16–19; Geoffrey Rowell, “A Note on the History and Doctrine of the Burnham Society,” Wesleyan Historical Society Proceedings 37 (1969): 10–16.

  8. 8.

    William Matthews, The Miscellaneous Companion (Bath: Cruttwell, 1786), III, 111–15, reprinted in Robert Southey, Letters Written during a Short Residence in Spain and Portugal (Bristol: Bulgin and Rosser, 1797), 529–32; Lawrence Klein, “Hierarchy and the Techniques of the Mediator,” Cultural & Social History 10 (2013): 489–510; Lawrence Klein, “The Bath Philosophical Society,” http://www.brlsi.org/node/18149, accessed 10 July 2020.

  9. 9.

    Charles Atmore, The Methodist Memorial (Bristol: Edwards, 1801), 183–85.

  10. 10.

    [John Henderson], “Letter CCCCXLI. From Mr J.H. to the Rev. J. Wesley. Hannam–Green, Oct. 1, 1775,” Arminian Magazine 10 (1787): 662–63; John Rylands Library, Methodist Archives GB 133 DDPr 1/36-8; Cottle, Reminiscences, 212–13; H.J. Foster, “Richard Henderson and his Private Asylum at Hanham,” Wesleyan Historical Society Proceedings 3 (1901–1902): 158–60; John Telford, ed., Letters of the Rev. John Wesley AM (London: Epworth Press, 1931), VIII, 87, 107, 230; C. Roy Hudleston, “Richard Henderson of Hanham,” Notes and Queries 175 (1938): 409–10; W. R. Ward and R.P. Heinzrater, eds, The Works of John Wesley vol. 23 Journal and Diaries VI (1776–86) (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1995), 224, 230–32, 297, 377, 462–63, 479, 500, 535, 572; id., ed., The Works of John Wesley vol. 24 Journal and Diaries VII (1787–91) (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2003), 108, 123, 156, 275. For the Wesleys and the occult, see Henry D. Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism (London: Epworth Press, 1989); Henry D. Rack, “Charles Wesley and the Supernatural,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 88 (2006): 59–79; Robert Webster, Methodism and the Miraculous (Asbury: Emeth Press, 2013).

  11. 11.

    Watkins, Peeper, 294–99; A.C.H. Seymour, Life and Times of Selina Countess of Huntingdon (London: Painter, 1844), II, 197; Luke Tyerman, Wesley’s Designated Successor (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1882), 145; Alan Harding, Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), ch. 5.

  12. 12.

    Joseph Priestley, “Original Letters from Mr Henderson to Dr Priestley,” Gentleman’s Magazine 59 (1789): 287; Watkins, Peeper, 300–01; Walter Churchey, “The Character of Mr Henderson More Fully Delineated,” Gentleman’s Magazine 59 (1789): 504; Madge Dresser, ed., The Diary of Sarah Fox nee Champion (Bristol: Bristol Record Society 55, 2003), 65–66.

  13. 13.

    John Rylands Library, 1/37.

  14. 14.

    “J. L.,” “Anecdotes of Agathos Pais of Taunton,” The Weekly Entertainer 14 (1789): 59–61 refers to Henderson healing a Taunton youth.

  15. 15.

    Ebenezer Sibly, A New and Complete Illustration (London: n.p., 1784–1788), 798–800.

  16. 16.

    Jonathan Barry, Raising Spirits (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 81–87.

  17. 17.

    [Locke], The Pre-existence of Souls, 50.

  18. 18.

    [Locke], The Pre-existence of Souls, 50.

  19. 19.

    [Locke], The Pre-existence of Souls, 50.

  20. 20.

    Roberts, ed., Memoirs, I, 217.

  21. 21.

    Roberts, ed., Memoirs, I, 217.

  22. 22.

    Duke University, Methodist Archive and Research Centre, MS MA 1977/594/1.

  23. 23.

    Duke University.

  24. 24.

    Duke University.

  25. 25.

    Duke University.

  26. 26.

    Anon, “Anecdotes of John Henderson, B.A.,” Arminian Magazine 16 (1793): 140–44.

  27. 27.

    J.B.B. Clarke, ed., An Account of the Religious and Literary Life of Adam Clarke (New York: Mason and Lane, 1837), 66–67.

  28. 28.

    Clarke, An Account, 146.

  29. 29.

    Clarke, An Account, 218.

  30. 30.

    James Everett, Adam Clarke Portrayed, 2 vols (London: Hamilton, Adams and Co., 1843), I, 74–79.

  31. 31.

    Everett, Adam Clarke Portrayed, I, 74–79.

  32. 32.

    Priestley, “Original Letters,” 287–89.

  33. 33.

    Priestley, “Original Letters,” 287–89.

  34. 34.

    Priestley, “Original Letters,” 287–89.

  35. 35.

    Priestley, “Original Letters,” 287–89.

  36. 36.

    Priestley, “Original Letters,” 287–89.

  37. 37.

    Priestley, “Original Letters,” 287–89.

  38. 38.

    Robert Southey, Madoc, 2 vols (3rd edn, London: Longman et al., 1812), II, 266.

  39. 39.

    Thomas Cooper, “Observations Concerning the History of Physiognomy,” Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 3 (1790): 408–62.

  40. 40.

    Cooper, “Observations,” 408–62.

  41. 41.

    “W.” [John Watkins], “Farther Anecdotes of John Henderson, B. A.,” European Magazine 22 (1792): 177–78.

  42. 42.

    John Watkins, Universal Biographical and Historical Dictionary (London: Davison and Gillet, 1800), 501; John Watkins, Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland (London: for Colburn, 1816), 375. See also John Watkins, “Account of John Watkins,” London Free Mason’s Magazine (1794): 167–69; Jacqueline Livesey, “Peeping John,” History Today 58, no. 8 (2008): 4–5.

  43. 43.

    John Watkins, An Essay towards a History of Bideford in the County of Devon (Exeter: Grigg, 1792), 267.

  44. 44.

    Watkins, Peeper, 301–05.

  45. 45.

    Watkins, Peeper, 301–05.

  46. 46.

    Watkins, Peeper, 301–05.

  47. 47.

    Anon, “Some Account of John Henderson BA formerly of Pembroke College Oxford,” Imperial Magazine 2nd series, no. 4 (1834): 311–15.

  48. 48.

    Anon, “Some Account,” 311–15.

  49. 49.

    “O.P.Q.,” “Mr Henderson,” Gentleman’s Magazine 59 (1789): 201–02.

  50. 50.

    G.B. Hill and L.F. Powell, eds., Boswell’s Life of Johnson, 6 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934–64), IV, 151, 286, 298–99.

  51. 51.

    “Oxoniensis,” “The character of the present Mr Henderson,” Gentleman’s Magazine 56 (1786): 555–57.

  52. 52.

    “Academicus” [John Loveday the Elder or Younger], “Genuine Character of the Present Celebrated Mr. [John] Henderson,” Gentleman’s Magazine 56, no. 2 (1786): 677–79.

  53. 53.

    “C.T.,” “The Character of Mr Henderson Vindicated from Misrepresentation,” Gentleman’s Magazine 56 (1786): 679–80.

  54. 54.

    William Agutter, A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of the Celebrated Mr J. Henderson B.A. of Pembroke College (Bristol: Bulgin and Rosser, 1788), 5 (though 4–6, 13 and 25 indicate Agutter’s belief in higher beings, angels, an invisible world and God communicating without using “the outward sense”).

  55. 55.

    [Richard Gough], “Review of William Agutter’s A Sermon occasioned by the Death of the celebrated Mr. J. Henderson,” Gentleman’s Magazine 59 (1789): 151–52.

  56. 56.

    C[harles] C[oote], “Anecdotes of Mr Henderson,” Gentleman’s Magazine 59 (1789): 295–97.

  57. 57.

    C[oote], “Anecdotes,” 295–97.

  58. 58.

    This refers to the exorcism of George Lukins in 1788: see Barry, Witchcraft, 206–55.

  59. 59.

    Churchey, “Character,” 503–07.

  60. 60.

    “F.,” “Art. X: A Sermon.”

  61. 61.

    “F.,” “Art. X: A Sermon.”

  62. 62.

    “F.,” “Art. X: A Sermon.”

  63. 63.

    For example, Anon, “An Account of John Henderson, B.A.,” European Magazine 22 (1792): 3–5; Anon, “Moral and Instructive Biography no 1: The Life of John Henderson, B.A.” The Juvenile Library 1 (1800–1801): 17–23; John Evans, The Ponderer (London: Longman et al, 1812), 164–71; [John] Tay[lor] jr., “Art. VIII The Ponderer” Monthly Review (1813): 306–12.

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  1. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Jonathan Barry

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  1. History Faculty, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Georgiana D. Hedesan

  2. Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Tim Rudbøg

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Barry, J. (2021). John Henderson (1757–1788) and Changing Attitudes to the Occult in Enlightenment England. In: Hedesan, G.D., Rudbøg, T. (eds) Innovation in Esotericism from the Renaissance to the Present. Palgrave Studies in New Religions and Alternative Spiritualities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67906-4_6

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